Berdasarkan Lama Menderita Berdasarkan Tipe

Rata-rata N Valid 100 Missing Mean 39,38

2. Berdasarkan Lama Menderita

Rata-rata N Valid 100 Missing Mean 11,08

3. Berdasarkan Tipe

KualitasHidup Total Tidak Ada Efek Efek Sedikit Efek Sedang Efek Besar Efek Sangat Besar Tipe hipo 4 7 19 5 35 hiper 3 2 14 35 11 65 Total 3 6 21 54 16 100 KualitasHidup Total Tidak Ada Efek Efek Sedikit Efek Sedang Efek Besar Efek Sangat Besar Lama 1 tahun 1 2 4 1 2 1 tahun 2 6 19 50 15 98 Total 3 6 21 54 16 100 Universitas Sumatera Utara LAMPIRAN 7 Universitas Sumatera Utara LAMPIRAN 8 Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmed, A., Leon, A., Butler, D.C., and Reichenberg, J., 2013. Quality-of-life effects of common dermatological diseases. Frontline Medical Communications. DOI: 10.12788j.sder.0009. Aditya, K., Gupta, Melissa, D.G., Keyvan, N., Susan, T., 2006. The Treatmen of Melasma [online]. Tersedia di : http:journal.unair.ac.iddownload- fullpapers-bik3fc3cb2245full.pdf Efektifitas astaxanthin oral disertai gel astaxanthin dibandingkan dengan astaxanthin oral disertai krim triple combination hidrokuinon 4, tretinoin 0,05, fluosinolonasetonid 0,01, dalam pengobatan melasma [Internet]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2011 [dikutip 27 Des 2011]. Tersedia di : http:repository.usu.ac.idbitstream123456789 277954Chapter20II.pdf. Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Kasper, D.L., et al., 2008. H arrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine 17 th Edition. New York : McGraw Hill Medical. pp: 309. Febrianti, T., Sudharmono, A., Rata, I.G.A.K., Bernadette, I., 2004. Epidemiologi melasma di poliklinik departemen ilmi kesehatan dan kulit dan kelamin RS. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta tahun 2004. Perdoski [internet]. Tersedia di: http:perdoski.orgindex.phppublicinformationmdvi-detail- content86. Finlay, A.Y., and Khan, G.K., 1994. Dermatololgy Life Quality Index DLQI: A simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 19: 210-216. Universitas Sumatera Utara Halioua, M.G., Beumont, and Lunel, F., 2000. Quality of life in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 801 –806. Howitz, J., Brodthagen, H., Schwartz, M., et al., 2014. Prevalence of vitiligo. In: Anurogo, D., Ikrar, T., Vitiligo. USA. pp: 666. Hubungan antara derajat keparahan melasma dengan kualitas hidup pada pasien di RSUD H. Abdul Moeloek Provinsi Lampung [internet]. Tersedia di: http:digilib.unila.ac.id24459BAB20II.pdf Im, S., Hann, S.K., and Kang, W.H., 2002. Melasma end Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation. 1 st ed. Seoul. Korea Medical Publisher. pp: 29-176. Junquiera. L.C., Carneiro, J., Kelley, R.O., 2003. Basic Histology. 10 th ed. Washington: Lange. pp: 316-23 Ortone, J.P., Bahadoran, P., Fitzpatrick, T.B., et al., 2003. Hypomelanoses and hypermelanoses. In: Freedberg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K., Austen, K.F., Goldsmith, L.A., Katz, S.L., editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 6 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp: 868-9. Pawaskar, M.D., Parikh, P., and Markowski, T., 2007.Melasma and its impact on health related quality of life in Hispanic women. J Dermatol Treat. 18: 5-9. Praningrum, D.O,. 2012. Faktor Resiko Penderita Melasma [online]. Tersedia di : http:core.ac.ukdownloadpdf11736026.pdf Salzer, B.A., and Schallreuter, K.U., 1995. Investigation of the personality structure in patients with vitiligo and a possible association with impaired catecholamine metabolism. Dermatology 190: 109 –115. Universitas Sumatera Utara Schwartz, A.R., and James, W.D., Lentigo [online]. 2012. Tersedia di : http:digilib.unila.ac.id24459BAB20II.pdf Soepardiman, L., Kelainan pigmen. Dalam: Djuanda, A., Hamzah, M., Aisah, S., editor. Ilmu penyakit kulit dan kelamin. Edisi ke 4. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI: 2005. Taylor, S.C., 2007. Objective and subjective ,measures of melasma. Cosmetic Dermatology. New York. 20. Tadokoro, T., Kobayashi, N, and Beer, J.Z., et al,. 2002. The biochemistry of melanogenesis and its regulation by ultraviolet radiation. In: Ortonne, J.P., Ballotti, R., eds. Mechanism of Suntanning. London, England: Martin Dunitz. pp: 67-76. Yani, M.S., 2008. Hubungan Faktor- Faktor Resiko Terhadap kejadian Melasma pada pekerja Wanita Penyapu Jalan di Kota Medan Universitas Sumatera Utara. Universitas Sumatera Utara

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN DEFINISI OPERASIONAL

3.1. Kerangka Konsep

3.2. Definisi Operasional

1. Kelainan Pigmentasi