Theoretical Review REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

approach to interpret the socio historical aspects of the condition when Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written. The mythopoeic approach seeks the need of finding certain universality recurrent patterns of human thought, such as death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, which the critics believe to find in expression in significant work of art. The mystical relationship found in a story can be explained by using this approach. The last approach is the psychological approach which tries to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns from the knowledge of psychology. The critics who apply this approach would explore literary works using psychological theories to explain human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in literary objects. In other words, the character’s thoughts and behaviors can be traced more deeply 14 . Thus, the knowledge of psychological ground is important in order to understand some kinds of work. 2. Character Character is one of the important elements in a novel. Abrams defines character as a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say and what they do Abrams 9. Thus, a character has different characteristic from the other characters, whether it is on personalities or on physical appearance. Each of them creates a unique quality and contributes a certain role and meaning. Characters are categorized into: a. Main or major character Abrams states that a major character is the central character of the story. On the other words, he must be the most important character in a story. He or she becomes the focused character from the beginning to the end of the story. Harvey states that protagonist is a character whose motivation and history are most fully founded and steadily in a way more dramatic than other characters in the novel 56. b. Minor Character According to Abrams, minor characters appear in certain setting just to become the background for the major character. Their roles are less important than the major character, because they are not fully developed and their roles in a story are just to support the major characters Abrams 20. 3. Characterization After we know the existing characters in the novel, we need to know another element such as characterization to describe the characters, either physically or psychologically. To make the readers know what kind of character he or she is, the author uses some methods to present the personalities and the characters in a novel. The author will blend these methods into a unity so that the characters will become real. This knowledge is an aid to understand the personalities and the characters in the novel which then help the readers to understand the work as a whole. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Murphy in Understanding Unseens 161-173 classifies nine ways of how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the readers. The first way is by looking at personal description. The author portrays a clear description of the characters’ physical appearance and personal description. The characters’ clothing is one aspect to know their character. The physical appearance and personal description also include some details of someone’s performance, such as face, eyes, skin, body, hair, and other distinctive features. The personal description is very important because it can give the reader very obvious clues to the characters. The second way is by examining on how character seen by another. The author may also describe the character through the eyes and opinion of others, instead of describing the character directly, so the reader can get a reflected image. A character may encounter other character in the story on what they are like. The third way is known from speech. The author can give the reader a better understanding and an insight into the character of one of the persons in the novel through what the character says, through the conversation a character makes with another, the opinion that the character has in mind. The fourth way is by referring to past life. By letting the reader learn from a person’s past life, the author can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shape one’s character. The author may show it by giving a direct moment, through the person’s thought, conversation with others or the medium of another person. The fifth way is by observing character’s conversation with others. The things that people discuss or talk about one character also help us to get a better PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI understanding about a character. Other characters conversations and what they say about one character may give clues on a certain character. The sixth way is looking at character’s reaction to reveal character’s personalities. The author gives a clue on a character by permitting us to know how a character reacts to various conditions and atmospheres happen to himself or his surroundings. The seventh way is studying the direct comment. The author can also describe or give comment on a person’s character directly. He tells the reader directly about a character’s personality. The eighth way is examining to character’s thought. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. What is in a character’s mind and what heshe feels is reflected in his personality. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel, something that we can not do in real life. The ninth or the last way to understand personalities is called mannerism. Here, the author portrays a character’s manner, habits, or idiosyncrasies that may tell the readers about his characterization. 4. Ways of Struggle The African American lived under oppressions, inequality and treated in inhuman fashion for so long time, decades or even centuries. It was not easy for them to get their freedom back so that they were able to live as normal human, getting their rights, not as the property subject to dictates of their owner. In order PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI to get their freedom, African American had to struggle hard, even by sacrificing themselves. In short, they struggled by two techniques, violence and non-violence. a. Violent Struggle The violent struggle constitutes people to use the physical powers and hatred. Some of African American slaves tried to run away from their masters and some of them chose to fight against their masters and killed them if it was necessary. In spite of it, Martin Luther King in Non-Violence and Racial Justice argues that violent struggle is an ineffective way, it may become and endless reign of chaos, so prefer not to use this technique. b. Non-violent Struggle According to King, the alternative to violent is non-violent struggle. This technique was also promoted by Mohandas K. Gandhi. It takes no physical power. King in the article which is entitled Non Violence and Racial Justice explains five criteria of non-violence struggle: 1 Non-violent struggle is not a method for cowards, it does resist. This method does not aggressively use physical power toward the opponent. Otherwise it focuses on dynamic spiritual, emotion, and mind. This method tries to persuade the opponent that he is mistaken. Physical struggle is avoided 2 Non-violent struggle doesn’t seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent, but to win his friendship and understanding. The struggler tries to awake the sense of moral shame in the opponent. The end is redemption and reconciliation. 3 Non-violent struggle is between justice and injustice. Therefore the struggler fights against the evil, not the person who does the evil deeds. The people who struggle against racial injustice must realize that the basic tension is not between races. 4 Non-violent struggle avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. In struggling for human dignity, the oppressed people must not allow themselves indulge in hate, otherwise they must have the ethics of love, sense and morality. At the center of non-violence stands the principle of love. In speaking of love, according to King, there are three words for love in the Greek New Testament. There are three words for love. First, there is eros, which means romantic love. Second, there is philia, which means intimate affection between friends, the person loves because he is loved. The third is agape, which means understanding, redeeming good will for all men, an overflowing love which seeks nothing in return. It is the love of God working in the lives of men. When we love on the agape level we love men not because we like them, not because their attitudes and ways appeal to us, but because God loves them. 5 Non-violent struggle believes that the conviction that the universe is on the side of justice, God is on the side of truth. It is this deep faith in the future that causes the non-violent struggler to accept suffering without the feeling to do revenge, because he knows that there will be happiness and glory to accomplish in the end.

B. Historical Review of the Afro American People in America

1. History We cannot separate the Afro American society from the Black African history because the Afro American society is the descendants of the Black Africans who were brought to America as slaves. According to Logan 9, as revealed in his book entitled The Negro In The United States, the first twenty Africans were put ashore at Jamestown in 1619. At that time they were put into servants rather than slaves. During the first half-century of the existence, Virginia had many Negro indentured servants immigrants working as unpaid servants in exchange for passage and accommodation. The economic circumstances changed their status from servant to slave. The number of Negro slaves in Virginia increased so rapidly after 1661. The Black Americans who came from Africa were not only settled down in the Northern America cities but also other cities in America such as Maryland, Boston, New England, Carolina, etc. They were brought there to be enslaved by forced. For more than two centuries, the Afro Americans had become slaves of the White people. Their ignorance and the lack of communication between people in one place to those in other places were some of major factors which caused them easily enslaved by the American and the European. Every inhabitant lived separately and there were hundreds of languages and tribes. This condition made the foreigners American and Eeropeans easily enslaved them. The uneducated and poor Afro Americans were forced to work as rough workers in plantation. In the era of slavery, the United States had the biggest amount of slaves than other western countries, more than a third of all slaves in western countries in 1825. According to Richard N Current, et al, in 1850s there were more than 4 million black Americans, of whom about 95 percent were confined to the South 116. In order to get their freedom, the Afro American people had to wait for long time by working hard as servants for the Whites and some of them had to serve the government of America in wars as soldiers. Besides working hard, the Afro Americans even had to sacrifice their soul to get freedom and rights to live in peace and humanize. Oliver and Loise in Encarta Microsoft Encyclopedia 2006 explains in another way about The Afro Americans. He explains that most of the Atlantic slave trade was managed by the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British. Many Africans who were taken to North America came from western and west central Africa. In 1502 Portuguese traders brought the first African slaves to work as labor in agricultural land in Caribbean. It was estimated that more than 10 million people were moved from Africa to America during 1502-1860. The regions that are now Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria were the origins of most slaves brought to North America. These countries are rich of cultures, diverse linguistic, ethnic, and religious groups. Most of Africans were farmers and raised livestock. They were skilled with agricultural and pastoral skills. That is why they were considered as valuable laborers in America. The African workers naturally possessed many productive life skills. They had extensive experience in cultivating rice, cotton, sugar, and. These skills became the basis of a successful plantation economy. Africans were skilled also at PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ironworking, music and musical instruments, the decorative arts, and architecture. Those African characteristics helped shape American cultural styles because they brought their African words, religious beliefs, styles of worship, aesthetic values, musical forms and rhythms. The institution of slavery existed in the United States from the early 17th century until 1865. Slavery played a central role in the history of the United States. It existed in all the English mainland colonies and came to dominate agricultural production in the states from Maryland south. Moreover, eight of the first 12 presidents of the United States were slave owners. Many people talked about it and debates over slavery increasingly dominated American politics. This polemic eventually led to the American Civil War 1861-1865, which finally brought slavery as an institution to an end. 2. Racism One of the main issues in the world is racism. It cannot be separated from human’s history, including Afro American history. It existed from the existence of human race and will exist along with the human history. Sowell 1 states in his book Race and Culture: A world Wide View that “Racial, ethnic and cultural differences among people play a major role in the events of our times, in countries around the world, and the world, and have played a major role with the long history of the human race”. Racism may cause conflicts. The existence of racism will always be an act of despising to the value of humanity, because of one’s right to live in freedom no PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI