CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three parts. They are theoretical review, historical review of the Afro American people in America, and theoretical framework. In
the first part of this chapter, theoretical review, the writer discusses critical approaches, theory of characters, theory of characterizations and ways of struggle.
The second part is historical review of the Afro American people in America. In this part, the writer discusses the historical background of the Afro American
people, when their first time coming to America and how they were enforced to be slaves. This part also discusses racism. It contains principle of racism and how
racism influences human’s life, especially the Afro American. The last part is theoretical framework. In theoretical framework, the writer explains the
contributions of theories and reviews in solving the problems of the study.
A. Theoretical Review
1. Critical Approaches According to Rohrberger and Woods in Reading and Writing about
Literature, there are five critical approaches which can be used in analyzing a work of literature. They are: the formalistic approach, the socio cultural-historical
approach, the biographical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach 6-15.
The formalistic approach gives an idea of examining the work of literature by looking the idea of the work itself. The formalist assumes that in evaluating the
work, the readers do not need the facts of the author’s life, genre of work, and any reference to its social milieu. The formalistic approach does not need any
reference at all. The only point is the idea of the piece of work. The biographical approach asserts the necessity of understanding the piece
of literary work by studying the background of the author because the reader shares the author’s consciousness and personality to understand his or her
writings. In the biographical approach, the history tendencies, of the author in creating his work are necessary.
The socio cultural-historical approach is an approach in examining a piece of literary work using reference of the civilization of which the attitudes and
actions of a specific group of people become the subject matter. Rohrberger and Woods state that critics whose major interest is the socio cultural-historical
approach insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. So, the socio-cultural and historical evidences
become more important. This approach cites the importance of knowing the socio cultural-historical facts behind the work. Those facts reflect the condition of the
people and society at the past time, the time when the literary work was being written. Without knowing the hidden evidences of certain socio culture and
history, the reader will find difficulties in understanding the work because literary work may be based on certain cultures and histories. In this thesis, this approach is
the one which is going to be used to support the analysis. This study applies this PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
approach to interpret the socio historical aspects of the condition when Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written.
The mythopoeic approach seeks the need of finding certain universality recurrent patterns of human thought, such as death and rebirth, guilt and
sacrifices, primitive rites, which the critics believe to find in expression in significant work of art. The mystical relationship found in a story can be
explained by using this approach. The last approach is the psychological approach which tries to locate and
demonstrate certain recurrent patterns from the knowledge of psychology. The critics who apply this approach would explore literary works using psychological
theories to explain human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in literary objects. In other words, the character’s thoughts and behaviors can be
traced more deeply 14 .
Thus, the knowledge of psychological ground is important in order to understand some kinds of work.
2. Character Character is one of the important elements in a novel. Abrams defines
character as a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities
that are expressed in what they say and what they do Abrams 9. Thus, a character has different characteristic from the other characters, whether it is on
personalities or on physical appearance. Each of them creates a unique quality and contributes a certain role and meaning. Characters are categorized into:
Kategori