Referential and Affective Functions

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2. English Teachers

Sorry, please, excuse me, and thank you are not the only terms which can represent politeness. For instance, it can sound less polite when an adult speaker uses please in ordering something. The researcher encourages English teachers to pay attention to pragmatic and sociolinguistic aspects when teaching their students, especially when designing materials and exercises. They can help their students practice language in contextualized language functions. They can provide situational tasks which need language functions to be expressed. It will make their students aware of selecting the best ways to express themselves and responding to interlocutors appropriately due to given contexts and sociocultural norms.

3. Future Researchers

The researcher encourages future researchers to conduct better analyses regarding politeness phenomena in certain cultures, especially in the use of politeness strategies and the factors affecting it by using the current theories since many experts have been conducting the politeness researches. The analysis of politeness phenomena can also be conducted in other documents or in a society. 54 REFERENCES Abrams, M. H., Harpham, G.G. 2012. A glossary of literary terms 10 th ed.. Boston: Wadsworth. Ary, D., Jacob, L. C., Sorensen. C. K. 2010 Introduction to research in education 8 th ed.. Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. Best, J. W., Kahn, J. V. 2006. Research in education 10 th ed.. Boston: Pearson Education Ltd. Brown, P., Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage 2nd ed.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chen, R. 1993. Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Pragmatics 201, 49-75. Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and discourse: A resource book for students. New York: Routledge. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E. 2009. How to design and evaluate research in education 7 th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gilbert, E. 2010. Eat pray love. New York: Penguin Books. Gu, Y. 1990. Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237-57. Hansen, G. 2005. Qualitative and quantitative research and empirical translation studies. Retrieved from http:gydehansen.dkmedia238 qualitative-and-quantitative-research-and-empirical-translation-studies.pdf on 17 February 2005. Holmes, J. 1986. Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics 284, 485-508. Holmes, J. 2001. An introduction to sociolinguistics 2 nd ed.. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Ltd. Holmes, J. 2013. Women, men, and politeness. New York: Routledge.