17
Formal High formality
Informal Low formality
Figure 2.3 The Formality Scale Holmes, 2001, p. 9
d. The Referential and Affective Function Scales
Holmes 2001 describes that these two functional scales: referential function and affective function are related to the purposes or topic interaction. She
states, “In general the more referentially oriented an interaction is, the less it tends to express the feelings of the speaker” 2001, p. 10. It means those functional
scales measure the ratio between information content and emotions or attitudes of speakers. She adds that both functions must be expressed in an utterance 2013, p.
3. One of these functions may be primary. For example, radio broadcasts of the weather forecast tend to put the emphasis on referential function or information
content Holmes, 2001, p. 10. To be more precise, the scales are illustrated in Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5.
High Low
information information
content content
Figure 2.4 The Referential Function Scale Holmes, 2001, p. 10
18
Low High
affective affective
content content
Figure 2.5 The Affective Function Scale Holmes, 2001, p. 10
B. Theoretical Framework
The study analyzes the use of politeness strategies used by the main characters of the novel Eat Pray Love 2010. The researcher synthesizes all
theories in analyzing data in order to solve the research problems: 1 How do the main characters of the novel Eat Pray Love use politeness strategies in their
dialogues? and 2 Which factors affect the use of politeness strategies by the main characters of the novel Eat Pray Love?
Based on the theoretical description, the researcher applies theories from some linguists to understand the relation among pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and
politeness strategies. The researcher requires understanding the meaning of each utterance in order to be able to classify the utterances into the four politeness
strategies. In understanding the meaning of the utterances by the main characters, the resea
rcher firstly needs to understand the theory of pragmatics since it is “the study of how language is used to communicate” Leech, 1992: 19. As mentioned
previously, the researcher analyzes the use of politeness strategies in the novel Eat Pray Love 2010, hence the researcher applies sociolinguistics theory in order to
clarify the topic. Sociolinguistics is the study of relationship between the use of language and society Radford, et al., 1999: 1. It is used since the analysis of the
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