The Referential and Affective Function Scales

21 implemented to answer the two research questions: 1 How do the main characters of the novel Eat Pray Love use the politeness strategies in their dialogues? and 2 Which factors affect the use of politeness strategies by the main characters of the novel Eat Pray Love? The researcher applied document analysis in this research. Fraenkel and Wallen 2009: 472 state, “Document analysis is a method which is used to study human behaviour in an indirect way, through an analysis of their communications. ” According to Ary, et al. 2010: 457, document analysis is “a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose identifying specif ied characteristics of the material.” In other words, document analysis focuses on the analysis of phenomena in a document. The material or document can be in the form of novels, diaries, essays, songs, newspapers, advertisements, textbooks, scripts, speeches, or any other types of document. The researcher analyzed the use of politeness strategies in a novel. The researcher selected a best- selling novel entitled Eat Pray Love since it was a primary source. Ary, et al. 2010 state that a primary source is a document which is written by someone who had firsthand experience with the phenomenon under study p. 443. It was written based on the writer’s true story. It also contained many politeness phenomena – for example, giving compliments and using jokes. As Holtgraves 2002 states, “Politeness is a technical term, a theoretical construct invoked as a means of explaining the link between language use and the social context ” p. 38, the researcher associated document analysis with discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship 22 between language and the contexts in which it is used McCarthy, 2005. The analysis of discourse can be in spoken or written form. Since the researcher studied the use of politeness strategies by the five main characters in the novel Eat Pray Love 2010, the researcher studied the utterances that were in the dialogues by those five main characters.

B. Research Setting

The data collection and the analysis of the novel Eat Pray Love 2010 were conducted during the period of December 2014 to May 2015. In collecting and analyzing the dialogues in the novel Eat Pray Love 2010, the researcher spent five months. Afterwards, the researcher analyzed and categorized the ch aracters’ utterances, identified the characters’ factors of politeness, and then wrote up the report.

C. Research Subject

The novel Eat Pray Love 2010 was the subject of this research. The utterances of the five main characters in the novel were selected and taken as the da ta to be analyzed by applying Brown and Levinson’s 1987 politeness strategies. The first character was Elizabeth Gilbert or Liz, an American woman who pursued happiness in her life by going to three countries and worked as a writer. The second was Richard , a Texan man who was Elizabeth Gilbert’s friend during her stay in India. The third was Ketut Liyer, a Balinese man who worked