29
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six sections, namely research method, research setting, research subject, instrument and data gatherings technique, data analysis
technique, and research procedure. The first part explains the definition of the research type chosen. In the research setting section, it informs where and when
the research was conducted. In research subject section, it elaborates on the participants of the research as well as the methods of sampling. Then, in data
gathering technique, it explains the research instruments employed in carrying out the study. In data analysis technique section, it describes the steps to analyze the
findings aimed to answer the research questions. Lastly, in research procedure, it summarizes the steps taken in conducting the study.
A. Research Method
The researcher an alyzed Doc. Love’s writings in askmen.com. Some of the
writings were analyzed to answer these research questions: 1 Which women’s
language features are used by Doc. Love in askmen.com? 2 What factors affect Doc. Love to use womens language?
In conducting the research, the researcher applied qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research is a research which tends to focus on
how people or groups of people have different perceptions of looking reality Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., Windridge, K., n.d. Merriam 2009 adds that
30 qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people have
constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world. This kind of research studies human’s behavior in natural
settings. It counts humans as the data. It also focuses on reports of experience which cannot be expressed numerically. Hancock, B., Ockleford, E.,
Windridge, K. n.d state that there are many types of qualitative research. They are ethnography, grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis,
discourse analysis, conversation analysis, content analysis, and narrative analysis. In this research, the study gained data through discourse analysis.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, focuses on quantity how much, how many of the data analysis. Ary et al. 2008 mention that the data analysis of
quantitative research typically relies on measurement tools such as scales, tests, observation checklists, and questionnaires p. 421. In this part, the researcher
applied quantitative research as the method by presenting the amount of language features used by Doc. Love.
Nunan 1993 states that discourse analysis and text are different. He argues that for some writers discourse analysis and text are interchangeable; for
another, discourse refers to language in context. The term text refers to any written record of a communicative event. On the other hand, the term discourse refers to
the interpretation of the communicative event in context. It may be concluded that text is a piece of discourse.
Critical discourse analysis does not only focus on texts, spoken or written, as objects of inquiry. The analysis needs a theorization and description of both the
31 social process and of the social structures and processes within which individuals
or groups as a social historical subjects, create meanings in their interaction with texts.
B. Research Setting
The research was conducted in English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University. The reason to choose the place was because
there were many sources available. The researcher conducted the research for five months, from January until June 2016. In January 2016, the researcher read and
selected articles in Askmen.com. After reading the articles, the writer chose Doc. Love’s articles as the data. After that, the researcher chose nine articles which
contain women’s language features. The researcher classified the women’s language features in the articles from May to June 2016.
C. Data Source
The data source of the research was articles in askmen.com. There were many articles written by male writers in the site. Somehow, the researcher only
chose Doc. Love’s articles. It happens to make the discussion focus. In the beginning, the researcher tried to use articles from various writers in askmen.com.
Somehow, the researcher realized that it may lead the study to a bias in the discussion. Doc. Love is a love consultant and he has been famous at the field. His
job as a consultant may lead him to use women’s language features. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32 D.
Data Gathering Technique
There were some steps that the researcher did in obtaining the data for the research. First of all, the researcher read some of the articles from Doc. Love’s
articles in askmen.com. Second, the researcher selected 9 articles which contain women language’s features. Third, the researcher collected the features from the
articles. After the data were collected, the data were classified into categorization by using a table. The results become answers for the research problems.
To answer the factors behind using women’s language features, the
researcher made some limitations. The factors were viewed from only two factors. They we
re the changes in society perspectives and men’s professions. The researcher answered the second question by reviewing some theories about
feminism, pro-feminists, society perspectiv es and men’s professions.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In order to answer the two questions, the researchers took several steps. The first was inputting the data into a table and giving checklists in order to know
which features being used. Second, the researcher rechecked the data in order to ensure that the statements were in a correct classification. Third, the researcher
calculated the data into a percentage. Then the data were placed into the table again in order to make the analysis clearer and easier be done.
In this step, the researcher made an observation checklist in the form of a table see Table 3.1. The researcher identified women’s language features in Doc.
Love’s articles. After completing the observation checklist, the researcher PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33 classified w
hich women’s language features that were used. In the end of the steps, the researcher checked all of the
women’s language features and inputted the data to the table see Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Observation Checklist
No Women
Language Features
Is it used in Doc. Love’s articles?
Yes No
1 LH
√ 2
F √
3 HG
4 I
5 TQ
6 EA
7 PCT
8 SPF
9 ASSW
10 Parataxis
Abbreviations
LH : Lexical Hedges
F : Fillers
HG : Hypercorrect Grammar
I : Intensifiers
TQ : Tag Questions
EA : Empty Adjectives
PCL : Precious Color Term
SPF : Super Polite Forms
ASSW : Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
P :Parataxis
To answer the second research problem, the researcher employed critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis analyzes possible factors which
effect to the use of women language features. It was done to assess the possible factors behind the use of women’s language features. After collecting and
counting the findings, the researcher related the findings to some theories, such as feminism, traditional masculinity, the changes of masculinity perception in the
society, and a man in his profession. After obtaining the data and analyzing the results, the researcher reported the analysis. The analysis and the discussion were
34 done under critical discourse analysis.
F. Research Procedure
In order to finish the analysis, there were several steps that the researcher did. The procedure in conducting the researcher explains as follow.
1. Selecting the Research Questions
First of all, the researcher chose women’s language features in Doc.
Love’s writings to be discussed. The researcher came up with two questions. The first one dealt with what wome
n’s language features were used by Doc. love. The second one discussed the factors affecting Doc. Love to
use women’s language features.
2. Reviewing Related Literature
Reviewing some related literature was the second step done by the researcher. It aimed to answer the research questions. The researcher came up
with Lakoff’s 1973 theory which classified women language features in speaking. Then, the researcher combined some of the spoken features with
Jespersen 1922 theory. It aimed to make the theories appropriate for discussing writing features.
In answering the second formulated question, the researcher follows Dijk 1993 discourse analysis. The researcher reviewed some theories that discussed
feminism, pro-feminists and changes in society perspectives, men, women, and culture, and a man in his profession. After that, the researcher links the findings
with the theories. It aimed to examine the factors affecting Doc. Love to use women’s language features.
35 3.
Selecting the Methodology The third step was to select the methodology to gain the data. It aimed to
avoid errors in collecting and presenting the data. In gaining data, the researcher used critical discourse analysis which colaborates qualitative and quantitative
approaches. 4.
Collecting Data The researcher chose fifteen articles which were written by Doc. Love
writer in askmen.com. The researcher read the articles and selecting nine articles which had women’s language features.
5. Analyzing Data
After collecting the articles which had women’s language features, the
researcher analyzed the data. To make the data easy to be classified, the researcher classified the data in a table. It made the data understandable and easy to be
examined. In analyzing the data, the researcher classified the data into women language features proposed by Lakoff 1973 Jespersen 1922.
6. Drawing Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the researcher drew a conclusion. In answering the first research problem, the researcher provided the findings from the articles.
In answering the second research problem, the researcher discussed some theories that explained why the men writers used the women’s language features.
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
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