Review of Related Studies

long as the character does not stray way from the “plausibly grounded temperament” as it has already been writtenAbrams, 1997:33-34. According to E.M. Forster inAspects of the Novel, popular new terms exist in differentiating characters; flat character and round character. A flat character “a type” or “two dimensional” is constructed in “a single idea or quality” and shown without many individualizing details. Forster says that flat character can be portrayed in one sentence. The advantages of flat characters are that they are easily recognized and remembered Forster, 1927: 67-72. Whereas, a round character is complex in temperament and motivations, described in subtle particularity, and able of surprising the readers Forster, 1927: 77-78. In analyzing the main characters, the researcher uses the theory of characterization. M.H. Abrams explicates that characterization is a process in which the author explains the characters inside the story. An author is able to characterize a character using two ways which are “showing” and “telling”. In showing, usually the author simply shows how the characters talking and acting. Thus, the readers can “infer the motive and disposition of the characters.” In telling, the author intervenes directly to describe and often evaluate the characters in the story Abrams,1997:33-34. There are many ways to describe a character. According to M.J. Murphy 1972: 161-173, there are nine ways to analyze a character. Those are personal description, another character’s point of view, character’s speech, character’s past life, conversations among other characters, character’s reaction, direct comment from the author, character’s thoughts, and character’s habit.Personal descriptionmeans the characterization is done by the author narrating the character’s appearance and clothes Murphy, 1972:161. Another character’s point viewmeans the character described through the perspective or the opinions of other people. Character speech means the characterization done through what a character says. It can be seen through that particular character’s conversation or when that particular character delivers opinions Murphy, 1972: 164. Seeing the past life of a character, readers can see clues such as events that shape the character. This way, characterization can be done by the direct comment from the author, the person’s thoughts and conversations or from the perspective of another person Murphy, 1972:166. Conversation of others uses the dialogue or what others say about a character to know the characterization Murphy, 1972: 167.Character reaction means the characterization can be seen through how the character react to circumstances and events Murphy, 1972: 168. Direct comment from the author means the author describes the character directly through a narrative Murphy, 1972: 170. Character’s thoughts means the characterization is established by the direct knowledge of how the character thinks Murhy, 1972: 1971. The last is character’s habits which is a characterization done throughthe knowledge of mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies of a character Murphy, 1972: 173. This research utilizes sixways taken from the Murphy’s theory: another’s character’s point of view, character’s speech, character’s past life, character’s thoughts, character’s habits, and conversations among other characters. The reason why this research only uses six ways instead the nine ways is because the other three ways direct comment from the author, personal description, another character’s point of view does not suit to the materials analyzed.For instance, direct comment from the author can not be used because there is no direct comment from the author. Those are ways to analyze the portrayal of the two main characters Amir and Baba in the Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. This theory is essential to answer the first problem formulation in this research.

2. Theories of Diaspora

The discussion of diasporain Postcolonial discourse is consequential since diaspora is a distinct phenomenon in the post-colonial world. In the era of colonialism, the colonized was transffered to the colonial country as slaves. In post-colonialism, the subaltern still moves to the colonial country to seek social mobility and better life. Thus, it is relevant to discuss diasporic experience in postcolonial study.Safran defines diaspora as expatriate minority communities that are dispersed from an original “center” to at least two “peripheral” places Safran, 1991:83. It means this group of people moved out from their original place to a new foreign place. The movement is either by force or voluntarily. Diasporic communities keep their memory, vision, or myth about their original place. They believe that they are not and perhaps can not be fully accepted by their host country. They see the ancestral home as a place of eventual return when the time is right. They are also commited to the maintenance or restoration of this home land and have high solidarity within the group Safran, 1991: 83-84. Safran basically formulates that diaspora are communities overseas that are still bound to their original country and have the strong connection with their original community. He also states that there is no diaspora that exactly the ideal type. If that is so, then it can only be defined toone group such as Jewish diaspora Safran, 1991:48. Diaspora in postcolonialism generally talks about the idea of cultural dislocation Gandhi, 1998: 131. It means that in diaspora—the movement of the people create a condition when the people experience a disruption on their original cultural identity—they have to live in a new cultural spectrum which is not their own.Paul Gilroy in Gandhi’s Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction states that diaspora has its’ value in “the elucidation of those processes of the mutation of culture and restive discontinuity that overpasses racial discourse” Gandhi, 1998: 131. Diaspora revolves around the process of cultural mutation that refuses stagnancy and stability of meaning and identity. The culture moves within the diasporic experience, it always changes. It mutates when the original culture meets the new one. Diaspora also illustrates the mobility of thought and consciousness made by the cultural adherence of colonialism. In diasporic discourse, the discussion does not only stop on the idea of Western or colonial identity but also it has the nuanced culture of travel Gandhi, 1998: 132-133. In diaspora, there is amovement of thought and consciousness of the diasporic people caused by the requirement of colonialism. The culture moves and travels. Clifford 1994:304 enunciates that diasporic configurations such as longing, memory, and disidentification are partaken by a broad range of minority and migrant populations. The dispersed community who are once PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI