1. 2 Theory of Character REVIEW OF LITERATURE

11 Murphy 1972: 161-173 mentions nine methods of how the author reveals the characters traits. They are personal description, character as seen by another, the characters speech, the characters past life, conversation of others, the characters reaction, the direct comment from the author, the characters thoughts and mannerism. There are some important points according to Perrine 1974: 69 to make the characterization more convincing. The characters should show attitude that is not changing as they want or easily change. It means that the characters may not develop their characteristic until they gain a clear reason for their changes. The characters should have a clear reason of their action so the reader will understand why the characters act in that way or why they do the action. The last point is that the characters must be drawn as human beings. It means that the characters have similarities to human being such as feeling, appearance, way of thinking, etc. If the characters have the aspect of human, the reader will feel that they are alive or the readers experience the course of the story. To analyze Okonkwos personality, besides the theory of characterization, the writer will need some theories of personalities to help understanding his personalities in the novel. These theories will be useful to know the factors can be use to personalize somebody. Allport as quoted in Hurlocks, defines that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process within an individual. The process becomes more complex, in the patterning of one self-concept, habits, attitudes, emotional states, sentiments, and motives. Furthermore, it determines his or 12 her uniqueness in speech, in reactions to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed toward the specific goal to adjust his or her environment Hurlock, 1974: 7. To make it understandable and clearer about personalities, Hurlock has eight determinants, which can determine ones personality pattern 1974: 137-354. These determinants are very useful when the writer analyzes the personalities of Okonkwo. Yet, it is also important because Okonkwos personality traits also influence his decision to commit suicide. The first determinants of personalities is physical determinant that shows physic and body functioning are obviously responsible for personality development. The physical factor influences self-concept when the person compares his physique with his ideal and the standard in his social group, especially when he is conscious of the other reaction. The second determinant is intellectual determinant that shows intellectual capacities influence on persons adjustment to his environment, to people, to himself. When one intellectual capacity develops, the person will be aware of the worlds and his perceptions of people, of situation, and of himself. There are many conditions that can determine ones intellectual growth, such as motivation, physical condition, education and emotional states. The third is emotional determinant where the intensity and duration of an emotion determines how it will affect the personality. Emotion affects the individuals physical and mental functioning and his attitudes, interests, and values. With advancing age, the affects of the emotions on physical well being increase.