background. Arikunto 1987:135-140 states “Sampel bertujuan atau purposive sample adalah teknik sampling yang digunakan peneliti dengan cara mengambil sampel bukan
didasarkan atas strata, random, atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan atau pertimbangan tertentt. Pengambilan sample dengan bertujuan ini cukup baik
karena sesuai dengan pertimbangan peneliti sendiri sehingga dapat mewakili populasi.” Purposive sample is a technique of sampling that is used by a researcher
with taking sample because there are some certain purposes or considerations. This research analyzes all sentences that contain cohesive devices found in three
selected short stories.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
After reading the material comprehensively, the writer underlines the sentences that contain cohesive devices. Those sentences are entered into data cards.
Then, the writer groups the data card into the table based on the types of cohesive devices reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.
3.4 Data Analysis Method
There are three steps applied by the writer in analyzing the data. Firstly, after reading the material comprehensively, the writer identifies the sentences which use
cohesive devices in each short story. Those sentences are entered into data cards. Secondly, the writer will classify them into kinds of cohesive devices by using
Halliday’s and Hasan’s theory. The writer groups the data card into the table based on the types of cohesive devices reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical
cohesion.
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Having analyzed all the data, a percentage value will be set up form each kind of cohesive devices based on the following formula Bungin, 2005: 171-172:
n= fx x100 N
Notes: n= the percentage of one kind of cohesive devices
fx= individual frequency one kind of cohesive devices N= number of occurrence all kinds of cohesive devices
Thirdly, the writer will determine the most dominant cohesive devices to the least dominant one. Then, the writer will draw some conclusions based on the result of
the analysis. For example: 1.
He drew it, cut the top off with the spatula and then held the glass in his hand. Taken from The Light of the World in 3
rd
sentence, 1
st
paragraph.
Table of personal reference Paragraph
Sentence number Cohesive item Presupposed
he the bartender
it beer 1
3 his the
bartender To know what he and it refers to, we have to look at back to the preceding text
of this sentence. He and his refer to the bartender, while it refers back to the beer. In short, the bartender is the interpretation of he and his, while beer is the interpretation of
it. The personal pronoun he, his and it gives a cohesive result to the text, in which they connect with the preceding text. They give continuity to the text. So, he, his and it
become a cohesive device of personal reference.
Table of additive conjunction
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Paragraph Sentence number Cohesive item
Presupposed
1 3 and
preceding text
Then, here, the conjunctive and is used cohesively, to link He drew it, cut the top off with the spatula preceding clause and then held the glass in his hand to another
next clause. So, and belongs to conjunction, additive.
Table of temporal conjunction Paragraph
Sentence number Cohesive item
Presupposed
1 3 then
preceding text
The temporal conjunction then shows the relation of sequence in time. Here the time relation then shows the connection between two even two events, which are He
drew it, cut the top off with the spatula and preceding clause and held the glass in his hand to another next clause. So, then belongs to conjunction, temporal.
2. “Ive never seen one,”…
Taken from Hills like White Elephants in 20
th
semtence, 3
rd
paragraph
Table of nominal substitution Paragraph
Sentence number Cohesive item
Presupposed
3 20
one hills like white elephants
One substitutes for hills like white elephants. So, one is a type of cohesive device that belongs to nominal substitution. One presupposes hills like white elephants
and hills like white elephants becomes the presupposition of one. 3.
”Are you trying to insult me?” “No, hombre, only to make a jog.”
Taken from A Clean, Well- Lighted Place in 105
th
sentence, 8
th
paragraph
Table of verbal ellipsis
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Paragraph Sentence number
Cohesive item Presupposed
8 105 No. Sentence 104
I don’t trying to insult you
No, hombre, only to make a jog.” is an instance of ellipsis that can be said to stand for I don’t trying to insult you. So, No belongs to verbal ellipsis.
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CHAPTER IV THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF
