such as the information of condition in America at that time. Then i gathered all the data from the library or from internet and other supporting material relevant to
the topic of the thesis as many as possible, then I begin to read the data carefully, to take down notes and composes it properly. The whole data, the quotation will
be put in my thesis later on and find out the relations with the study. The right data is divided into parts to suit the parts of the study. All of the data are read
carefully line-by-line to find out the relation with the study
.
2.3. Data Analyzing
By writing this thesis, I have to combine the important data from many other sources which have been collected and analyze them well. The kind of this
research is Library research. I collect the data from various books and internet. First, I read the novel then identify the data from the dialogues or statement of the
novel which support the main problem and I will analyze it to achieve what has been planned in the objective of this thesis and finnaly a conclusion can be drown
from this thesis.
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CHAPTER III.
CONDITION OF AMERICA IN THE MIDDLE OF 20TH CENTURY
3.1. History of Black People’s Coming to America and Slavery Era
. The black people’s coming to America is caused by white people’s need of
labors to be worked at their enermous farming land because the southern states of America has developed as agriculture area while the southern has developed as
industry area. These african people are bought by English which at that time colonized many countries in Africa.
The slavery period is started from here. The history stated that the first black people’s landed at James Town in 1619, immediately after the first England
colony was established there. The black people were involuntary immigrants who had been skipped by the slave traders to America. They were sold to the landlords.
Some of them brought from West Indies, but most of them were taken directly from Africa to America.
These black people were mostly concentrated in the Southern, where the colonial farms were larger. The land and climate in the South were very good to
support the plantation of cotton and tobacco. The Southerners developed their plantation in those good condition, that many employees were needed for their
plantation. They needed many workers to keep their farms. The strong black people seem to prove the most practical and profitable solution. As the time
passed, exploring the black people as workers increased and their number in the
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South multiplied. The significant of development began with the success of tobacco and cotton plantation..
The growing demand for cotton led many plantation owners further west in search of suitable land. It was for this reason that slavery did not spread to the
north, instead spreading west. Historian Peter Kolchin wrote, By breaking up existing families and forcing slaves to relocate far from everyone and everything
they knew, this migration replicated many of horrors of the Atlantic slave trade. Kolchin, P. 96 .
Historians have estimated that one million slaves were moved west and to the Deep South from the Old South between 1790 and 1860. Most of the slaves
were sold or transported from Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, where changes in agriculture decreased demand. Originally the points of destination
were Kentucky and Tennessee, but after 1810 the states of the Deep South: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas received the most, and the
Border States joined in selling excess slaves. This corresponded to the massive expansion of cotton cultivation in that region, which needed labor.
In the 1830s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported, with Alabama and Mississippi receiving 100,000 each. Every decade between 1810 and 1860 had at
least 100,000 slaves moved from their state of origin. In the final decade before the Civil War, 250,000 were moved. Michael Tadman, in his 1989 book,
Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South, indicates that 60–70 of interregional migrations were the result of the sale of slaves. In
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1820 a child in the Upper South had a 30 chance of being sold south by 1860 Berlin, I. 168-169
To the whites, slavery were very important profit. The landowners had a slavery system to control them from escape. This system was done perfectly
especially in the South. They built neither fence nor paid bodyguards but, they kept the slaves in foolishness, knowing nothing depending on the whites and
frightened. Most of the slaves could neither read nor write A number of the South regions regarded that to teach slaves was a crime. Slaves were effected to staying
in their dependence to the owner in getting their food, clothing, living and their condition in a regular way. In short, slaves were trained to work but whites
prevented them from learning how to arrange themselves.
Slaves who worked and lived on plantations were the most frequently punished. Punishment could be administered by the plantation owner or master,
his wife, children white males, and most often by the overseer or driver. Slaves were punished with a variety of objects and instruments. Some of these included:
whips, being placed in chains and shackles, or in various contraptions such as metal collars, being hanged, or forced to walk a treadmill. Those who punished
slaves also used weapons such as knives, guns, field tools, and objects found nearby. Slaves were punished for a variety of reasons, most of the time it was for
working too slow, breaking a law such as running away, leaving the plantation without permission, or not following orders given to them. By this way, many of
the young generation of the blacks were not initiative. They worked only for avoiding punishment. This culture became their way of life.
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Relation of men and women among the slaves was limited. They could not do a close relation because the whites regarded it would arise the racial solidarity
between them, so the owner forbid them to get married. When the patrol found a couple of blacks were marriage, their marriages did not hold on. When they had
kids, the owner separated their parents from the family. The owner of the slaves sold them to another white people.
The slavery is existed too in Alabama, where the story of To Kill A Mockinbird took places.
As of statehood in 1819, slaves accounted for more than 30 percent of Alabamas approximately 128,000 inhabitants. The slave population
more than doubled during the 1820s and again during the 1830s. When Alabama seceded from the Union in 1861, the states 435,080 slaves made up 45 percent of
the total population. The largest numbers of slaves were held in bondage in counties located in either the Tennessee River Valley. Slavery, however, existed
in every county.
The slavery period is end in the beginning 1960 through civil war. After the war, The thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery, was passed by the Senate
in April 1864, and by the House of Representatives in January 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
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Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
The outcome of the American Civil War ended slavery in United States. The Thirteenth Amendment permanently abolished slavery in the United States in
1865. American freedpeople welcomed emancipation but endured continuing hardships because of the prevailing and pervasive racial prejudices of the states
white inhabitants. There is still differentiate between white and black people in America that seen in social life. These two people often assumed each other as
“other”. American’s slavery era were replaced by a postbellum social and legal system of separating citizens on the basis of race that remained intact through the
middle of twentieth century.
3.2 Racial Segregation
