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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter covers some theories related to the study. The discussion focuses on The Passive form of Present Continuous Tense and Pattern Drill
A. English Tenses
1. Kinds of English Tenses
According to A.S. Hornby, Tenses refers to an action, activity or state that may occur in Past, Present and Future
1
, therefore there are three tenses in language, Past, Present, and Future. It is in line with Kam Chuan Aik who defined
that the tense refers to indication of time by the form of the verb or verb phrase, whether an action is a past, present, and future.
2
Meanwhile, Sydney Greenbaum defined that the tenses is a grammatical category that is realized by verb inflection
3
. Other definition from Michael San said, “The verb forms which show differences in time are called tenses”. Tenses
are formed either by changing the verb e.g. know, knew, work, worked, or by adding auxiliary verbs e.g. will know, had worked according to those
definitions, the word ‘tense’ stand for a verb or series of verbs used for declare a time relation.
There are many kinds of tenses in grammar; they are Simple Present Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect
Continuous Tense, Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Simple Future Tense, Future Continuous Tense,
Past Future tense, Past Future Continuous Tense.
1
A.S Hornby, guide to Pattern and usage in English, New York: Low Price Inc, 1975,p. 78
2
KamChuanAik and Kam Kai Hui, Longman Dictionary of grammar and Usage, Addison wesley Longman Singapore Pte Ltd, 1992,p.294
3
Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, Student’s Grammar of The English Language,
London: Pearson Education Limited, 1990p.47
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2. Forms of English Tenses
According to A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, the forms of English Tenses of Simple Present, Present Progressive, Simple Past, Past
Progressive, Past Perfect, Simple Future, Be Going to, Future Perfect, they are;
a. Affirmative
To make affirmative statement by using this formula SUBJECT + TO BE + Verb + Complement
Table 2.1
No Tenses Subject
Rule example
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 Simple
Present Present
progressive Present
perfect Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect Simple future
Be going to Future perfect
I, You,
We, They, She, He, It
S + verb 1 ses + complement
S+am, are, is+ verb + ing + complement
S + havehas + verb 3 + complement
S + verb 2 + complement S + waswere + verb +
ing + complement S + had + verb 3 +
complement S + will + verb 1 +
complement S +am, is, are + going
to +verb 1+ complement S + will + have + verb 3
+ complement I speak English
I
am speaking
English I
have spoken
English I spoke English
I was speaking English
I
had spoken
English I
will speak
English I am going to
speak English I will have spoken
English
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b. Negative
To make N egative statement, put “not” after the auxiliary
SUBJECT + TO BE + Not + Verb + Complement
Table 2.2
N Tenses Subject
Rule example
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Simple present
Present progressive
Present perfect
Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect
Simple future
Be going to
Future perfect I, you, we,
they, she,
he, it S + do not does not + verb 1 +
complement
S+am, are, is+ not + verb –
ing + complement
S + havehas + not + verb 3 + complement
S + did + not + verb 1 + complement
S + waswere + not + verb –
ing + complement
S + had + not + verb 3 + complement
S + will + not + verb 1 + complement
S +am, is, are + not + going to +verb 1+ complement
S + will + not + have + verb 3 + complement
I don’t speak English
I am not speaking English
I have not spoken English
I did
not speak
English
I was not speaking English
I had not spoken English
I will
not speak
English
I am not going to speak English
I will not have spoken English
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c. Interrogative
To make Interrogative statement, put “be” before the subject
Table 2.3
No Tenses Subject
Rule example
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Simple Present
Present Progressive
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Progressive
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Be Going To
Future Perfect I,
you, we, they,
she, he, it Dodoes + S + verb 1
ses + complement?
Am, Are, Is + S+ verb –
ing + complement?
HaveHas + S +verb 3 + complement?
Did + S + verb 1 + complement?
WasWere + S + verb –
ing + complement?
Had +S + verb 3 + complement?
Will +S + verb 1 + complement?
Am, Is, Are +S + going to +verb 1+ complement?
Will + S +have + verb 3 + complement?
Do I
speak English?
Am I speaking English?
Have I spoken English?
Did I
speak English?
Was I speaking English?
Had I
spoken English?
Will I
speak English?
Am I going to speak English?
TO BE +SUBJECT + Verb + Complement?
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Will I
have spoken English?
3. The Present Continuous Tense
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