In study of pragmatics, Leech will be in favor of the study by means of conversational principles of the kind illustrated by H.P. Grice’s Cooperative
Principle. Leech wants to introduce into pragmatics not only Cooperative principle, but other principles, such as a Politeness Principle. The kind of
constraint on linguistic behavior exemplified by Grice’s Cooperative Principle differs from the kind of normally rules in linguistics, like “principles” and
“maxim” usage, because according to Grice, maxim is manifestation of the former. In Searle’s terminology, conversational principles and maxims are
regulative rather than constitutive. The rules of language normally count as an integral part of the definition of that language, but maxims do not.
8
C. Polite and Impolite Behavior
There has been surprisingly little analysis of impoliteness itself, in research on politeness in general; perhaps this can be attributed to the fact that
much of the research is dependent on a view of conversation which emphasis the harmonious aspect of social relations, because of an emphasis on conversational
contracts and the implicit establishment of balance between interlocutors’ Spencer Oatey, 2003: 3.
9
Eelen 2001 points out, quite rightly, that theories of politeness have focused far more on politeness behavior than on impoliteness behavior. This is all
the more surprising since commentators on and participants in verbal interaction are more likely to comment on behavior which they perceive to be ‘impolite’,
8
Geoffrey Leech, Principles of Pragmatics London and New York: Longman, 1983, pp. 7-9.
9
Sara Mills, Gender and Politeness UK: University Press, Cambridge, 2003, p. 121.
‘rude’, ‘discourteous’, etc, than on ‘polite’ behavior.
10
Kienpointner 1997 has written on various types of ‘rude’ utterance displaying impoliteness.
11
Baumann 1981 examines what he calls the ‘rhetoric of impoliteness’ among the early
quakers in America. A small of researcher have examined the function of strategic or mock impoliteness, following on from labov’s work on ritual insult among
black adolescent in the USA 1975.
12
D. Modern American culture
The claim that successful social interaction among human beings depend upon the will of the participants to cooperate in localised forms of social
endeavour does not prevent certain forms of human social interaction from being confrontational and competitive, with the result that success and failure will then
be measured by who wins and who loses.
13
Those who talked about politeness in the eighteenth century considered that the concept was formed around a meaningful core the essence of politeness.
But, those some people professed themselves unable to define that core.
14
Nowadays the USA is home country for many citizens from all over the world. That’s why on the whole it is difficult to identify pure American culture
and to divide it from other foreign cultures that had great influence on it.
15
Apart from this, the USA is a huge country and inside of it one can find some cultural
10
Ricahard J Watts, Politeness Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.5.
11
Ibid
12
Ricahard J Watts, 2003, Op.cit, p.5.
13
Ibid, P.42.
14
Ibid
15
http:essaysreasy.comcontentmodern-american-culture.html.
divisions.
16
They are called subcultures and practiced all around the country, but, for instance, in different states. Thus, culture of the southern part of the country
differs from traditions in central or northern states.
17
American culture is famous all over the world. People recognize it from movies and books. From one point of view, this is positive tendency. However,
there is another side of the medal as well. Of course, American culture is well known around the world, but many people learn about it only from movies, books
and magazines.
18
There is an opinion that Americans want the world to believe that their life is something what they see on TV-screens and in cinemas.
Nevertheless, such perception of American culture can be described as shallow. People create stereotypes and some of them might be false.
19
The USA has moral values that were established thousands of years ago and new people coming to the U.S. should accept them or at least respect, because
living in this country means following the rules and norms that already exist here. For the USA such values as individuality, equality, informality, hard work, time,
privacy, achievements, hope of future are of great significance.
20
American culture encompasses traditions, ideals, customs, beliefs, values, arts, folklore and innovations developed both domestically and imported via
colonization and immigration from the British Isles.
21
16
Ibid
17
Ibid
18
Ibid
19
Ibid
20
Ibid
21
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiCulture_of_the_United_States
Tradition: An inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior as a religious practice or social custom. The handing down of
information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction. Cultural continuity in social
attitudes, customs, and institutions. Characteristic manner, method, or style.
22
Custom: A usage or practice common to many or to a particular place or class, or habitual with an individual. Long established practice considered as
unwritten law. Repeated practice. The whole body of usages, practices, or conventions that regulate social life.
23
Habit: A behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance. An
acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary.
24
Ritual: The established form for a ceremony; the order of words prescribed for a religious ceremony. Ritual observance: system of rites, a ceremonial act or
action or a customarily repeated often formal act or series of acts.
25
American Values as Individuality, equality, informality, hard work, time, privacy, achievements, hope of future are of great significance.
The writer gives the explanation above to make her research easy to understand. Because the object research is American movie and the writer gives
more explanation to related the object. The Date Night movie is an action comedy
22
http:www.americanfamilytraditions.comtraditions_customs_rituals.htm .
23
Ibid
24
Ibid
25
Ibid
and it was released in the United States
on April 9, 2010. The movie is a crude content throughout, language, some violence and a drug reference.
E. The Definition of Maxim
