The Definition of Maxim Data Description

and it was released in the United States on April 9, 2010. The movie is a crude content throughout, language, some violence and a drug reference.

E. The Definition of Maxim

Maxim is a succinct formulation of a fundamental principle, general truth, or rule of conduct. 26 Maxim also is a concisely expressed principle or rule of conduct, or a statement of a general truth. 27

F. The Politeness Principles

Research on linguistic politeness has seen enormous in its development in line with the need to achieve an effective, cross cultural communication. In oxford dictionary use, ‘politeness’ refers to show good manners and respect for the feelings of other. 28 Politeness as a pragmatic notion refers to ways in which linguistic action is carried out, more specifically, ways in which in relational function in linguistic action is expressed. Leech sees cultural rules are at work in expressions of politeness and he attempts to categorize some of the underlying intent behind these forms in more detail by articulating a set of rules or “politeness maxims” in polite dialogues. The courtesy of communication reflected in the politeness language. Leech explains that politeness of language basically has to pay attention to the six maxims of politeness, namely tact Maxim, generosity Maxim, approbation Maxim, Modesty 26 http:www.thefreedictionary.comMaxim. 27 http:www.yourdictionary.commaxim. 28 A.S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p.1017. Maxim, agreement Maxim, and Sympathy Maxim. 29 The maxims of the politeness principle tend to go in pairs as follows:

1. The Tact Maxim

The tact maxim is the most important kind of politeness in English speaking society. The Tact maxim applies to Searle’s directive and commisive which is only applicable in illocutionary functions classified as ‘impositive’, e.g. ordering, requesting, commanding, advising, recommending, etc., and ‘commisive’, e.g. promosing, vowing, offering, etc. Tact maxim, according to Leech, involves minimizing the cost and maximizing the benefit speakerhearer: 30 The tact maxim focuses more on the hearerrecipient. The tact maxim criteria are: a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to other [1] You know, I really do think you ought to sell that car. It’s costing more and more money in repairs and it uses up far too much fuel. 31 The tact maxim is adhered to by the speaker minimizing the cost to addressee by using two discourse markers, one to appeal to solidarity, you know, and the other as a modifying hedge, really, one attitudinal predicate, I do think, and one modal verb, ought. On the other hand, the speaker maximizes the benefit to the addressee in the second part of the turn by indicating that she saves a lot of time and money by selling the car. 29 Leech, Geoffrey dan M.D.D. Oka penerjemah, Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta: UI Press, 1993, pp.206-207. 30 Ibid, p.107 31 Ricahard J Watts, Politeness Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p.66. [2] Answer the phone Impolite 32 The tact maxim is not adhered, which suggests extreme irritation with others behavior, so it is impolite.

2. The Generosity Maxim

The generosity maxim involves minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self. Generosity maxim only applicable in impositives and commissives: 33 Generosity maxim focuses more on the speakersender. The generosity maxim criteria are: a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to self For examples: [3] You can land me your car impolite [4] I can lend you my car [5] You must come and have dinner with us [6] We must come and have dinner with you impolite 34 The offer [4] and invitation [5] are presumed to be polite for two reasons: firstly, because they imply benefit to other, and secondly less crucially, because they imply cost to self. And in [3] and [6], the relation between self and other on both scales is reversed. Benefit to other but doesn’t imply any cost to self apart from the verbal effort to giving the advice itself.

3. The Approbation Maxim

32 Wijana, I Dewa Putu, Dasar-Dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: ANDIYogyakarta, 1996, p.56. 33 Geoffrey Leech, 1983, Op.cit, p.133. 34 Ibid The approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to speakerhearer. The approbation maxim is only applicable in illocutionary functions classified as ‘expressive’, e.g. thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling, etc., and ‘assertives’ e.g. stating, boasting, complaining, claiming, reporting, etc.: 35 Approbation maxim is closed to politeness strategy of avoiding disagreement. The approbation maxim criteria are: a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of other The examples [7] and [8] will serve to illustrate the illocutionary functions of thanking and complaining, in which the speaker maximizes praise of the addressee in [7] and minimizes dispraise in [8]: [7] Dear Aunt Mabel, I want to thank you so much for the Christmas present this year. It was so very thoughtful of you. [8] I wonder if you could keep the noise from your Saturday parties down a bit. I’m finding it very hard to get enough sleep over the weekends. 36 [9] Your food is not delicious 37 In [9], A fall of the approbation maxim, because A say unpleasant things to others. So, it is impolite.

4. The Modesty Maxim

35 Wijana, I Dewa Putu, 1996, Op.cit, pp.57-58. 36 Ricahard J Watts, 2003. Op.cit, p.67. 37 Wijana, I Dewa Putu, 1996, Op.cit, p.58. The modesty maxim involves minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. The modesty maxim is only applicable in expressives and assertives: 38 modesty maxim is found in self deprecating expression. The modesty maxim criteria are: a. Minimize praise of self b. Maximize dispraise of self For examples: [10] A: They were so kind to us B: Yes, They were, weren’t they? [11] A: You were so kind to us impolite B: Yes, I was, wasn’t I? 39 As [10] shows, it is felicitous to agree with another’s commendation except when it is a commendation of on self. But [11] fault maxim of modesty, it is to commit the social transgression of boasting.

5. The Agreement Maxim

The agreement maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. The agreement maxim is only applicable in assertives: 40 Agreement maxim seeks agreement and avoids disagreement. The agreement maxim criteria are: a. Minimize disagreement between self and other b. Maximize agreement between self and other 38 Geoffrey Leech, 1983, Op.cit, p.136. 39 Wijana, I Dewa Putu, 1996, Op.cit, pp.58-59 40 Geoffrey Leech, 1983, Op.cit, p.138. For examples: [12] A: A referendum will satisfy everybody B: Yes, definitely [13] A: It was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it? B: No, it was very uninteresting As [12] shows, it is agreement maxim because agreement was happened between self and other, in [13] partial disagreement happened so agreement maxim was fault but it is often preferable to complete disagreement.

6. The Sympathy Maxim

The sympathy maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. The sympathy maxim is only applicable in assertives: 41 sympathy maxim can be found in polite speech acts as to congratulate, commiserate of express condolence. The sympathy maxim criteria are: a. Minimize antipathy between self and other b. Maximize sympathy between self and other For examples: [14] I’m was sorry to hear about your father. [15] I’m was sorry to hear about your father’s death impolite Can be interpreted that [14] as a condolence, an expression of sympathy for misfortune, and it might be preferable to say, instead of [15]. 42 41 Cutting, Joan, Pragmatics and Discourse a resource book for student. London and New York, 2002, Routledge p. 50 42 Ibid In Leech politeness model, each of the six interpersonal maxims has an associated set of scales which help establish the requisite degree of tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement and sympathy. The following scales obtain: • Cost benefit scale: representing the cost or benefit of an act to speaker and hearer. 43 The cost or benefit scale made up of two distinct scales, costbenefit to speaker and costbenefit to hearer. In general, these two measures vary inversely, but it is possible for them to vary independently. For example, speaker may purpose a course of action which is, in speaker’s estimation, at a cost himself and beneficial to hearer. So, it is assumed polite. This is appropriately described as an offer. 16 Would you like to use my electric drill? In the other hand, the speaker may purpose a course of action which is beneficial himself will be assumed impolite, 17 I’d use an electric drill if I were you. This would be more appropriately described as a piece of advice. • Optionality scale: Indicating the degree of choice permitted to speaker and or hearer by a specific linguistic act. 44 The optionality scale on which illocutions are ordered according to the amount of choice which speaker allows to hearer. For example: [18] You may go now, Smith 43 Ibid 44 Ibid The speaker is apparently being polite in offering the hearer the choice of doing something. • Indirectness scale: Indicating the amount of inferencing required of the hearer in order to establish the intended speaker meaning. 45 The indirectness scale on which, from speaker’s point of view, illocutions are ordered with respect to the length of the path connecting the illocutionary act to its illocutionary goal. The indirectness scale can also be formulated from hearer’s point of view, in terms of the length of the inferential path by which the force is derived from the sense. This scale subjects to rank of directindirect meaning in conversation. Direct meaning is polite, indirect meaning is impolite. For example: [19] Would you mind having another sandwich? • Authority scale: representing the status relationship between speaker and hearer. 46 This is an asymmetric measure, so that someone in authority may use a familiar form of address to someone who, in return, uses the respectful form. For example: [20] The Chief demanded that I lend him my phone. • Social distance scale: Indicating the degree of familiarity between speaker and hearer. 47 45 Ibid 46 Ibid 47 Ibid The overall degree of respectfulness, for a given speech situation, depends largely on relatively permanent factors of status, age, degree of intimacy, etc., but also, to some extent, on the temporary role of one person relative to another. For example: [21] Get that essay to me by next week. 23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

This chapter will explain an analysis of the Dialogue of the Date Night movie with applying Politeness Principle theory by Geoffrey Leech as indicator in data analysis. The theory is used to know the violations of maxims of the analyzed transcript which is related to the politeness principle. The data are collected from the Internet Movie Script Database IMSDb. The data are collected by following steps: firstly, reading entire the dialogue on transcript. Secondly, the writer makes a group and mark the dialogue that related to the politeness principle and then copied into paper and given by number. The data that the writer has obtained can be presented below: Table 1 The list of the violations of maxims dialogues No Data Violated Maxim Data 1 Ollie: Did you just call Mrs. Cardigan a bitch? Clara: remembering Ollies in the back No. Ollie: Yeah you did. Clara: I didnt. I really didnt. Clara quickly pulls out. Script p.14 In this case, this text violates of Agreement Maxim. Despitefully, This dialogue violates Approbation Maxim. Data 2 Mrs. Cardigan Contd: His penmanship This statement violates is sloppy. He lacks motivation and tries to just get by on assignments. You know, this is a very competitive school, Mrs. Foster. In my opinion, maybe you should consider whether this is really the right environment for him. Clara: beat, stunned Uh... wow. OK. Script p.14 Modesty Maxim. Data 3 Mrs. Cardigan starts away. Clara climbs into the car, watching Mrs. Cardigan. Clara: Contd under her breath Wow. What a bitch. Script p.14 This text violates the Approbation Maxim. Data 4 Phil: Yeah, how about the fact that I have not woken up with our comforter over me once in those 10 years You steal the whole thing away from me every night and mummify yourself. Clara: What? Phil, I do not steal the comforter. It just happens when were- Phil: points at her Bulls Bull-shit. Clara: Dont you point that at me Script p.86 Same as previous statement, this text violates the Approbation Maxim. Data 5 Phil: That dress really wasnt playing fair, Clara. With a smile, Clara watches Phil tie his tie. Script p.17 This text violates the Approbation Maxim. Data 6 Phil: Wow. Wizard of Oz. Dont you think thats a little scary for a 5 year old? Ruth: not looking at him No, Phil, I dont. Script p.17 This dialogue violates the Agreement Maxim. Data 7 Clara: What are you doing? Phil: Im just gonna take a shortcut. This dialogue violates the Sympathy Maxim. Clara: Phil, please dont. You think theyre shortcuts but they always take longer. And were already- Script p.21 Data 8 Harry: Phil and Clara Foster. Phil: BEAT Thats what this is all about? Speakerphone: what else would it be about, Mr. Foster? Phil: BEAT Wait. This a joke, right? Some funny little bald guys gonna jump out and scare us and say, Gotcha or something OK, where is he? Wheres that guy? Speakerphone: You think this is a joke? Phil looks at the faces of the two thugs. No ones joking. Phil: STUNNED No. Are you insane?? You dont drug people and tie them up for that This is- I just- I hope you know this is gonna go way beyond a shitty review in Zagat Im seriously pissed off Script p.30 This dialogue violates Agreement Maxim. Despitefully, This dialogue violates Approbation Maxim. Data 9 Phil: You must be kidding Like a million people dont do it every single night of the week This is unbelievable Im just in shock here Harry and Frank look at each other, puzzled. Speakerphone: I enjoy your humor, Mr. Foster. Now why dont you start by telling me how you got into the Rainbow to set it up- Phil: Into the Rainbow? What the hells that? Restaurant code? Script p.30 This dialogue violates the Sympathy Maxim. Data 10 Clara: WHISPERS No. I was just trying to keep our knees for the time being. Phil: WHISPERS Well, if we end up in that car with them were as good as dead. Frank: Quiet Script p.34 In this case, this text violates Tact Maxim. Data 11 Clara: WHISPERS Well, any time you want to help... Phil: WHISPERS Whats that supposed to mean? Frank: I said quiet Script p.34 Same as previous statement, this text violates the Tact Maxim. Data 12 Clara: CONTD CATCHING ON Youre diabetic You never get the terms right, Phil Oh no This is bad, guys. Phil: I just cant... go any further. Harry and Frank look at each other, not sure what to do. Harry: Should we call Mr. Stockton? Frank: Dont say his name, you idiot Harry: Sorry I was just- Script p.35 This statement violates Modesty Maxim. Data 13 Large man: Hey You just hit my The Large Man stomps toward them. Phil: Run Phil and Clara get out of the car and run away on foot. The Large Man marches over and inspects his bumper, then yells after them. Large man: Assholes Script p.44 This statement violates Modesty Maxim. Data 14 Phil: I just dont understand when we got This dialogue violates so...I dont know... Clara: Old. Phil: No, I was thinking numb. When did we become one of those couples that we used to look at in restaurants back then and think were so sad? Script p.58 Agreement Maxim. Data 15 Clara suddenly notices a POLICE CAR, lights off, drive past them over the bridge. Clara CONTD: Shit Phil: I think were OK. Just play cool and keep walking. Script p59 This statement violates Modesty Maxim. Data 16 They land - THUMP - onto the top deck of the boat, both groaning as they roll back and forth while the Drunken Partiers CHEER and FLASH PHOTOS. Phil: Ow I think I broke my butt. Clara: OW OW Dammit, Phil Whats our rule about tickling? Phil: Im sorry I didnt do it for pleasure What is our rule? Script p.60 Same as previous statement, this text violates the Modesty Maxim. Data 17 Black dude: Hey HEY What do you think youre doing? The Black Dude chases after him, trying the drivers door, but Phils LOCKED it. Phil yells to Clara. Phil: PUT IT IN REVERSE AND GUN IT, CLARA Clara: What? Thats insane Script p.76 Same as previous statement, this text violates the Modesty Maxim. Data 18 Phil: Unbelievable You know, all you complain about is that I dont take risks anymore. Then the second I do, you get mad at me for doing it I cant win with you This text violates the Approbation Maxim. Clara: Poor Phil You have it so bad, dont you Phil: Oh, you have no idea Every single day from the moment we wake up youre bossy, disapproving, inconsiderate- Clara: Im inconsiderate? IM INCONSIDERATE?? Have you ever seen our bathroom in the morning after Tsunami Phils blown through? The floor The sink You use my toothbrush Script p.84 Data 19 DOORMAN BUILDING - LATER THAT NIGHT Phil and Clara walk into the lobby of the doorman building and start toward the elevator, straight past the NIGHT DOORMAN. Doorman: Whoa whoa whoa. Where do you think youre going? Clara: Oh, were guests of Apartment 605 The Doorman picks up the phone to call the apartment. Doorman: And you are? Clara looks at him in shock. Clara: Are you crazy? Its 4 in the morning We were just out for dinner. Trust me. Script p.89 This text violates the Approbation Maxim. Data 20 Phil: Well, I can pick things up then. Phil notices Clara giving him a LOOK. Phil CONTD: What? Why are you looking at me like that? Clara: intensifying the look Im not looking at you like anything. He doesnt pick up on it. Shrugs. Script p.41 This dialogue violates Agreement Maxim.

B. Data Analysis