A politeness strategy analysis on the main characters' dialogues of the movie pirates of the Carribbean : Dead Man's Chest

ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES OF THE MOVIE

PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

MUHAMMAD IHSAN FAUZI 105026000984

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

A POLITENESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS

ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES OF THE MOVIE PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi 105026000984

Approved by

Advisor

Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed.

NIP. 150 181 922

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA 2010

ABSTRACT

This thesis discusses the choice of politeness strategies used by three main characters in the dialogue of movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest. The writer makes Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory including the face threatening act concept and politeness strategy as his main framework in processing the thesis. The data is taken from its filmscript by noting, separating, and classifying the utterances into appropriate strategies. Then the writer elaborates them about how influenced social relationship, relative power, and ranking of the imposition in the dialogues.

LEGALIZATION

A thesis entitled ‘A Politeness Strategy Analysis on the Main Characters’ Dialogues of the Movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest’ has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on March 5th 2010. The thesis has been accepted as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of strata one in English Letters Department.

DECLARATION

This thesis in its entirety is the result of the writer own work, and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It contains no material published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other or institutes or higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, March 5th 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The writer is grateful to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher, for guiding him to conceptualise, develop and complete this thesis. Indeed, without His Help and Will, nothing is accomplished. Praise and peace be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW and all his friends and followers.

The writer’s thinking about the issues analyzed in this thesis has been guided by his supervisor Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed. The writer is indebted to him for his insightful and detailed comments, which prompted the writer to think twice more than once. His suggestions also helped him clarify and, hopefully, better articulate the writer’s ideas.

He would also like to express his appreciation to the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, Dr. Abdul Chair, MA., to the Head of English Letters Department, Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd., and also to the Secretary of English Letters Department, Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. for their support and help towards the writer’s thesis. His acknowledgement also goes to all the lecturers and office staffs of English Letters Department and all librarians of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah and UNIKA Atmajaya for their cooperations.

Thanks are also due to all his friends especially Abdul Rohim ans Jurjani for bringing so much information. The writer’s special gratitude is due to his brothers Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Haikal, Muhammad Rijalludin Hakim, Muhammad

Hilal Fathurrahman, and his sister Ira Nadya Octavira. Without their encouragement and understanding it would have been impossible for him to finish this work.

In particular, the writer would like to thank to his beloved wife Uzumaki Kushina ‘Ma’, and his two little fairies Temari ‘Hilda’ and Tenten ‘Sophie’ for their unfailing support and high spirits.

Unfortunately for a writer working on politeness, words are sometimes not strong enough. So, let this work stand in acknowledgement of the love and encouragement of my parents, Dr. H.D. Silahuddin, MA. and E. Maemunah, SE. for supporting me through the highs and the lows.

Jakarta, February 2010

SYNOPSIS OF THE THESIS ENTITLED A POILTENESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES

OF THE MOVIE PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST

By Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi / 105026000984

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

As a means of communication and a part of culture, language has an important role in human's life. Therefore, it reflects speaker’s behavior. That is also why language is able to build human relationships. But every speech which is spoken by speakers or hearers is not exactly alike. Those differences, generally, are influenced by education, age, personality, sex and setting. These factors are sometimes affected how close the relationship or the interaction between speaker and hearer is. The personality, for instance, as a matter of fact that describes our character being related with the emotional states. Or sometimes we are conditioned by setting either formal or informal so we should decide how to behave in order to appropriate with its situation.

Of course, the differences above influence people in using language whether it is regarded as polite language or not. Hornby stated that politeness itself is defined as hearing or showing the possession of good manners and consideration.1 It means that politeness in conversation is absolutely important to be able to establish one’s relationship with others. It should be realized by everyone in forming good conversation because the use of language can reflect the behavior or the attitude.

1

Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.

That is the reason why the writer chooses this topic as his research. Because politeness is a pragmatic matter, it is the main essential factor how to maintain the relationship well through language.

Politeness is a field of applied linguistics and pragmatics because politeness is one of main functional units in communication and any socio-cultural contexts which is its use is essential for various reasons. By using both the rules of speaking and the values of society, they assist someone in developing socio-culturally acceptable and grammatically appropriate communication. Furthermore, an in-depth look at studying politeness will help not only someone to understand more the important how to communicate well, yet usually disclose aspects of communication that are occasionally different from language structure, but also provide clues for improved cross-cultural communication.2

Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette in any circumstances of conversation. Moreover, speech behavior is mirror image of community norms and attitudes. Therefore it is a culturally defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another. It is because many languages have specific means to show politeness, deference, respect, or recognition of the social status of the speaker and the hearer.

For instance, German subjects tend to interact in ways that are more direct, explicit and verbose, more self-referenced and content-oriented than English.3 In Japanese which is perhaps the most widely known example of a language that encodes politeness at its very core. Many complications aside, Japanese has two main levels of politeness, one for intimate acquaintances,

2 _{Dogancay-Aktuna, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of}

Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996.

family and friends, and other for the rest of the people, and verb morphology reflects these levels. Besides that, some verbs have special hyper-polite additional forms. This happens also with some nouns and interrogative pronouns. Japanese also employs different personal pronouns for each person according to gender, age, rank, degree of acquaintance, and other cultural factors.

Brown and Levinson proposed a theory that is widely recognized and remains relevant as universal theory of politeness. It means they considered that every society has same sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, though these norms are varied. Brown and Levinson introduce five main politeness strategies

(1) Bald on Record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3) Negative Politeness, (4) Off

Record, and (5) Don’t Do the FTA. They are chosen depending on how risky the

hearer’s face in conversation is. These strategies are important to act speech politely. 4

Shortly, the goal of politeness is to make both speaker and hearer relaxed and comfortable with one another, and to avoid disagreement of conversation in order to keep social relationship well. These essentials have inspired the writer to write the thesis which is concerned with politeness as a theoretical concept within pragmatics and with application of the theoretical model proposed by Brown and Levinson with a movie as object of research entitled ‘Pirates of the Caribbean:

Dead Man’s Chest’ . So, the topic of this study is the analysis of politeness

strategies on the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest.

4

Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research applies qualitative methodology. It does not use any statistical procedure. Therefore, the writer tries to describe and analyze politeness strategies used by three main characters in the movie.

To analyze politeness strategies, the writer uses a movie Pirates of the

Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest as its unit of analysis, including its screenplay

which is written by Tedd Elliot and Terry Rossio.

The instrument of this research is the writer himself by watching the movie

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest and reading the film script.

The data will be analyzed through descriptive analysis technique. In this technique, the writer notes, separates and classifies utterances in the film’s dialogues into appropriate politeness strategies. Then they will be analyzed and described by using Brown and Levinson’s theory particularly Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies.

C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory which is used as writer’s theoretical framework consists of two parts. The first part is their fundamental theory concerning the nature of politeness and how it functions in interaction. The second part is their face theory which contains three basic notions: face, face threatening acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies with examples from three languages: English, Tzeltal, and Tamil.

a. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)

Face is defined as an individual's self esteem. It has two aspects, namely negative and positive face. Negative face is 'the desire to be unimpeded in one's actions' and positive face is 'the desire (in some respects) to be approved of'.5 When we interact with others in society, it is necessary to keep one's own face or to avoid threatening another's face. In order to avoid these face-threatening acts (abbreviated as FTA's), we try to employ politeness strategies in our interactions. Brown and Levinson classify different kinds of such politeness strategies used according to the ways we react to FTA's. They also point out that the determinants of the kinds of politeness strategies used are the following three sociological factors: the relative power of the hearer over the speaker, the social distance between the speaker and the hearer, and the ranking of the imposition in doing the face-threatening act.6

When a face-threatening act is involved in our interaction, we make a decision whether or not we should execute it. If we decide to do it, we can either do it directly, i.e. 'on record' by Brown and Levinson's term, or do it 'off record', which means it is done indirectly. If we do it without paying any consideration to the hearer, we do it 'baldly'. If we try to reduce the face-threatening effect to the hearer, we use either positive politeness or negative politeness. Positive politeness means that the speaker tries to save the hearer's positive face by reducing the distance between them. By negative politeness, on the other hand, the speaker tries to keep the hearer's negative face by valuing the hearer's personal territory.

5 _{Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.}

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p.13

b. Politeness Strategy

Politeness strategies, developed by Brown and Levinson, have function as a redressive action to Face Threatening Acts (FTA). Choosing them depend on how risky S wants to redress H’s wants. Simply, the more an act threatens H’s face, the more S will want to choose a higher-numbered strategy. This by virtue of the fact that the strategies afford payoffs of increasingly minimize risk.

There are five politeness based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, they are: 1) Bald on Record, 2) Positive Politeness, 3) Negative Politeness, 4) Off Record, 5) Don’t Do the FTAs.

D. RESEARCH FINDINGS

The writer describes of the three main characters: Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner and analyzes them which led to the compilation of corpus of conversational data from filmscript of Pirates of the

Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest. These corpus, then by the writer, are classified

into appropriate politeness strategies and going to be elaborated based on the plot of the movie and the appropriateness of Brown and Levinson’s theory. The data are shown below:

A. Jack Sparrow

No

Jack and to whom he speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time

(movie)

Page (filmscript) 1 Jack Sparrow

to Bill Turner

Positive politeness: 6 Avoid

disagreement: Token agreement

BT : You got the Pearl back, I see. JS : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.

2 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs

Bald on record No no! Leave it! Run!

00:16:49 11 3 Jack Sparrow

to Gibbs

Off record: 7 Use contradictions

G : Let’s put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea.

JS : Yes to the first, yes to the second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible.

00:42:47 29

4 Jack Sparrow to Will Turner

Positive politeness: 14 Assume or assert reciprocity

William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.

00:43:50 30

5 Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones

Positive politeness: 4 Use in-group identity markers: Address forms You’re a

diamond, mate.

01:01:08 42

6 Jack Sparrow to Elizabeth Swann Negative politeness: 2 Hedge addressed to politeness strategies

Darling, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but...

01:14:02 51

B. Elizabeth Swann

No

Elizabeth and to whom she speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time (movie) Page (filmscript) 7 Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann Positive politeness: 13 Give (or ask for) reasons

Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?

00:25:14 17

8 Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Hedging opinion

I expect then that we can come to some sort of

understanding.

00:27:16 19

9 Elizabeth Swann to Jack

Positive

politeness: 5 Seek

JS: ... poor William has been

Sparrow agreement: Repetition

press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew.

ES: Davy Jones.

10 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow

Positive politeness: 3 Intensify interest to H

You do know Will taught me how handle a sword.

01:28:03 58

11 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow

Negative politeness: 6 Apologize: Beg forgiveness

JS: You’re sitting on it.

ES: I beg your pardon.

01:39:40 65

12 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington

Bald on record Stop it! 01:43:15 69

C. Will Turner

No

Will and to whom he speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time

(movie)

Page (filmscript)

13 Will Turner to Lord Cutler Beckett Positive politeness: 7 Presuppose H’s knowledge

So you get both Jack and the

Black Pearl.

00:11:17 8

14 Will Turner to Jack Sparrow Negative Politeness: 2 Hedges on illocutionary force. Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can

honestly say I’m glad to see you.

00:23:55 16

15 Will Turner to Gibbs

Positive politeness: 7 Personal-center switch

Well, we can’t just sit here and wait then, can we?

00:32:24 22

16 Will Turner to Crewmen

Bald on record Hurry! 00:35:17 24

17 Will Turner to Crewmen

Bald on record Roll the cage! 00:37:33 26 18 Will Turner to

Bill Turner

Positive politeness: 10 Promise

I take this with a promise. I’ll find a way to sever Jones’ hold on you. And not rest until this blade pierces his heart. I will not abandon you. I promise.

E. CONSLUSION

The filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, after it is analyzed, has four politeness strategies utilized with positive politeness (ten expressions) as the most used strategies, bald on record (four expressions) and followed by negative politeness (three expressions), and off-record as the last and the rarest strategies with one expression.

The table below shows what politeness strategies mostly used by three main characters throughout the conversation.

Table 2

Summary of the use of three main characters’ politeness strategies

Characters Politeness strategies

Jack Sparrow Elizabeth Swann Will Turner

Bald on record 1 1 2

Positive

politeness 3 4 3

Negative

politeness 1 1 1

Off record 1 - -

Jack Sparrow seems to like to use positive politeness rather than other strategies. The used of this strategy means as a kind of metaphorical extension of intimacy and generally as social accelerator where S indicates that he wants to ‘come closer’ to H. It is similar to Jack’s characteristic in the movie as friendly pirates, he always implies common ground or shares of his wants to everyone even strangers.

Elizabeth Swann is quite similar with Jack Sparrow, however she mostly uses positive politeness during her interaction than Jack. The purpose of the use

of positive politeness is much alike with Jack’s, those are to imply common ground and share her interest. And Elizabeth’s bald-on-record expressions are used as a way to give direct and easy-understanding to whom she speaks to. Besides, she uses them as urgency communication.

Will Turner is quite different with other two previous characters, he fairly uses bald-on-record and positive politeness througout his conversation, other strategies are rare to use by him. This is because of the plot, finding Jack Sparrow in order to free his fiancée, always places him in urgency, therefore he has to speak in maximum efficiency in order to give direct, simple, and easy-understandable to those whom he speaks to.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abate, Frank R. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: The Ultimate Language

Reference for American Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996

Aktuna, Dogancay, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness

through the Act of Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996

Ambady, Naliny, et. al. ‘More Than Words: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Politeness in two cultures’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 996-1011

Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in

Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987

Eelen, Gino. A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 2001

Escandell, Victoria. ‘Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory’. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 11 (1998): 45-57

Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004

Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Indiana: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 1997

Hayashi, Takuo. Reconstructing a Universal Theory of Politeness: Face, Politeness and Model of Realization. Osaka: St. Andrew’s University.

Hickey, Leo and Miranda Stewart. Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2005

Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000

Kitamura, Noriko. Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘Politeness’ Theory to the Analysis of Casual Conversation. Sydney: University of Sydney.

Terkourafi, Marina. Three Levels in Politeness Theory and Practice. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.

Walter, Elizabeth. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003

Watts, Richard J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness, accesed on 2 August 2009

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness_theory, accesed on 2 August 2009 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383574/, accesed on 7 August 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT... i

APPROVEMENT... ii

LEGALIZATION... iii

DECLARATION... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1

A. Background of the Study... 1

B. Focus of the Study... 4

C. Research Question... 4

D. Significance of the Study... 4

E. Research Methodology... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 7

A. Politeness Concept... 7

B. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)... 9

C. Politeness Strategy... 11

1. Bald on Record... 11

2. Positive Politeness... 13

3. Negative Politeness... 20

4. Off Record... 27

5. Don’t do the FTAs... 33

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS... 34

A. Data Description... 34

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 48

A. Conclusion... 48 B. Suggestion... 50

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

As a means of communication and a part of culture, language has an important role in human's life. Therefore, it reflects speaker’s behavior. That is also why language is able to build human relationships. But every speech which is spoken by speakers or hearers is not exactly alike. Those differences, generally, are influenced by education, age, personality, sex and setting. These factors are sometimes affected how close the relationship or the interaction between speaker and hearer is. The personality, for instance, as a matter of fact that describes our character being related with the emotional states. Or sometimes we are conditioned by setting either formal or informal so we should decide how to behave in order to appropriate with its situation.

Of course, the differences above influence people in using language whether it is regarded as polite language or not. Hornby stated that politeness itself is defined as hearing or showing the possession of good manners and consideration.1 It means that politeness in conversation is absolutely important to be able to establish one’s relationship with others. It should be realized by everyone in forming good conversation because the use of language can reflect the behavior or the attitude.

1 _{Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.}

That is the reason why the writer chooses this topic as his research. Because politeness is a pragmatic matter, it is the main essential factor how to maintain the relationship well through language.

Politeness is a field of applied linguistics and pragmatics because politeness is one of main functional units in communication and any socio-cultural contexts which is its use is essential for various reasons. By using both the rules of speaking and the values of society, they assist someone in developing socio-culturally acceptable and grammatically appropriate communication. Furthermore, an in-depth look at studying politeness will help not only someone to understand more the important how to communicate well, yet usually disclose aspects of communication that are occasionally different from language structure, but also provide clues for improved cross-cultural communication.2

Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette in any circumstances of conversation. Moreover, speech behavior is mirror image of community norms and attitudes. Therefore it is a culturally defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another. It is because many languages have specific means to show politeness, deference, respect, or recognition of the social status of the speaker and the hearer.

For instance, German subjects tend to interact in ways that are more direct, explicit and verbose, more self-referenced and content-oriented than English.3 In Japanese which is perhaps the most widely known example of a language that

2 _{Dogancay-Aktuna, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of}

Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996.

encodes politeness at its very core. Many complications aside, Japanese has two main levels of politeness, one for intimate acquaintances, family and friends, and other for the rest of the people, and verb morphology reflects these levels. Besides that, some verbs have special hyper-polite additional forms. This happens also with some nouns and interrogative pronouns. Japanese also employs different personal pronouns for each person according to gender, age, rank, degree of acquaintance, and other cultural factors.

Brown and Levinson proposed a theory that is widely recognized and remains relevant as universal theory of politeness. It means they considered that every society has same sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, though these norms are varied. Brown and Levinson introduce five main politeness strategies (1) Bald on Record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3) Negative Politeness, (4) Off Record, and

(5) Don’t Do the FTA. They are chosen depending on how risky the hearer’s face in

conversation is. These strategies are important to act speech politely. 4

Shortly, the goal of politeness is to make both speaker and hearer relaxed and comfortable with one another, and to avoid disagreement of conversation in order to keep social relationship well. These essentials have inspired the writer to write the thesis which is concerned with politeness as a theoretical concept within pragmatics and with application of the theoretical model proposed by Brown and Levinson with a movie as object of research entitled ‘Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest’ . So, the topic of this study is the analysis of politeness strategies on the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest.

4 _{Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage.}

B. Focus of the Study

In this study, the writer is going to analyze the three main characters: Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner in the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean:

Dead Man’s Chest, then the writer will concentrate on the realization of

face-threatening acts (FTAs) and will try to relate to what role politeness strategies defined by Brown and Levinson which may be possibly played by main characters of the movie. The writer will also pay close attention to independent social factorsto get information thoroughly.

C. Research Question

In this study, the writer is trying to answer the question stated below:

1. What politeness strategies are used by three main characters Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner in the movie ‘Pirates of the Caribbean:

Dead Man’s Chest’?

2. What politeness strategies are mostly used by those three main characters?

D. Significance of the Study

By discussing sociological variables such as status and authority used in the movie’s dialogue, the writer expects this research will contribute a broader understanding to the readers on politeness strategies. So they can enrich their knowledge on how to communicate well.

E. Research Methodology 1. Method of the Study

This research applies qualitative methodology. It does not use any statistical procedure. Therefore, the writer tries to describe and analyze politeness strategies used by three main characters in the movie.

2. Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To describe models of speech-act in politeness discourse which are performed by three main characters of the movie.

2. To relate politeness strategies to Brown and Levinson’s concepts.

3. Unit of Analysis

To analyze politeness strategies, the writer uses a movie Pirates of

the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest as its unit of analysis, including its

screenplay which is written by Tedd Elliot and Terry Rossio.

4. Instrument of the Research

The instrument of this research is the writer himself by watching the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest and reading the film script.

5. Data Analysis

The data will be analyzed through descriptive analysis technique. In this technique, the writer notes, separates and classifies utterances in the film’s dialogues into appropriate politeness strategies. Then they will be analyzed and described by using Brown and Levinson’s theory particularly Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies.

F. Time and Place of the Study

The research has been started from March 2009 to January 2010 in English Letters Department of Letters and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Politeness Concept

Politeness refers to ‘having or showing that one has good manners and

consideration for other people’ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). It is also

associated to term such as ‘civility’, ‘courtesy’, ‘good manners’, or translated to such as French courtoisie, German Höflichkeit, Italian cortesia and urbanità or Dutch

beschaafdheid, beleefdheid and hoffelijkheid, and finally points up various

associative connection: to ‘civil society’, ‘civilization’, or general quality of having ‘life-experience’.5

In the standard meaning of the word ‘polite’, at least three dimensions can be identified: 1) polite as civil or socially correct; 2) polite as kind or friendly; and 3) polite as tactful or diplomatic.6 A quick look at the literature easily shows that different researchers have favoured different senses. Echoing Fraser (1990), one could say that for Leech (1983) being polite involves making the hearer to 'feel good' (polite as friendly); to Brown & Levinson (1987) it means making him not 'feel bad' (polite as diplomatic); 3 for Fraser himself it is 'the expected state' (polite as socially correct).

On the other hand, as politeness is one of the basic socio-psychological guidelines for human behavior, Richard J. Watts on his book, Politeness, defined politeness into two concepts, the first-order politeness or politeness1 and the second

5 _{Eelen, Gino. A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 2001 p.1} 6 _{Escandell, Victoria. ‘Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory’. Revista Alicantina de}

order politeness or politeness2, with the former referring to the commonsense notion

of politeness, and the latter to its scientific conceptualization. The first-order politeness (politeness1) is the various ways in which polite behavior is talked about by members of sociocultural group7, whereas second-order politeness (politeness2) is a linguistic, scientific concept which is more technical notion which can only have a value within an overall theory of social interaction.8 Watts moreover states that politeness1 is action behavior and politeness2 is linguistic behavior.

Example forms of action behavior are like opening door for others to enter or exit before oneself, not belching at mealtimes, holding hand on mouth and turning head away when coughing, offering one’s seat in a bus to an older person or an invalid are culturally specific and part of first-order politeness. And examples of social interaction using linguistic behavior are like saying please and thank you or prefacing a request made of a strange with excuse me or apologizing with I’m sorry

or pardon me.

B. Brown and Levinson’s Politeness

Brown and Levinson’s work consists of two parts. The first part is their fundamental theory concerning the nature of politeness and how it functions in interaction. The second part is their face theory which contains three basic notions: face, face threatening acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies with examples from three languages: English, Tzeltal, and Tamil.

7

Watts, Richard J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.3

8

a. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)

Face is defined as an individual's self esteem. It has two aspects, namely negative and positive face. Negative face is 'the desire to be unimpeded in one's actions' and positive face is 'the desire (in some respects) to be approved of'.9 When we interact with others in society, it is necessary to keep one's own face or to avoid threatening another's face. In order to avoid these face-threatening acts (abbreviated as FTA's), we try to employ politeness strategies in our interactions. Brown and Levinson classify different kinds of such politeness strategies used according to the ways we react to FTA's. They also point out that the determinants of the kinds of politeness strategies used are the following three sociological factors: the relative power of the hearer over the speaker, the social distance between the speaker and the hearer, and the ranking of the imposition in doing the face-threatening act.10

When a face-threatening act is involved in our interaction, we make a decision whether or not we should execute it. If we decide to do it, we can either do it directly, i.e. 'on record' by Brown and Levinson's term, or do it 'off record', which means it is done indirectly. If we do it without paying any consideration to the hearer, we do it 'baldly'. If we try to reduce the face-threatening effect to the hearer, we use either positive politeness or negative politeness. Positive politeness means that the speaker tries to save the hearer's positive face by reducing the distance between them. By negative politeness, on the other hand, the speaker tries to keep the hearer's negative face by valuing the hearer's personal territory.

9 _{Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.}

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p.13

b. Politeness Strategy

Politeness strategies, developed by Brown and Levinson, have function as a redressive action to Face Threatening Acts (FTA). Choosing them depend on how risky S wants to redress H’s wants. Simply, the more an act threatens H’s face, the more S will want to choose a higher-numbered strategy. This by virtue of the fact that the strategies afford payoffs of increasingly minimize risk.

Fig.1

Circumstances determining choice of strategy

Circumstances determining choice of strategy:

Lesser Greater E s ti m a ti on of ri sk of fa ce loss

Do the FTA

5. Don’t do the FTA

on record

4. off record

with redressive action

1. without redressive action, baldly

2. positive politeness

3. negative politeness Circumstances determining

choice of strategy: Lesser Greater E s ti m a ti on of ri sk of fa ce loss

Do the FTA

5. Don’t do the FTA

on record

4. off record

with redressive action

1. without redressive action, baldly

2. positive politeness

3. negative politeness Circumstances determining

choice of strategy: Lesser Greater E s ti m a ti on of ri sk of fa ce loss

Do the FTA

5. Don’t do the FTA

on record

4. off record

with redressive action

1. without redressive action, baldly

2. positive politeness

3. negative politeness

1. Bald on Record

Bald on-record strategies usually do not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face, although there are ways that bald on-record politeness can be used in trying to minimize FTAs implicitly. Often using such a strategy will shock or embarrass the addressee, and so this strategy is most often utilized in situations where the speaker has a close relationship with the audience, such as family or close friends.

Specifically, Brown and Levinson explained that an FTA will be done in this way only if the speaker does not fear retribution from the addressee, for example in circumstance where:

a) S and H both tacitly agree that the relevance of face demands may be suspended in the interests of urgency or efficiency.

b) the danger to H’s face is very small, as in offers, request, suggestions that are clearly in H’s interest and do not require great sacrifices of S. c) S is vastly superior in power to H, or can enlist audience support to

destroy H’s face without losing his own.11

They outlined various cases in which one might use the bald on-record strategy, including:

• Instances in which threat minimizing does not occur a. Great urgency or desperation

Watch out!

b. Speaking as if great efficiency is necessary

Hear me out:...

c. Task-oriented

Pass me the hammer.

d. Alerting

Your headlights are on!

• Instances in which the threat is minimized implicitly a. Welcomes

Come in.

b. Offers

Leave it, I'll clean up later. Eat!

2. Positive Politeness

It is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people in the given social situation know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearer's need to be respected (minimize the FTA). In addition to hedging and attempts to avoid conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, and compliments.12

Positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress, but in general as a kind of social accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates the he wants to ‘come closer’ to H.

a. Claim Common Ground

This category of positive politeness involves S claiming ´common ground` with H, by indicating S and H belongs to the same set of persons, who share specific wants, including goals and values. There are three ways of making this ways:

1. S may convey that some want (goal) of H’s is admirable or interesting to S too. (strategy 1-3)

2. S may stress common membership in a group or category. (strategy 4) 3. S can claim common perspective with H without necessarily referring to

in-group membership. (strategy 5-8)13

Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H (his interests, wants, needs, goods)

In general, this output suggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s condition including noticeable changes, remarkable possessions, and anything which looks as though H would want S to notice and approve of it. E.g.:

- What a beautiful case this is! Where did it come from?

- Goodness, you cut your hair! By the way, I came to borrow some

flour.

Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interests, approval, sympathy with H)

Oxford Collocations Dictionary stated that exaggerated expression is

commonly used in politeness, moreover its thesaurus explained that it is the act of making something more noticeable.14 Simply, exaggeration is a way to give notice of H’s interests more highly.

This is often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of prosodics, as well as with intensifying modifiers, e.g. How absolutely incredible!, What a fantastic garden you have!

13 _{Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004. p.8} 14 _{Abate, Frank R. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: The Ultimate Language Reference for}

Strategy 3: Intensify interest to H

Another way for S to communicate to H that he shares some of his wants is to intensify the interest of his own (S’s) contribution to the conversation, by ‘making good story’. This may be done by using ‘vivid present’, tag question or expressions that draw H as a participant into the conversation, such as ‘you know?’, ‘see what I mean?’, ‘isn’t it?’.

A related technique is to exaggerate facts, e.g. You always do the dishes! I’ll do them this time.

Strategy 4: Use in-group markers

By using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, S can implicitly claim the common group with H that is carried by that definition of the group like address form, language or dialect, jargon or slang, and ellipsis or contraction. For example:

- Come here, buddy.

- I came to borrow your Audi if you don’t mind.

Strategy 5: Seek agreement

Another characteristic way of claiming common ground with H is to seek ways in which it is possible to agree with him. This may be done by using ‘safe topics’ that allows S to stress his agreement with H and therefore to satisfy H’s desire to be ‘right’, or to be corroborated in his opinions. Besides, agreement

may also be stressed by repeating part or all of what the preceding speaker has said in a conversation. For instance:

A : She had an accident last week. B : Oh my God, an accident!

Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement

Avoiding disagreement is another characteristic of noticing what H speak. This can be shown by several ways below:

a) Token agreement, S should pretend to agree with H in order to hide disagreement.

E.g. A : You hate your Mom and Dad. B : Oh, sometimes.

b) Pseudo-agreement, by using then as a conclusory marker, an indication that S is drawing conclusion to a line of reasoning carried out cooperatively with the addressee. E.g. We’ll be talking together then.

c) White lies, S has to lie when confronted with the necessity to state an opinion. E.g. Yes I do like your new hat! (Even S does not like).

d) Hedging opinion, S may choose to be vague about his own opinions, so as not to be seen to disagree. This may be done by hedging it with several phrases such as, sort of, kind of, like, in a way. E.g. It’s really beautiful, in a way.

Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground

a) Gossip or small talk, talking for a while about unrelated topics as a mark of

friendship or interest in H can give rise to the strategy of redressing an FTA.

b) Point-of-view operation, is a method of ‘taking the role of the other’ that can

reduce the distance between S’s and H’s point of view by using four ways below:

1. Personal-center switch: S to H. This is where S speaks as if H were

S, or H’s knowledge were equal to S’s knowledge. This can be expressed by using of tag question. E.g. I had a really hard time learning to drive, didn’t I? Or it can also be shown by giving empathy, S asserts what only H can know. E.g. Yes dear, it hurts terribly, I know.

2. Time switch: The use of the ‘vivid present’, a tense shift from past to

present tense. E.g. John says do you want to come too?

3. Place switch: The use of proximal rather than distal demonstratives

(here, this, rather than there, that), where either proximal or distal would be acceptable, seems to convey increased involvement or empathy. For example, (on saying goodbye): This was a lovely party.

c) Presupposition manipulations, S presupposes something when he

presumes that it is mutually taken for granted. The manipulation of such presuppositions where something is not really mutually assumed to be the case, but S speaks as if it were mutually assumed, can be turned to positive-face redress, as illustrated in the following four sets of examples.

1. Presuppose knowledge of H’s wants and attitudes. Negative questions, which presume ‘yes’ as an answer, are widely used as a way to indicate that S knows H’s wants, tastes, habits, etc. and thus partially to redress the imposition of FTAs. E.g. Don’t you want some dinner now?, Don’t you think it’s marvelous!?

2. Presuppose H’s values are the same as S’s values. The use of

scalar predicates such as ‘tall’ assumes that S and H share the criteria for placing people or things on this scale.

3. Presuppose familiarity in S-H relationship. The use of familiar

address forms like honey or darling presupposes that the addressee is ‘familiar’.

4. Presuppose H’s knowledge. The use of any term presupposes that

the referents are known to the addressee such as in-group codes, language, dialect, jargon, and local terminology. E.g. Well I was watching High Life last nigh and…

Strategy 8: Joke

Jokes may be used to stress mutual shared background knowledge and values that may minimize an FTA of requesting. E.g. How about lending me this old heap of junk? (H’s new Cadillac).

b. Convey that S and H are cooperators

This category derives from the want to convey that S and H are cooperatively involved in the relevant activity. There are three ways of convey cooperation:

1. S’s may indicate his knowledge of and sensitivity to H’s ants. (strategy 9) 2. S and H can claim some kind of reflexivity between their wants. (strategy

10-13)

3. S may indicate, that he believes reciprocity to be prevailed between H and himself, thus that they are somehow locked into a state of mutual helping. (strategy 14)15

Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants

Asserting or implying knowledge of H’s wants and willingness to fit one’s own wants in with them is a way of indicating that S and H are cooperators that potentially put pressure on H to cooperate with S. E.g. I know you can’t bear parties, but this one will really be good, do come!

Strategy 10: Offer, promise

In order to redress the potential threat of some FTAs, S may choose to stress his cooperation with H in claiming whatever H wants, S wants for him and will help to obtain.E.g. I’ll drop by sometime next week.

15 _{Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004.}

Strategy 11: Be optimistic

S is optimistic to assume that H wants S’s wants for S and will help him to obtain them. Such optimistic expressions of FTAs seem to work by minimizing the size of the face threat by giving expressions like a little, a bit, for a second. E.g. I’m borrowing your pen for a sec, OK?

Strategy 12: Include both S and H in the activity

S uses an inclusive ‘we’ form when really means ‘you’ or ‘me’. By using this expression, S can call upon the cooperative assumptions and thereby redress FTAs. E.g. Give us break. (formerly, give me break.)

Strategy 13: Give (or ask for) reasons

S gives reasons why he wants what he wants. By including H in his practical reasoning and assuming reflexivity (H wants S’s wants), H is thereby led to see the reasonableness of S’s FTA (or so S hopes). For example: Why don’t we go to the seashore!

Strategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocity

The existence of cooperation between S and H may also be claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal rights or obligations obtaining S and H. For example, S may say, ‘I’ll do X for you if you do Y for me’ or ‘I did X for you last week, so you do Y for me this week’.

c. Fulfill H’s want for some X

This category of positive politeness involves S deciding to redress H’s face directly by fulfilling some of H’s wants, thereby indicating that S wants H’s wants for H, in some particular respects.

Strategy 15: Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation) S may satisfy H’s positive-face wants by actually satisfying some of H’s wants. This may be done by action of gift-giving, not only tangible gifts but also human-relations wants such as the wants to be liked, admired, cared about, understood, listened to, and so on.

3. Negative Politeness

Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer’s negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer. These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener and there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener, through distancing styles like apologies.16

16 _{Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Indiana: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 1997}

a. Be direct

Negative politeness enjoins both on-record delivery and redress of an FTA. The simplest way to construct an on-record message is to convey it directly, as in bald on record usages.

Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirect

In this strategy a speaker is faced with opposing tensions: the desire to give H an ‘out’ by being indirect, and the desire to go on record. In this case it is solved by the compromise of conventional indirectness, the use of phrases and sentences that have contextually unambiguous meanings which are different from their literal meanings. E.g Could you pass the salt?

b. Don’t presume/assume

This strategy can redress H’s negative face by carefully avoiding presuming or assuming that anything involved in the FTA is desired or believed by H. This will include avoiding presumptions about H’s wants, relevant, interesting, or attention that keeps distance from H.

Strategy 2: Question, hedge

In the literature, a ‘hedge’ is a particle, word, or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun phrase in a set.

a) Hedges on illocutionary force. It is performative hedges in particular that

‘don’t assume H is able/willing to do A’. Hedges on illocutionary force is divided into two: the first one is strengtheners, those that mainly act as emphatic hedges, like exactly, precisely, really, for sure. E.g. So, we’ll be talking together soon, for sure. The second one is weakeners, those that soften or tentativize what they modify such as perhaps, I guess, may be, in fact. E.g. Perhaps I’ll go too, do you think I could?

b) Hedges addressed to Grice’s Maxims. The speaker’s want to avoid

presuming may be partially satisfied by not assuming that H wants to cooperate, or by not assuming that S’s assessment of what would be a contribution to the cooperative enterprise of talking is the same as H’s.

1. Maxim of Quality Hedges

Quality hedges may suggest the speaker is not taking full responsibility for the truth of his utterance such as I believe…, I think…,

I assume… Or they may stress S’s commitment to the truth of his

utterance, e.g. I absolutely promise that… Or they may disclaim the assumption that the point of S’s assertion is to inform H, e.g. as you know…

2. Maxim of Quantity Hedges

Quantity hedges gives notices that not as much or not as precise information is provided as might be expected. For instance: roughly, more or less, approximately, or so, I should think, to some extent, and so on.

3. Maxim of Relevance Hedges

Because of the sensitivity of topic changes as impositions on H’s face, such changes are often done off record. Hedges that mark the change, and perhaps partially apologize for it, include This may not be

appropriate, but…, Since it’s been on my mind…, Sorry, I’ve just

thought… and many more.

4. Maxim of Manner Hedges

Manner hedges can be used to redress all kinds of FTAs. Some common Manner hedges include: if you see what I mean, what I mean was…, now, to be absolutely clear, I want…

c) Hedges addressed to politeness strategies. Functioning directly as notices

of violations of face wants. Such as, frankly, to be honest, I hate to have to say this…

d) Prosodic and kinesic hedges. Most of the verbal hedges can be replaced

by prosodic or kinesic means of indicating tentativeness or emphasis. The raised eyebrow, the earnest frown, the umms and ahhs and hesitations that indicate the S’s attitude toward what he is saying, are often the most salient clue to the presence of an FTA.

c. Don’t coerce H

Another ways of redressing H’s negative face want is used when the proposed FTA involves predicating an act of H, for instance, when requesting his aid, or offering him something which requires his accepting.

Strategy 3: Be pessimistic

This strategy gives redress to H’s negative face by explicitly expressing doubt that the conditions for the appropriateness of S’s speech act obtain. The use of subjunctive seems also to be related to the satisfaction of this want, e.g. Would

you do X? Other way of polite pessimism can also be expressed in negative

usage like I don’t imagine there’d be any chance of you… and in the use of pessimistic hedges like Perhaps, you’d care to help me.

Strategy 4: Minimize the imposition, Rx

One way of defusing the FTA is to indicate that Rx, the intrinsic seriousness of the imposition, is not in itself great, leaving only D and P as possible weighty factors. So indirectly this may pay H deference. This is achieved by expression like I just want ask you if you could lend me a single sheet of paper.

Strategy 5: Give deference

By conveying directly the perception of a high P differential, deference serves to defuse potential face-threatening acts by indicating that the addressee’s rights to relative immunity from imposition are recognized and moreover that S is certainly not in a position to coerce H’s compliance in any way. By using referent honorifics about something associated with H, such as eat/dine, man/gentleman,

Snuggs/Dr. Snugss, one gives respect to H. For example: We look forward very

Furthermore, Daniel Fallon explained that there are two different possibilities to realize the deference: 1) S humbles and abases himself, 2) S raises and H (pays him positive face of a particular namely that which satisfies H´s want to be treated superior. E.g. Yes, sir, I thought perhaps you wouldn´t mind and...“ 17

d. Communicate S’s want to not impinge on H

One way to partially satisfy H’s negative-face demands is to indicate that S is aware of them and taking them into account in his decision to communicate the FTA.

Strategy 6: Apologize

By apologizing for doing an FTA, the speaker can indicate his reluctance to impinge on H’s negative face and thereby partially redress that impingement. To do this, there are four ways to communicate regret or reluctance.

a) Admit the impingement. S can simply admit that he is impinging on H’s

face, with expression like I’m sure you must be very busy, but…

b) Indicate reluctance. S can attempt to show that he is reluctant to impinge on

H with the use of hedges or by means of expressions such as I normally wouldn’t ask you this, but…

c) Give overwhelming reasons. S can claim that he has compelling reasons

for doing the FTA, thereby implying that normally he wouldn’t dream of infringing H’s negative face. For example: I simply can’t manage to…

17 _{Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004.}

d) Beg forgiveness. S may beg H’s forgiveness, or at least ask for ‘acquittal’, that H should cancel the debt implicit in the FTA. E.g. I’m sorry to bother you…, I hope you’ll forgive me if…

Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and H

One way of indicating that S doesn’t want to impinge on H is to phrase the FTA as if the agent were other that S, or at least possibly not S or not S alone, and the addressee were other than H, or only inclusive of H.

Strategy 8: State the FTA as a general rule

One way of dissociating S and H from the particular imposition in the FTA, and hence a way of communicating that S doesn’t want to impinge but is merely force to by circumstances, is to state the FTA as an instance of some general social rule, regulation, or obligation. The example below is shown that the first sentence avoids pronoun rather than the second sentence.

A : Passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train. B : You will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train.

Strategy 9: Nominalize

In English, degrees of negative politeness (or at least formality) run hand in hand with degrees of nouniness; that is, formality is associated with the noun end of the continuum. Consider the following examples:

a) You performed well on the examinations and we were favourably impressed.

b) Your good performance on the examinations impressed us favourably.

With nominalizing the subject, S can get sentence more formal like in sentence b.

e. Redress other wants of H’s

A final strategy of negative politeness consists in offering partial compensation for the face threat in the FTA by redressing some particular other wants of H’s.

Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H

S can redress an FTA by explicitly claiming his indebtedness to H, or by disclaiming any indebtedness of H, by means of expressions such as the following, for requests: I’d be eternally grateful if you would…

4. Off record

Off record is can be done where S wants to do an FTA, but wants to avoid the responsibility for doing it. After doing off record, S can leave it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret it. Such off record utterances are essentially indirect uses of language. To construct an off record utterance one says

something that is either more general or actually different from what one means. Therefore, H must make some inference to recover what was in fact intended.18

a. Invite conversational implicatures

If a speaker wants to do an FTA, and chooses to do it indirectly, he must give H some hints and hope that H picks up on them and thereby interprets what S really means to say. The basic way to do this is to invite conversational implicatures by violating, in some way, the Gricean Maxims of efficient communication. For instance, if S says ‘Hmmm, it’s pretty stuffy in here’, he may implicate a request that H open the window.

Strategy 1: Give hints

If S says something that is not explicitly relevant, he invites H to search for an interpretation of the possible relevance. The basic mechanism here is a violation of the Maxim of Relevance. It is accomplished by hints that consist in ‘raising the issue of’ some desired act A, for instance, by stating motives or reasons for doing A. E.g. It’s cold in here. (c.i. Shut the window)

Strategy 2: Give association clues

A related kind of implicature triggered by relevance violations is provided by mentioning something associated with the act required of H, either by precedent in S-H’s experience or by mutual knowledge irrespective of their interactional

18 _{Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.}

experience. For example, Oh God, I’ve got a headache again, may be used to convey a request for an aspirin, if S and H mutually know that they both have an association between S having a headache and S wanting H to give him an aspirin in order to swim off his headache.

Strategy 3: Presuppose

An utterance of this strategy can be almost wholly relevant in context, and yet violate the Relevance Maxim just at the level of its presuppositions. E.g. I

washed the car again today. He supposes that he has done it before and

therefore may implicate a criticism. The use of again forces H to search for the relevance of the presupposed prior event.

Strategy 4: Understate

Understatements are one way of generating implicatures by saying less than is required. Typical ways of constructing understatement are to choose point on a scalar predicate (e.g. tall, good, nice) that is well below the point that actually describes the state of affairs, or to hedge a higher point which will implicate the lower actual state of affairs. For example:

A : What a marvelous place you have here. B : Oh I don’t know, it’s a place.

Strategy 5: Overstate

If S says more than is necessary, thus violating the Quantity Maxim in another way, he may also convey implicatures. S may do this by the inverse of the understatement principle by exaggerating or choosing a point on a scale which is higher that the actual state of affairs. However, the implicatures often lie far beyond what it is said. For example, I tried to call a hundred times, but there was never any answer.

Strategy 6: Use tautologies

A method of generating inferences by violations of the Quantity Maxim is to utter patent and necessary truths. By uttering a tautology, S encourages H to look for an informative interpretation of the non-informative utterance. E.g. If I won’t give it, I won’t. (c.i. I mean it!)

Strategy 7: Use contradictions

Contradictions, as well as the ironies, metaphor, and rhetorical questions involve violations of the Quality Maxim. This may be done by stating two things that contradict each other, S makes it appear that he cannot be telling the truth. He thus encourages H to look for an interpretation that reconciles the two contradictory propositions. For example:

A : Are you upset about that? B : Well, I am and I’m not.

Strategy 8: Be ironic

By saying the opposite of what he means, S can indirectly convey his intended meaning, if there are clues that his intended meaning is being convey indirectly. Such clues may be prosodic (e.g. nasality), kinesic (e.g. a smirk), or simply contextual, such as John’s a real genius. (after John has just done twenty stupid things in a row)

Strategy 9: Use metaphors

The use of metaphor is perhaps usually on record, but there is a possibility that exactly which of the connotations of the metaphor S intends may be off record. E.g. Harry’s real fish. (c.i. He drinks/swims/is slimy like a fish)

Strategy 10: Use rhetorical questions

This strategy can be accomplished by asking a question with no intention of obtaining an answer in order to break sincerity condition on questions, that S wants H to provide him with the indicated information. E.g. How many times do I have to tell you…? (c.i. Too many)

b. Be vague or ambiguous: Violate the Manner Maxim

Rather than inviting a particular implicature, S may choose to go off record by being vague or ambiguous in such a way that his communicated intent remains ill-defined.

Strategy 11: Be ambiguous

Purposeful ambiguity may be achieved through metaphor, since it is not always clear exactly which of the connotations of a metaphor are intended to invoked. For instance, John’s a pretty smooth cookie.

Strategy 12: Be vague

S may go off record with an FTA by being vague about who the object of the FTA is, or what the offence is. E.g. I’m going to you-know-where.

Strategy 13: Over-generalize

Rule instantiation may leave the object of the FTA vaguely off record. E.g.

Mature people sometimes help do the dishes. The use of proverbs can also be

done though their implicatures may be conventionalized to the extent of being on record. E.g. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

Strategy 14: Displace H

S may go off record as to who the target for his FTA is, or he may pretend to address the FTA to someone whom it wouldn’t threaten, and hope that the real target will see that the FTA is aimed at him.

Strategy 15: Be incomplete, use ellipsis

Elliptical utterances are legitimated by various conversational contexts in answers to questions. But they are also warranted in FTAs. By leaving an FTA

half undone, S can leave the implicature ‘hanging in the air’, just as with rhetorical questions. E.g. Well, I didn’t see you…

5. Don’t do the FTA

This strategy is simply that S avoids offending H at all with this particular FTA. Of course S also fails to achieve his desired communication.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer describes of the three main characters: Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner and analyzes them which led to the compilation of corpus of conversational data from filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead

Man’s Chest. These corpus, then by the writer, are classified into appropriate

politeness strategies and going to be elaborated in the next sub-chapter. The data are shown below:

Table 1

The use of politeness strategies in the movie

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest

A. Jack Sparrow

No

Jack and to whom he speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time

(movie)

Page (filmscript)

1 Jack Sparrow to Bill Turner

Positive politeness: 6 Avoid

disagreement: Token agreement

BT : You got the Pearl back, I see. JS : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.

00:13:04 9

2 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs

Bald on record No no! Leave it! Run!

00:16:49 11 3 Jack Sparrow

to Gibbs

Off record: 7 Use contradictions

G : Let’s put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea.

JS : Yes to the first, yes to the

second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible.

4 Jack Sparrow to Will Turner

Positive politeness: 14 Assume or assert reciprocity

William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.

00:43:50 30

5 Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones

Positive politeness: 4 Use in-group identity markers: Address forms You’re a

diamond, mate.

01:01:08 42

6 Jack Sparrow to Elizabeth Swann Negative politeness: 2 Hedge addressed to politeness strategies

Darling, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but...

01:14:02 51

B. Elizabeth Swann

No

Elizabeth and to whom she speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time (movie) Page (filmscript) 7 Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann Positive politeness: 13 Give (or ask for) reasons

Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?

00:25:14 17

8 Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Hedging opinion

I expect then that we can come to some sort of

understanding.

00:27:16 19

9 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow

Positive

politeness: 5 Seek agreement:

Repetition

JS: ... poor William has been press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew.

ES: Davy Jones.

01:14:41 51

10 Elizabeth Swann to Jack

Positive politeness: 3

You do know Will taught me how

Sparrow Intensify interest to H

handle a sword. 11 Elizabeth

Swann to Jack Sparrow

Negative politeness: 6 Apologize: Beg forgiveness

JS: You’re sitting on it.

ES: I beg your pardon.

01:39:40 65

12 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington

Bald on record Stop it! 01:43:15 69

C. Will Turner

No

Will and to whom he speaks to

(S to H)

The used

strategies Corpus

Playback Time

(movie)

Page (filmscript) 13 Will Turner to

Lord Cutler Beckett Positive politeness: 7 Presuppose H’s knowledge

So you get both Jack and the

Black Pearl.

00:11:17 8

14 Will Turner to Jack Sparrow Negative Politeness: 2 Hedges on illocutionary force. Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can

honestly say I’m glad to see you.

00:23:55 16

15 Will Turner to Gibbs

Positive politeness: 7 Personal-center switch

Well, we can’t just sit here and wait then, can we?

00:32:24 22

16 Will Turner to Crewmen

Bald on record Hurry! 00:35:17 24

17 Will Turner to Crewmen

Bald on record Roll the cage! 00:37:33 26 18 Will Turner to

Bill Turner

Positive politeness: 10 Promise

I take this with a promise. I’ll find a way to sever Jones’ hold on you. And not rest until this blade pierces his heart. I will not abandon you. I promise.

B. Data Analysis

The writer focuses 18 expressions of three main characters’ dialogue. They will be distributed into five politeness strategies and then analyzed according to the plot of movie and the appropriateness of Brown and Levinson’s theory.

1. Bald on record (four expressions)

a. Data 2

Playback Time: 00:16:49 Page: 11

Jack Sparrow to Gibbs: No no! Leave it! Run!

When Jack is panic after listening to Bill Turner’s story, a monkey takes his lovely hat and throw it to the sea. But Jack does not care, the only one that he wants to do is going to the land. Therefore he will do everything to go there although he must leave his lovely pirate hat. The order that Jack gives to Gibbs to leave the hat is direct and clear. As he follows the maxim of manner, a principal conversational maxim postulated by Paul Grice, by being perspicuous he can achieve maximally efficient communication, which is Gibbs and the crewmen accept the order well and leave the hat. Besides, Jack is in desperation so it is obvious that speaking clearly and directly, called ‘Bald on record’ in Brown and Levinson term, is the right choice in order to make easily understandable statement to whom Jack speaks to.

b. Data 12

Playback Time: 01:43:15 Page: 69

Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington: Stop it!

The three men who have come to island where the chest is buried begin fighting to own it for theirselves purpose. Seeing this situation, Elizabeth tries to stop them by yelling Stop it! This is a bald on record expression that means unambigous and is supposed as an urgency expression. In such a condition, Elizabeth may choose this strategy in order to make her statement brief and efficient. Will Turner and Norrington as the hearer must understand to what Elizabeth says, they must interpret that Elizabeth wants they to stop fighting each other, because the words Elizabeth says are very clear and easily understandable.

c. Data 16

Playback Time: 00:35:17 Page: 24 Will Turner to Crewmen: Hurry!

Will Turner and crewmen and the Turkish are caged in two separated spherical cages which are hung from ropes over a deep chasm. They begin swinging the cages then both cages finally come within reach of the cliff, they grab vines and hang on to the cliff. Each group begins racing against each other up the cliff and Will Turner orders his crewmen to climb faster by saying Hurry!. This expression is accepted by the theory as a statement of urgency. The plot makes it urgency because if Will and the crewmen cannot reach the cliff immeadiately, the cannibals will capture them soon as they arrive. So in such a situation, speaking baldly and

directly is a right strategy. Moreover, those whom Will Turner speaks to are crewmen who have well relationship each other.

d. Data 17

Playback Time: 00:37:33 Page: 26 Will Turner to Crewmen: Roll the cage!

The men in Will’s cage are unable to the cage open in time before the cannibals will reach them. In a quick-to-think situation, Will decides to roll the cage and order his crewmen by saying what he actually means. In such a situation, this expression takes a role on avoiding ambiguity and obscurity. Will knows that if he speaks with providing information too much than is required, it will make situation worst (cannibals will reach and capture Will and crewmen before they can open and get out of the cage). So the choice using bald on record is the best strategy.

2. Positive politeness (10 expressions) a. Data 1

Playback Time: 00:13:04 Page: 9 Jack Sparrow to Bill Turner:

Bill Turner : You got the Pearl back, I see.

Jack Sparrow : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.

This expression applies positive politeness on avoiding disagreement by taking agreement. What Jack expreses shows that he definitely agrees with Bill Turner, but then he carries on to state his own opinion which may be completely contrary to that of Bill Turner. Jack knows how to manage Bill’s positive face so he takes agreement

on Bill’s opinion but later he twists his own opinion by providing a few real information without showing disagreement. Using ‘by the way’ is also an additional way to hide disagreement while Jack expressiong his opinion.

b. Data 4

Playback Time: 00:43:50 Page: 30 Jack Sparrow to Will Turner:

William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.

On the deck, Will Turner tells Jack Sparrow about the arrest of Elizabeth by Lord Cutler Beckett. He also tells that he needs Jack compass to free her. Jack notices he may also need Will’s help, then he trades Will the compass but Will must help Jack to find the key of a chest where the heart of Davy Jones is put. This expression uses positive politeness: assume or assert reciprocity in order to give existence of cooperation between S and H. Simply, what Jack says is giving evidence of reciprocal right or obligation obtaining between Jack and Will. Here is another expression of this strategy as an analogy to what Jack expresses. ‘I will lend you fifty thousand rupiahs, if you will help me to repair my bike.’

c. Data 5

Playback Time: 01:01:08 Page: 42

Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones: You’re a diamond, mate.

Davy Jones insists Jack to bring him one hundred souls in three days. Jack accept it by saying ‘You’re diamond, mate’ although he actually cannot afford it. Using ‘mate’ here is a Jack’s way to claim common ground with his addressee, Davy

Jones, as if they are in mutual relationship. Besides, it also shows that Davy Jones’ own want in some respect similar to Jack’s want.

d. Data 7

Playback Time: 00:25:14 Page: 17

Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann: Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?

Elizabeth Swann is jailed for helping Jack Sparrow escaped from jail. As a governor, her father tries to free Elizabeth. Governor Swann in a rush goes to jail and bring her out, Elizabeth does not know what is happening so her father tries to free her. She asks her father by giving reason ‘why not’. Elizabeth assumes with optimism that there are no good reasons why her father shoud not cooperate with her. This 13rd strategy: give (or ask for) reason is simply appropriate choice to fulfill Elizabeth’s want to make her father cooperatively tells about what is happening.

e. Data 8

Playback Time: 00:27:16 Page: 19

Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett: I Expect then that we can come to some sort of understanding.

The phrase ‘sort of’ in Elizabeth’s expression is used to make Elizabeth’s own opinion safely vague. She does not want to be extreme while saying something, moreover she is talking with someone who has upper position that herself, therefore she uses hedging on her opinion. This hedges may be used to soften FTAs of suggesting or criticizing or complaining by blurring the speaker’s intent.

f. Data 9

Playback Time: 01:14:51 Page: 41 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow:

Jack Sparrow : ...poor William has been press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew. Elizabeth : Davy Jones.

Elizabeth meets Jack Sparrow and asks him where Will Turner. With a sad mimic, Jack tells that Will Turner has been captured by Davy Jones’ and becomes his crew for all his life. To seek agreement, Elizabeth answers what Jack’s said by repeating some words of the speaker. It demonstrates that Elizabeth has heard correctly what was said.

g. Data 10

Playback Time: 01:28:03 Page: 58

Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow: You do know Will taught me how handle a sword.

The italic words, ‘you do know’, is another ‘you know’. It is used to intensify interest to H (strategy 3: intensify interest to H) by drawing H as participant in a conversation. Elizabeth wants Jack know that she now can handle a sword, though in fact Jack absolutely doesn’t know.

h. Data 13

Playback Time: 00:11:17 Page: 8

Will Turner to Lord Cutler Beckett: So you get both Jack and the Black Pearl. Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann are arrested for helping Jack Sparrow escaped. Then Lord Cutler Beckett offers Will a full pardon and Elizabeth will be free but Will must trade it by bring him Jack’s compass. Will knows what the Lord Beckett’s plan

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

1. The filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, after it is analyzed, has four politeness strategies utilized with positive politeness (ten expressions) as the most used strategies, bald on record (four expressions) and followed by negative politeness (three expressions), and off-record as the last and the rarest strategies with one expression.

2. The table below shows what politeness strategies mostly used by three main characters throughout the conversation.

Table 2

Summary of the use of three main characters’ politeness strategies Characters

Politeness strategies

Jack Sparrow Elizabeth Swann Will Turner

Bald on record 1 1 2

Positive

politeness 3 4 3

Negative

politeness 1 1 1

Off record 1 - -

Jack Sparrow seems to like to use positive politeness rather than other strategies. The used of this strategy means as a kind of metaphorical extension of intimacy and generally as social accelerator where S indicates

that he wants to ‘come closer’ to H. It is similar to Jack’s characteristic in the movie as friendly pirates, he always implies common ground or shares of his wants to everyone even strangers.

Elizabeth Swann is quite similar with Jack Sparrow, however she mostly uses positive politeness during her interaction than Jack. The purpose of the use of positive politeness is much alike with Jack’s, those are to imply common ground and share her interest. And Elizabeth’s bald-on-record expressions are used as a way to give direct and easy-understanding to whom she speaks to. Besides, she uses them as urgency communication.

Will Turner is quite different with other two previous characters, he fairly uses bald-on-record and positive politeness througout his conversation, other strategies are rare to use by him. This is because of the plot, finding Jack Sparrow in order to free his fiancée, always places him in urgency, therefore he has to speak in maximum efficiency in order to give direct, simple, and easy-understandable to those whom he speaks to.

B. Suggestion

1. To enrich the study of politeness, those who are interested in studying politeness can use some other theories such as Lakoff’s, Leech’s and Scolon’s.

2. The three sociological factors (relative power, social distance, and ranking of the imposition) are also can be related for those who want to make a wide research of politeness.

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Place and Date of Birth : Sukabumi, April 12nd 1987

Address : Jl. Otista Gg. Karya Bhakti Komplek SMA Pelita YNH : Kel. Nanggeleng Kec. Citamiang Kota Sukabumi Phone Number : 0266-220591, 223160, 0838 9237 1977

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Formal Education

Playground : 1992, TK Aisyiah 2 Kota Sukabumi Elementary School : 1994, SDN Cijangkar I Kota Sukabumi Junior High School : 2000, SMP Pelita YNH Kota Sukabumi Senior High School : 2003, SMA Pelita YNH Kota Sukabumi

College : 2005, S1 UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, English Letters Dept. : 2006, S1 Pakuan University Bogor, Finance Management Dept. : 2007, D3 Sukabumi University, Technical Support Dept.

Informal Education

Islamic Education : 2000, Ponpes ‘Ulumul Qur’an Kota Sukabumi Radio Broadcasting : 2003, School of Broadcasting Peradaban FM

Business : 2006, Indonesian Management Course Kota Sukabumi Filming : 2003, Home Cinema Production Kota Sukabumi

WORKING EXPERIENCE

1. 2007-2008, Market Analyst in Hong Kong Future International, Jakarta Stock Exchange

2. 2006-now, English Teacher in SMP Pelita YNH 3. 2006-now, English Teacher in SMA Pelita YNH

4. 2007-now, Computer and Networking Technician in SMK Pelita YNH

5. 2008-now, Chair Person of Finance Division in Yayasan Nurul Hikmah Sukabumi 6. 2008-now, Director II of Home Cinema Sukabumi