Shakespeare refers to one of the Shakespeare‟s works, so that Shakespeare is the vehicle entity, whereas target entity is one of the Shakespeare‟s works.
F. Kinds of Metonymy
Following is metonymy‟s expression given by Lakoff dan Johnson 1980 and shows specific conceptual relationship between kinds of entity:
a. The Part for the Whole
Get your butt over here We dont hire longhairs.
The Giants need a stronger arm in right field.
b. Producer for Product
I‟ll have a Löwenbräu. He bought a Ford.
Hes got a Picasso in his den.
c. Object Used For User
The sax has the flu today. The gun he hired wanted fifty grand.
The buses are on strike.
d. Controller For Controlled
Nixon bombed Hanoi. Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night.
Napoleon lost at Waterloo.
e. Institution for People Responsible
Exxon has raised its prices again. Youll never get the university to agree to that.
The Senate thinks abortion is immoral.
f. The Place for the Institution
The White House isnt saying anything. Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.
Hollywood isnt what it used to be.
g. The Place for the Event
Lets not let Thailand become another Vietnam. Pearl Harbor still has an effect on our foreign policy.
Watergate changed our politics. Moreover, Kövecses 2002 gives some types of metonymic relationships
according each ICM:
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a. Action ICM
Action ICM‟s involve a variety of participants, or entities, which may be related to an action more precisely, the predicate expressing the action or to each
other. The Action ICM includes the following types of metonymic relationships: Instrument for action: to shampoo one‟s hair
Agent for action: to butcher the cow; to author a book Destination for motion: to porch the newspaper, to deck one‟s opponent
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Zoltán Kövecses. Ibid., p.154.
Time of motion for an entity involved in the motion: The 8:40 just arrived. All the metonymic examples listed above, the forms of the words are the same,
although their word classes may change. Moreover, there are examples of derivational changes would be write-writer action for agent, fly-flight as in
“The flight is waiting to depart”: action for object, and beauty-beautify as in “to beautify
the lawn”: result for action.
b. Causation ICM
When one thing or event causes another, we have a Cause-and-Effect type of relationship. It can produce either cause-for effect metonymies. The metonymic
relationship effect for cause seems to be more widespread. Among effect for cause found the special types:
Stateevent for the thingpersonstate that caused it: She was a success; He was a failure; She is my ruin.
The Action and Causation ICMs can combine and produce the metonymy sound caused for the event that caused it: She rang the money into the till.
c. Production ICM
Production ICMs involve actions in which one of the participants, or entities, is a product. The production of objects seems to be a particularly salient
type of causal action. The Production ICM gives rise to various metonymic relationships involving the thing produced:
Producer for product: a Ford. Producers of highly outstanding “products” in a culture like artists, scientists, and
inventors receive particular metonymic attention.
As one of the subtypes of the producer-for-product metonymy we have: Author for his work: We are reading Shakespeare.
Certain food products are naturally associated with their place of origin and thus may be metonymically accessed via this place:
Place for product made there: mokka, java, china. Both metonymic relationships are, however, irreversible, that is, we do not
seem to have either product for producer or product for place.
d. Control ICM
The Control ICM includes a controller and a person or an object controlled. It gives rise to the reversible metonymic relationships:
Controller for controlled: Schwarzkopf defeated Iraq. Possibly, the “use” relationship also belongs here, since, in it, the user
controls the object used. Thus, we have the object for the user of the object, as in Lakoff and Johnson‟s example Mrs. Grundy frowns on blue jeans, where the
expression blue jeans stands for the people who wear blue jeans.
e. Possession ICM
The relationship of control blends into that of possession, in which a person is “in control” of an object. The Possession ICM may produce reversible
metonymies; there is, however, a clear preference for choosing the Possessor as a vehicle:
Possessor for possessed: “This is Harry” for “Harry‟s drink” Possessed for possessor: “He married money” for “someone who has
money” and “She married power” for “someone who has power”
f. Containment ICM
The image-schematic relationship that holds between a container and the things contained in it is conceptually well entrenched and applies to many
standardized situations, which may lead to metonymy. As a rule, we are more interested in the content of a container than in the mere container so that we
commonly find metonymies that target the content via the container rather than the reverse metonymic relationship:
Container for contained: glass for “wine” Contained for container: The milk tipped over.
The Containment ICM is widely extended metaphorically and also gives rise to metaphorically based metonymies. Places at large may be conceptualized
as containers for people, so that we have as a containment metonymy: Place for inhabitants, as in the whole town for “the people living in the
town.”
g. Assorted ICMs
Involving Indeterminate Relationships. Unlike the cases discussed so far, not all metonymies are constituted by one clearly specifiable type of relationship.
For example, the widely discussed metonymy “The ham sandwich wants a side
dish of salad” does not occur on traditional lists of metonymic relationships. The reason may be that there does not appear to be a clearly specifiable type of
conceptual relationship that obtains between a customer in a restaurant i.e., the person indicated by the phrase the ham sandwich and the dish ordered by him or
her. The conceptual relationship might be specified as one of possession, part-
whole, or control, but none of them seems to fully capture the “essence” of the
kind of “contiguity” that we feel holds between a customer and his or her dish.
From the metonymic relationships above, can be explained by the general principles: an ICM Idealized Cognitive Models with some conditions
such as an institution located in a place, there is relation “stand for” between
two elements A and B, an element ICM, B, can stand for element A. In this case, B = place, and A = institution. ICM contains relation
“Stand for” as in this case called metonymic models.
Generally, metonymic models have some characteristics bellow:
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a. There is a target concept A to be understood for some purpose in some
context. b.
There is a conceptual structure containing both A and another concept B. c.
B is either part of A or closely associated with it in that conceptual structure. Typically, a choice of B will uniquely determine A, within that conceptual
structure. d.
Compared to A, B is either easier to understand, easier to remember, easier to recognize, or more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given
context. e.
A metonymic model is a model of how A and B are related in a conceptual structure; the relationship is specified by a function from B to A.
Those are some descriptions of theoretical framework that will support to analyze this thesis.
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George Lakoff, , p. 85.
29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the writer tabulates the corpus data of metaphor and metonymy which are collected from the novel
“Breaking Dawn” and categorizes them according to the types that have been explained in chapter II. The writer
divides the data into two tables, the first is metaphor table and the second is metonymy table. Followings are those tables:
Table I Metaphors, Types, and Meanings
From The Novel of Breaking Dawn No.
Metaphorical Expressions Page
Types Meaning
1 Two Pedestrians were frozen on
the sidewalk. 4
Structural metaphor
Frozen means being unable to
move
2 Because I was so fragilely
human 8
Structural metaphor
Fragilely means weak, likely to
be ill or hurt
3 when Charlie was up I made him
pancakes 39
Orientational metaphor
Up means conscious
4 Alice invested a lot of time in
me today 60
Structural metaphor
Invested means spent time on
good and useful thing
5 Why‟re you so down, Jake? I‟ll
bet Sam won‟t bring the pack tonight.
He‟s not going to launch a suicide mission.
220 Orientational
metaphor Down means
sad
6 Edward‟s name brought other
memories boiling to the surface. 220
Ontological metaphor
Boiling means appearing to
remembered
