REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCE IN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S SPEECH AT THE ASIA PACIFIC REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP.
REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCE IN SUSILO
BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S SPEECH AT THE
ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL CONFERENCE
OF OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Lingustics Study Program
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
RAHMAT HUDA
Registration Number: 8146112030
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
A Thesis
REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCE IN SUSILO BAMBANG
YUDHOYONO'S SPEBCH AT TTTE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL
CONFERENCE OF OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSIIP
By:
RAHMA'T HUDA
Registration Number: 81461 12030
English Applied Linguistic-s Study Program
Postgraduate School State University of Medan
This Thesis was examined on March 3"dr 2016 by the Board of Examiners
Approved by:
Adviser Commission
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PER}TYATAAI\I TIDAK MELAKUKAIY FLAGIAT DAII MEMALST}KAI{ DATA
Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah
Narna
RAHMAT HUDA
NIM
81461 12030
Angkatan
Prodi
Judul Tesis
XXIV
ini:
Linguistik Terapan Bahesa Ingeris (LTBI)
.
Representation of Experience in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Speech at the
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership.
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa:
1.
benar tesis saya adalah
kuya sendfui, bukan dik€rjakan orang lain,
2. saya tidak melakukan flagiat dalam penulisan tesis saya,
3. saya tidak merobah atau memalsukan data penelitian saya
Jika temyata dikemudian hari saya t€$ukti telatr melakukan salah satu dari hal tersebut, maka
saya bersedia dikenai sanksi yang bedaku berupa pencopotan eelar Erya,
Demikan pernyalaan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Medan,6 Febnrari 2016
IYIM.8146112030
ABSTRAK
Huda, Rahmat. NIM: 8146112030. Representasi Pengalaman dalam Pidato
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono pada Asia Pacific Regional Conference
of Open Government Partnership. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan.
2016.
Penelitian ini tentang representasi pengalaman atau fungsi experiensial dalam
pidato Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono yang diselenggarakan di Nusa Dua Bali.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
pola-pola fungsi
eksperiensial yang dominan muncul yang dibentuk oleh transitivitas (proses,
partisipan dan sirkumtan) serta konteks situasi yang dibentuk oleh field (tempat,
karakteristik partisipan dan semantik domain). Penelitian dilakukan dengan
menerapkan pendekatan kualitatif yang berhubungan dengan angka. Data
diperoleh dari pidato pembukaan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono pada tanggal 6 Mei
2014. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentari. Dari hasil
temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima jenis proses dari enam proses
berdasarkan teori linguistik sistemik fungsional yang muncul pada pidato tersebut.
Pola total masing-masing proses berbeda satu sama lain, yaitu pola material
sebanyak 59 (55.67%), mental 19 (17.92%), relasional; identifikasi 3 (2.83%),
attribusi 10 (9.43%), posesi 7 (6.60%), verbal 5 (4.71%) dan eksistensial 3
(2.83%). Dari persentase tersebut, pola yang paling dominan dibentuk oleh
material proses. Sebaliknya, pola behavioural yang berhubungan dengan fisiologi
dan psikologi tidak ditemukan pada pidato tersebut. Sementara itu, konteks situasi
pada pidato tersebut merujuk ke field dan didominasi oleh arena yang merujuk
tempat dimana aktifitas berlangsung, khususnya [+institusionalisasi]. Itu berarti
aktifitas diselenggarakan dibawah aturan kelembagaan yang bersangkutan, yaitu
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership (OGP).
Kata kunci: Fungsi eksperiensial, Pidato
i
ABSTRACT
Huda, Rahmat. NIM: 8146112030. Representation of Experience in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s Speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of
Open Government Partnership. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study presents a research conducted of Experiential Function in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open
Government Partnership (OGP) which hold in Nusa Dua Bali. The main objective
found the dominant pattens of representation of experience formed by transitivity
(process, participant and circumtance) and described of situational contexts
(arena, participant’s characteristics and semantic domain). It presented a
qualitative design dealing with quantifiable (numeric) mode. The source of the
data was taken from the opening speech of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on May
6, 2014. The data were collected by applying documentary technique. The data
analysis found out the findings that there were five types of process from six types
of process (material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential). The
patterns of each process were different from others, namely material patterns 59
(55.67%), mental 19 (17.92%), relational; identification 3 (2.83%), attribution 10
(9.43%), possession 7 (6.60%), verbal 5 (4.71%) and exsistential 3 (2.83%). The
percentage shows that the dominant patterns are formed by material process.
Whereas, the behaviuoral pattern related to pshyological and psychological did
not find in the speech. Meanwhile, the context of situation of the speech tend to
the field and dominated by arena or social activity which refers to the location
where social activities were performed, especially [+institutionalized]. It means
that an activity is conducted or constrained by institutional rules, namely Asia
Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership (OGP).
Keywords: Experiential function, Speech
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God Allah
s.w.t, the most gracious and the most merciful who has given healthy, chance,
strenght, and patience in the process of completing this thesis. Then, shalawat and
salam to the messenger of Allah Prophet Muhammad s.a.w who has brought our
soul from the darkness to the lightness until this time.
I would like to thanks all those who contributed to the making of this thesis.
Firstly, I would like to thank to the first adviser Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D
and the second adviser Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum who taught, guide and supervised
my thesis in systemic functional linguistics during my academic years at the State
University of Medan in 2014-2016.
Secondly, the writer would also like to express the gratitude to the Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed and his
secretary Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., also to their staff Farid Ma’ruf for their
assistance regarding to the administrative procedures. Special thanks to the all
lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics program, who has given me the
valuable knowledge in their lectures. The writer would also like to convey the
greatest thanks to the reviewers and examiners Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd,
Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed who has examined my
thesis, suggesstions and improvement to be the good one.
Thirdly, the writer would like dedicated my love to the beloved father,
Damroh Nasution (Alm.) and the greatest mother Nelly Wati who have guide me
to be the best son, and thanks to my brothers; Syafri, ST., Khairul Amri, M.Pd,
Afrizal, Amin Saputra, then my sisters; Annahari, S.Pd, Leli Purnama, S.Pd,
Naimah, S.Pd, Nurhidayah S.Pd, and Mutiah, M.Pd, for their supporting to the
writer in taking his Master Degree Program.
Fourthly, thanks to my colleagues; Bahrin Simamora, Saddam Syarif
Nasution, Edward Wilson Purba, Gabby Maureen Pricilia, Sartika Dewi Harahap,
Makhraini Agustina, Frida Dian Handini, Orli Binta Tumanggor, Ina Swari
Sijabat, Mairtati Dewi, Nur Alfi Syahri, Hajar Affiah, Nurlaili Khaira Khalid, Tita
Nirmala Ginting, Afer Jayanti Mendrofa, Jien Rizki Magsara Rumahorbo,
Marwah, Isrami Andika Pebianti, Minta Ito Simamora, Sri Wahyuni Hasibuan and
Yoshiko B. Pertiwi, for their sincere, love and support.
Lastly, thanks to my best friends of Muarasipongi Community in Medan;
Chandra Sakti, Sukri Aldi, Erdiansyah, Khairul Saleh, Abdi Hariyadi Imsyar,
Hakim Ma’ruf, Sukri Lubis, Mhd. Idris, Mhd. Yamin, Mahyaruddin Salim,
Anwar, Shasly Rais and Warid Almahdi, for their helping and supporting.
Medan, 3rd March 2016
The writer
RAHMAT HUDA
NIM. 8146112030
iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK ..............................................................................................
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
LIST OF CONTENTS .............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
vi
vii
viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Problem....................................
1.2. Problems of the Study ............................................
1.3. Objectives of the Study ..........................................
1.4. Scope of the Study .................................................
1.5. Significance of the Study .......................................
1
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER II : RIVIEW RELATED TO LITERATURE
2.1. Systemic Functional Linguistics .............................
2.2. Experiential function..............................................
2.3. Transitivity System ................................................
2.3.1. Process .........................................................
2.3.2. Participant ....................................................
2.3.3. Circumtance .................................................
2.4. Variety of Language with Reference to Field .........
2.4.1. Arena ............................................................
2.4.2. Participant’s Characteristic ...........................
2.4.3. Semantic Domain .........................................
2.4.4. The System Network of Field .......................
2.5. Speech ...................................................................
2.6. Types of Speech.....................................................
2.7. Open Government Partnership (OGP) ....................
2.8. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) .......................
2.9. Relevant Studies ....................................................
2.10. Conceptual Framework .......................................
8
10
11
12
19
20
22
22
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
33
35
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design ....................................................
3.2. Data and Source of the Data...................................
3.3. Technique of Collecting Data.................................
3.4. Instrument of Collecting Data ................................
3.5. Technique of Analyzing Data.................................
3.6. Trustworthiness of the Study..................................
38
40
41
42
43
44
iv
CHAPTER IV : DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Data .......................................................................
47
4.2. Data Analysis.........................................................
49
4.3. Findings .................................................................
66
4.4. Discussions ............................................................
68
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions ...........................................................
5.2. Suggestions............................................................
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
APPENDICES
v
70
71
72
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1
Typical of functional group and phrase clauses ....................
12
Table 2.2
The process and its categorization .......................................
18
Table 2.3
Types of process and participant ..........................................
20
Table 2.4
Circumtance ........................................................................
21
Table 4.1
Clauses ................................................................................
47
Table 4.2
Proportion of process types and its percentage .....................
49
Table 4.3
Proportion of circumtances types and its percentage ............
50
Table 4.4
Data analysis ......................................................................
60
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1
The types of process in spectrum .........................................
14
Figure 2.2
The system network of social activity ..................................
23
Figure 2.3
The system network of participant’s characteristics .............
25
Figure 2.4
The system network of semantic domain .............................
26
Figure 2.5
The system network of field ................................................
28
Figure 2.6
Conceptual framework ........................................................
38
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Problem
Language users enables to conceptualize and describe patterns of
experience which was encoded in the clause as representation (experiential
function) and dealt with the types of processes, the participants and
circumstances associated with them. A study on language based on the
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is oriented to the description of
language as a resource for meaning rather than as a system of rules and to the
speakers’ meaning potential (what they can mean) rather than the constraints
on what they can say. It is concerned with text rather than sentences as the
basic unit in which meaning is negotiated. It treats grammar as the realization
of discourse, naturally related to its semantics. In modelling language as
systems of meaning potential, choices becomes the basis for language use. Not
only is language in use or text shaped by choice, it is also influenced by social
context of situation and culture.
Halliday’s Functional Grammar is a tool to explore the specific type of
linguistic choices that are used for some specific purposes. Systemic
Functional Grammar
deals
with three
major
functions; Ideational,
interpersonal and textual. Ideational functions allow the user to convey the
meanings with an understanding of the context, community and material
world. Interpersonal functions of language illustrate the connection between
1
2
the sender and the receiver through different angles, while textual functions
refer to the internal formation and association of a text.
The ideational function is the content function of language. It is
realized in transitivity and serves to represent situations and events in the
world and the entities, actions and process involved. It is in the ideational
function that the text-produces embodies in language their experience of the
phenomena of the real world. Transitivity system fits into experiential
metafunction of language and explores the variation of experience. It works
within clause level and each clause determines its following components,
such; process, participant and circumtance.
Halliday suggested six types of process and Martin, Matthiessen and
Painter (1997) elaborated them in detail in their book “Working with
Functional Grammar”. They further describe them and specify their
participants, they are: material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and
exitential.
They are the “principal” types in that they are the cornerstones of the
grammar in its guise as a theory of experience, they present three distinct
kinds of structural configuration, and they account for the majority of all
clauses in a text. The other three processes are located at each of the
boundaries. Behavioural processes share the characteristics of material and
mental processes; verbal processes share those of mental and relational
processes, while existential processes are between relational and material
processes (Halliday, 1994, 2000).
3
The context of situation which obtains through a systematic
relationship between the social environment on the one hand, and the
functional organization of language on the other. Language as a tool to express
views and notions. Most of the politicians use language to spread a specific
ideology. A politician usually employs various process to achieve his/her
purpose. It becomes almost a rule that at least one process dominates in a
particular discourse due to the particular register it belongs to.
When people speak or write, they produce text, the term ‘text’ refers
to any instance of language, in any medium, that makes sense to someone who
knows the language (Halliday and Hasan, 2004:3). Human in society need to
interact, to communicate or to show their ideas to the other, speech has a
relationship with languages. It is one of the ways to communicate or express
one’ idea.
We use language to construct houses, to carry on arguments, to
convey information from one person to another, to entertain; in short, to
communicate. The role of language is determined by its communicative
functions which are influenced by the use of language units. The units
structured systematically are used to express meanings by considering to
whom the language is delivered or the aim of the communication. Thus, form
and function are two things that should be taken into consideration in
communication.
The use of language for communcation, such as in speeches, books,
letters, memos, etc are different. The difference is influenced by the
characteristics of each medium. The characteristics of media will influence
4
how people use language and how language is structured. The structured of
language is relevant to the aim of communication. The different objectives of
language use need different units of language. The difference in the use of
language is influenced by the values or perspective that writer holds. The
ideology guides the writer to use the language; and ideology invest language
in various ways at various levels (Fairclough in Gurning, 1992:88).
Text as unit of functional language is realized by clauses or sentences
in context; there is no text without context. Thus, text that is used to express
information in certain context will be different to the text in different context.
The difference is in the way of expressing information and the characteristic
or knowledge or science should be relevant to the basis of ideology or genre.
The difference is still related to the elasticity of language which can be easily
adjusted to the grammatical structure, so that language can be used to express
information in speech.
Speech is one of the ways to communicate or express one’s ideas,
from those definition, we may conclude that speech is a part of language
because it is a system of voluntary produces by symbols. Beside that, speech
permits all people to communicate or interact. Language is not only a means
of communication, but also a social phenomenon. Speech, for some cases, can
be a social phenomenon. For example, a speech can motivate somebody or
group of people to do something.
Speech in public speaking is a communicative tool or text that is
delivered verbally to a group of people in a well-prepared, structured,
deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening
5
audience. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five
basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what
medium with what effects?" Reshaped by functions and contents, political
speech is also a kind of text presented by concerned authorities.
In order to make sense of a text, the natural tendency is to think of a
text as a thing a product while see the text in its aspect as a process. The
theory of experience can answer what is going on and how the interaction take
place by analyzing the text and counting the percentage of process and
circumtance. But, not only by counting the percentage to answer the questions,
it can be analyze the patterns of experiential function element and context of
situation in the text.
Referring to the explanation that has already mentioned previously,
the researcher interests to analyze the representation of experience of the
clauses found in SBY’s speech at the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of
Open Government Partnership (OGP), which hold in Nusadua-Bali 2014 to
prove whether the patterns of representation of experience and the context of
situation in the speech.
1.2. Problems of the Study
Based on the background that has been mentioned previously, the
problem of the research are:
1.2.1. What are the patterns of representation of experience used in SBY
speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership?
6
1.2.2. In what context are the patterns in representation of experience used in
SBY speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open
Government Partnership?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives are:
1.3.1. To describe the patterns of representation of experience in SBY
speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership.
1.3.2. To elaborate the context of experience representation in SBY speech
at the
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership.
1.4. Scope of the Study
Functional grammar refers to an approach to language on the principle
of roles or functions played by a language. That is why the notion of
functional approach to language is interpreted as covering related meanings.
Firstly, functional study to language is based on the principle that language is
structured in response to the needs of people as social beings for language.
Language in use or known as a text that is everything that is said or written,
forms in context of use which is often referred to social context. Thus
language envolves in line with human needs for language. Secondly,
functional approach refers to the concept that human being use language in
order to fulfill three functions known as metafunctions, namely: (1) to
7
represent (ideational), (2) to exchange (interpersonal), and (3) to organize
experience (textual).
In this case, the experiential function being discussion where language
is used to describe experience. The discussion explained how the pattern in
represent of experience used in the speech.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and
practically for those who are interested in analyzing of SBY speech in
written form based on the ideational function (experiential function), which is
one of the aspects of language.
1.5.1. Theoretically, the findings are expected
a. To add up new horizon in theories of functional linguistics.
b. To be references for further studies related to experiential function
in language other than English
1.5.2. Practically, the findings can
a. To enrich the documentation of language research in general.
b. To become references for other speakers at the international fora.
70
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This thesis has been analyzed by applying experiential function
analysis. The researcher presents some valuable conclusions.
(1.a) There are six (6) types of process in experiential function; material,
mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential process. Based on
analysis and findings, the SBY’s speech at the Asia Pacific Regional
Conference of Open Government Partnership in 2014, there were five
(5) processes that formed the patterns of representation of experience
namely; material, mental, relational, verbal and existential.
(1.b) Material is the most dominant patterns in SBY’s speech at the Asia
Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership in 2014.
It means that materia process is known as process of doing. It deals
with the notion that some entity ‘does’ something which may be done
‘to’ some other entity.
(2)
There are nine types of circumtances found in the speech, namely
extent, location, manner, cause, contingency, accompaniment, role,
matter and angle. The most dominant circumtance appeared is
circumtance of manner with total number 28 circumtances, while less
circumtance is matter.
70
71
(3)
Context of situation related to the field in this study. Field stand for
three entries, namely arena [+institutionalized/-institutionalized],
participant’s characteristics [personal/social] and semantic domain
[+specialized/-specialized]. The most dominant entry appeared in the
speech were arena, especially [+instituionalized]. It means that an
activity is conducted or constrained by institutional rules, which the
context refers to the political issue.
5.2. Suggestions
Related to the conclusions above, there are some suggestions:
(1)
It is suggested to other researchers to find the new findings related to
systemic functional linguistics and metafuncion.
(2)
It is suggested to Pusat Bahasa and Kemendikbud to develop teachers
and lecturers’ competency to apply and to teach systemic functional
linguistics early.
(3a) It is suggested both of English teachers and lectures to teach new
grammar system
like systemic functional linguiistics beside the
tradional grammar, so it can be avoid confuseness for the English
learners in the future.
(3b) It is very recomended to the English Appled Linguistics Study Program
or LTBI Unimed to add of grammatics lecture not only at the first
semester, but also in the second semester namely grammatics I and
grammatics II.
72
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School, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED), Medan.
White, P.R. 1998. Telling Media Tales: the News Story As Rhetoric. Ph.D
Unpublished Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney.
BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S SPEECH AT THE
ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL CONFERENCE
OF OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Lingustics Study Program
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
RAHMAT HUDA
Registration Number: 8146112030
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2016
A Thesis
REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENCE IN SUSILO BAMBANG
YUDHOYONO'S SPEBCH AT TTTE ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL
CONFERENCE OF OPEN GOVERNMENT PARTNERSIIP
By:
RAHMA'T HUDA
Registration Number: 81461 12030
English Applied Linguistic-s Study Program
Postgraduate School State University of Medan
This Thesis was examined on March 3"dr 2016 by the Board of Examiners
Approved by:
Adviser Commission
Second Adviser
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The Head of English Applied
Linguislie1 Stu dv Program
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This Thesis was examined on March 3d, 2016 by *re Boqrd of Examinen
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Anrin Seragih, M.A-, Ph.D
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Prof, Dn Sumersih. M.Pd
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Dr. Rahnad Husein,M.Ed
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PER}TYATAAI\I TIDAK MELAKUKAIY FLAGIAT DAII MEMALST}KAI{ DATA
Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah
Narna
RAHMAT HUDA
NIM
81461 12030
Angkatan
Prodi
Judul Tesis
XXIV
ini:
Linguistik Terapan Bahesa Ingeris (LTBI)
.
Representation of Experience in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Speech at the
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership.
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa:
1.
benar tesis saya adalah
kuya sendfui, bukan dik€rjakan orang lain,
2. saya tidak melakukan flagiat dalam penulisan tesis saya,
3. saya tidak merobah atau memalsukan data penelitian saya
Jika temyata dikemudian hari saya t€$ukti telatr melakukan salah satu dari hal tersebut, maka
saya bersedia dikenai sanksi yang bedaku berupa pencopotan eelar Erya,
Demikan pernyalaan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Medan,6 Febnrari 2016
IYIM.8146112030
ABSTRAK
Huda, Rahmat. NIM: 8146112030. Representasi Pengalaman dalam Pidato
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono pada Asia Pacific Regional Conference
of Open Government Partnership. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik
Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan.
2016.
Penelitian ini tentang representasi pengalaman atau fungsi experiensial dalam
pidato Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono yang diselenggarakan di Nusa Dua Bali.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan
pola-pola fungsi
eksperiensial yang dominan muncul yang dibentuk oleh transitivitas (proses,
partisipan dan sirkumtan) serta konteks situasi yang dibentuk oleh field (tempat,
karakteristik partisipan dan semantik domain). Penelitian dilakukan dengan
menerapkan pendekatan kualitatif yang berhubungan dengan angka. Data
diperoleh dari pidato pembukaan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono pada tanggal 6 Mei
2014. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentari. Dari hasil
temuan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima jenis proses dari enam proses
berdasarkan teori linguistik sistemik fungsional yang muncul pada pidato tersebut.
Pola total masing-masing proses berbeda satu sama lain, yaitu pola material
sebanyak 59 (55.67%), mental 19 (17.92%), relasional; identifikasi 3 (2.83%),
attribusi 10 (9.43%), posesi 7 (6.60%), verbal 5 (4.71%) dan eksistensial 3
(2.83%). Dari persentase tersebut, pola yang paling dominan dibentuk oleh
material proses. Sebaliknya, pola behavioural yang berhubungan dengan fisiologi
dan psikologi tidak ditemukan pada pidato tersebut. Sementara itu, konteks situasi
pada pidato tersebut merujuk ke field dan didominasi oleh arena yang merujuk
tempat dimana aktifitas berlangsung, khususnya [+institusionalisasi]. Itu berarti
aktifitas diselenggarakan dibawah aturan kelembagaan yang bersangkutan, yaitu
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership (OGP).
Kata kunci: Fungsi eksperiensial, Pidato
i
ABSTRACT
Huda, Rahmat. NIM: 8146112030. Representation of Experience in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s Speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of
Open Government Partnership. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study presents a research conducted of Experiential Function in Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open
Government Partnership (OGP) which hold in Nusa Dua Bali. The main objective
found the dominant pattens of representation of experience formed by transitivity
(process, participant and circumtance) and described of situational contexts
(arena, participant’s characteristics and semantic domain). It presented a
qualitative design dealing with quantifiable (numeric) mode. The source of the
data was taken from the opening speech of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on May
6, 2014. The data were collected by applying documentary technique. The data
analysis found out the findings that there were five types of process from six types
of process (material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential). The
patterns of each process were different from others, namely material patterns 59
(55.67%), mental 19 (17.92%), relational; identification 3 (2.83%), attribution 10
(9.43%), possession 7 (6.60%), verbal 5 (4.71%) and exsistential 3 (2.83%). The
percentage shows that the dominant patterns are formed by material process.
Whereas, the behaviuoral pattern related to pshyological and psychological did
not find in the speech. Meanwhile, the context of situation of the speech tend to
the field and dominated by arena or social activity which refers to the location
where social activities were performed, especially [+institutionalized]. It means
that an activity is conducted or constrained by institutional rules, namely Asia
Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership (OGP).
Keywords: Experiential function, Speech
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God Allah
s.w.t, the most gracious and the most merciful who has given healthy, chance,
strenght, and patience in the process of completing this thesis. Then, shalawat and
salam to the messenger of Allah Prophet Muhammad s.a.w who has brought our
soul from the darkness to the lightness until this time.
I would like to thanks all those who contributed to the making of this thesis.
Firstly, I would like to thank to the first adviser Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D
and the second adviser Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum who taught, guide and supervised
my thesis in systemic functional linguistics during my academic years at the State
University of Medan in 2014-2016.
Secondly, the writer would also like to express the gratitude to the Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed and his
secretary Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., also to their staff Farid Ma’ruf for their
assistance regarding to the administrative procedures. Special thanks to the all
lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics program, who has given me the
valuable knowledge in their lectures. The writer would also like to convey the
greatest thanks to the reviewers and examiners Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd,
Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed who has examined my
thesis, suggesstions and improvement to be the good one.
Thirdly, the writer would like dedicated my love to the beloved father,
Damroh Nasution (Alm.) and the greatest mother Nelly Wati who have guide me
to be the best son, and thanks to my brothers; Syafri, ST., Khairul Amri, M.Pd,
Afrizal, Amin Saputra, then my sisters; Annahari, S.Pd, Leli Purnama, S.Pd,
Naimah, S.Pd, Nurhidayah S.Pd, and Mutiah, M.Pd, for their supporting to the
writer in taking his Master Degree Program.
Fourthly, thanks to my colleagues; Bahrin Simamora, Saddam Syarif
Nasution, Edward Wilson Purba, Gabby Maureen Pricilia, Sartika Dewi Harahap,
Makhraini Agustina, Frida Dian Handini, Orli Binta Tumanggor, Ina Swari
Sijabat, Mairtati Dewi, Nur Alfi Syahri, Hajar Affiah, Nurlaili Khaira Khalid, Tita
Nirmala Ginting, Afer Jayanti Mendrofa, Jien Rizki Magsara Rumahorbo,
Marwah, Isrami Andika Pebianti, Minta Ito Simamora, Sri Wahyuni Hasibuan and
Yoshiko B. Pertiwi, for their sincere, love and support.
Lastly, thanks to my best friends of Muarasipongi Community in Medan;
Chandra Sakti, Sukri Aldi, Erdiansyah, Khairul Saleh, Abdi Hariyadi Imsyar,
Hakim Ma’ruf, Sukri Lubis, Mhd. Idris, Mhd. Yamin, Mahyaruddin Salim,
Anwar, Shasly Rais and Warid Almahdi, for their helping and supporting.
Medan, 3rd March 2016
The writer
RAHMAT HUDA
NIM. 8146112030
iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRAK ..............................................................................................
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
LIST OF CONTENTS .............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
vi
vii
viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Problem....................................
1.2. Problems of the Study ............................................
1.3. Objectives of the Study ..........................................
1.4. Scope of the Study .................................................
1.5. Significance of the Study .......................................
1
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER II : RIVIEW RELATED TO LITERATURE
2.1. Systemic Functional Linguistics .............................
2.2. Experiential function..............................................
2.3. Transitivity System ................................................
2.3.1. Process .........................................................
2.3.2. Participant ....................................................
2.3.3. Circumtance .................................................
2.4. Variety of Language with Reference to Field .........
2.4.1. Arena ............................................................
2.4.2. Participant’s Characteristic ...........................
2.4.3. Semantic Domain .........................................
2.4.4. The System Network of Field .......................
2.5. Speech ...................................................................
2.6. Types of Speech.....................................................
2.7. Open Government Partnership (OGP) ....................
2.8. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) .......................
2.9. Relevant Studies ....................................................
2.10. Conceptual Framework .......................................
8
10
11
12
19
20
22
22
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
33
35
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design ....................................................
3.2. Data and Source of the Data...................................
3.3. Technique of Collecting Data.................................
3.4. Instrument of Collecting Data ................................
3.5. Technique of Analyzing Data.................................
3.6. Trustworthiness of the Study..................................
38
40
41
42
43
44
iv
CHAPTER IV : DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Data .......................................................................
47
4.2. Data Analysis.........................................................
49
4.3. Findings .................................................................
66
4.4. Discussions ............................................................
68
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions ...........................................................
5.2. Suggestions............................................................
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
APPENDICES
v
70
71
72
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1
Typical of functional group and phrase clauses ....................
12
Table 2.2
The process and its categorization .......................................
18
Table 2.3
Types of process and participant ..........................................
20
Table 2.4
Circumtance ........................................................................
21
Table 4.1
Clauses ................................................................................
47
Table 4.2
Proportion of process types and its percentage .....................
49
Table 4.3
Proportion of circumtances types and its percentage ............
50
Table 4.4
Data analysis ......................................................................
60
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1
The types of process in spectrum .........................................
14
Figure 2.2
The system network of social activity ..................................
23
Figure 2.3
The system network of participant’s characteristics .............
25
Figure 2.4
The system network of semantic domain .............................
26
Figure 2.5
The system network of field ................................................
28
Figure 2.6
Conceptual framework ........................................................
38
vii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Problem
Language users enables to conceptualize and describe patterns of
experience which was encoded in the clause as representation (experiential
function) and dealt with the types of processes, the participants and
circumstances associated with them. A study on language based on the
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is oriented to the description of
language as a resource for meaning rather than as a system of rules and to the
speakers’ meaning potential (what they can mean) rather than the constraints
on what they can say. It is concerned with text rather than sentences as the
basic unit in which meaning is negotiated. It treats grammar as the realization
of discourse, naturally related to its semantics. In modelling language as
systems of meaning potential, choices becomes the basis for language use. Not
only is language in use or text shaped by choice, it is also influenced by social
context of situation and culture.
Halliday’s Functional Grammar is a tool to explore the specific type of
linguistic choices that are used for some specific purposes. Systemic
Functional Grammar
deals
with three
major
functions; Ideational,
interpersonal and textual. Ideational functions allow the user to convey the
meanings with an understanding of the context, community and material
world. Interpersonal functions of language illustrate the connection between
1
2
the sender and the receiver through different angles, while textual functions
refer to the internal formation and association of a text.
The ideational function is the content function of language. It is
realized in transitivity and serves to represent situations and events in the
world and the entities, actions and process involved. It is in the ideational
function that the text-produces embodies in language their experience of the
phenomena of the real world. Transitivity system fits into experiential
metafunction of language and explores the variation of experience. It works
within clause level and each clause determines its following components,
such; process, participant and circumtance.
Halliday suggested six types of process and Martin, Matthiessen and
Painter (1997) elaborated them in detail in their book “Working with
Functional Grammar”. They further describe them and specify their
participants, they are: material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and
exitential.
They are the “principal” types in that they are the cornerstones of the
grammar in its guise as a theory of experience, they present three distinct
kinds of structural configuration, and they account for the majority of all
clauses in a text. The other three processes are located at each of the
boundaries. Behavioural processes share the characteristics of material and
mental processes; verbal processes share those of mental and relational
processes, while existential processes are between relational and material
processes (Halliday, 1994, 2000).
3
The context of situation which obtains through a systematic
relationship between the social environment on the one hand, and the
functional organization of language on the other. Language as a tool to express
views and notions. Most of the politicians use language to spread a specific
ideology. A politician usually employs various process to achieve his/her
purpose. It becomes almost a rule that at least one process dominates in a
particular discourse due to the particular register it belongs to.
When people speak or write, they produce text, the term ‘text’ refers
to any instance of language, in any medium, that makes sense to someone who
knows the language (Halliday and Hasan, 2004:3). Human in society need to
interact, to communicate or to show their ideas to the other, speech has a
relationship with languages. It is one of the ways to communicate or express
one’ idea.
We use language to construct houses, to carry on arguments, to
convey information from one person to another, to entertain; in short, to
communicate. The role of language is determined by its communicative
functions which are influenced by the use of language units. The units
structured systematically are used to express meanings by considering to
whom the language is delivered or the aim of the communication. Thus, form
and function are two things that should be taken into consideration in
communication.
The use of language for communcation, such as in speeches, books,
letters, memos, etc are different. The difference is influenced by the
characteristics of each medium. The characteristics of media will influence
4
how people use language and how language is structured. The structured of
language is relevant to the aim of communication. The different objectives of
language use need different units of language. The difference in the use of
language is influenced by the values or perspective that writer holds. The
ideology guides the writer to use the language; and ideology invest language
in various ways at various levels (Fairclough in Gurning, 1992:88).
Text as unit of functional language is realized by clauses or sentences
in context; there is no text without context. Thus, text that is used to express
information in certain context will be different to the text in different context.
The difference is in the way of expressing information and the characteristic
or knowledge or science should be relevant to the basis of ideology or genre.
The difference is still related to the elasticity of language which can be easily
adjusted to the grammatical structure, so that language can be used to express
information in speech.
Speech is one of the ways to communicate or express one’s ideas,
from those definition, we may conclude that speech is a part of language
because it is a system of voluntary produces by symbols. Beside that, speech
permits all people to communicate or interact. Language is not only a means
of communication, but also a social phenomenon. Speech, for some cases, can
be a social phenomenon. For example, a speech can motivate somebody or
group of people to do something.
Speech in public speaking is a communicative tool or text that is
delivered verbally to a group of people in a well-prepared, structured,
deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain a listening
5
audience. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five
basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what
medium with what effects?" Reshaped by functions and contents, political
speech is also a kind of text presented by concerned authorities.
In order to make sense of a text, the natural tendency is to think of a
text as a thing a product while see the text in its aspect as a process. The
theory of experience can answer what is going on and how the interaction take
place by analyzing the text and counting the percentage of process and
circumtance. But, not only by counting the percentage to answer the questions,
it can be analyze the patterns of experiential function element and context of
situation in the text.
Referring to the explanation that has already mentioned previously,
the researcher interests to analyze the representation of experience of the
clauses found in SBY’s speech at the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of
Open Government Partnership (OGP), which hold in Nusadua-Bali 2014 to
prove whether the patterns of representation of experience and the context of
situation in the speech.
1.2. Problems of the Study
Based on the background that has been mentioned previously, the
problem of the research are:
1.2.1. What are the patterns of representation of experience used in SBY
speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership?
6
1.2.2. In what context are the patterns in representation of experience used in
SBY speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open
Government Partnership?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives are:
1.3.1. To describe the patterns of representation of experience in SBY
speech at the Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership.
1.3.2. To elaborate the context of experience representation in SBY speech
at the
Asia Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government
Partnership.
1.4. Scope of the Study
Functional grammar refers to an approach to language on the principle
of roles or functions played by a language. That is why the notion of
functional approach to language is interpreted as covering related meanings.
Firstly, functional study to language is based on the principle that language is
structured in response to the needs of people as social beings for language.
Language in use or known as a text that is everything that is said or written,
forms in context of use which is often referred to social context. Thus
language envolves in line with human needs for language. Secondly,
functional approach refers to the concept that human being use language in
order to fulfill three functions known as metafunctions, namely: (1) to
7
represent (ideational), (2) to exchange (interpersonal), and (3) to organize
experience (textual).
In this case, the experiential function being discussion where language
is used to describe experience. The discussion explained how the pattern in
represent of experience used in the speech.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and
practically for those who are interested in analyzing of SBY speech in
written form based on the ideational function (experiential function), which is
one of the aspects of language.
1.5.1. Theoretically, the findings are expected
a. To add up new horizon in theories of functional linguistics.
b. To be references for further studies related to experiential function
in language other than English
1.5.2. Practically, the findings can
a. To enrich the documentation of language research in general.
b. To become references for other speakers at the international fora.
70
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This thesis has been analyzed by applying experiential function
analysis. The researcher presents some valuable conclusions.
(1.a) There are six (6) types of process in experiential function; material,
mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential process. Based on
analysis and findings, the SBY’s speech at the Asia Pacific Regional
Conference of Open Government Partnership in 2014, there were five
(5) processes that formed the patterns of representation of experience
namely; material, mental, relational, verbal and existential.
(1.b) Material is the most dominant patterns in SBY’s speech at the Asia
Pacific Regional Conference of Open Government Partnership in 2014.
It means that materia process is known as process of doing. It deals
with the notion that some entity ‘does’ something which may be done
‘to’ some other entity.
(2)
There are nine types of circumtances found in the speech, namely
extent, location, manner, cause, contingency, accompaniment, role,
matter and angle. The most dominant circumtance appeared is
circumtance of manner with total number 28 circumtances, while less
circumtance is matter.
70
71
(3)
Context of situation related to the field in this study. Field stand for
three entries, namely arena [+institutionalized/-institutionalized],
participant’s characteristics [personal/social] and semantic domain
[+specialized/-specialized]. The most dominant entry appeared in the
speech were arena, especially [+instituionalized]. It means that an
activity is conducted or constrained by institutional rules, which the
context refers to the political issue.
5.2. Suggestions
Related to the conclusions above, there are some suggestions:
(1)
It is suggested to other researchers to find the new findings related to
systemic functional linguistics and metafuncion.
(2)
It is suggested to Pusat Bahasa and Kemendikbud to develop teachers
and lecturers’ competency to apply and to teach systemic functional
linguistics early.
(3a) It is suggested both of English teachers and lectures to teach new
grammar system
like systemic functional linguiistics beside the
tradional grammar, so it can be avoid confuseness for the English
learners in the future.
(3b) It is very recomended to the English Appled Linguistics Study Program
or LTBI Unimed to add of grammatics lecture not only at the first
semester, but also in the second semester namely grammatics I and
grammatics II.
72
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