An Oblique Translation Analysis Of Mandala Magazine

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AN OBLIQUE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF MANDALA MAGAZINE

A THESIS

BY:

RINDIANTI IRAWAN

REG. STUDENT NO: 060705035

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN


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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul An Oblique Translation Aanalysis of Mandala Magazine. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan dari sebuah majalah yang di tulis dengan dua bahasa (bilingual book). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menjadi dua bagian: (1) terjemahan harfiah (literal translation or direct translation) dan (2) wajib (oblique translation) yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi tujuh bagian yang dikenal dengan sebutan prosedur: (a) peminjaman (borrowing), (b) calque, (c) terjemahan harfiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) kesepadanan dan (g) penyesuaian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data tersebut yakni setiap kalimat yang di tulis dalam bahasa Inggris (SL) ke dalam bahasa indonesia (TL). Adapun metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Purposive Sampling atau Metode Sampel Bertujuan. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisis proses terjemahan khususnya terjemahan tidak langsung (oblique translatio). Mengingat terjemahan sangat penting sekarang ini, maka penulis membahas skripsi tentang terjemahan, dimana ini akan sangat bermanfaat dan berguna dalam kehidupan sekarang ini.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Almighty God for blessing and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet Muhammad SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that the writer could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, faculty of letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan.

The writer special gratitude is dedicated to the Dean of faculty of Letters, Prof. Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D as well as the chairman and then, to the head of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M. Hum, and to the secretary of English Department Drs. Parlindungan Purba M.Hum who have given me the opportunity and support to finish this thesis. Beside that, the writer deep appreciation is also extended to my great supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my co-supervisor Drs. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A who have given their time to teach and tell me the best lessons and suggestions especially skill produce a qualified thesis. The writer is also indebted to all my lecturers who have guided me during my study, especially Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia M.A., Ph.D, thank you for helping me choosing the subject of this study, and providing me with information’s concerning this thesis. The writer is also indebted to all the lectures of Faculty of Letters especially to her ‘Dosen Wali’, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M. Hum for their valuable thoughts and knowledge through her academic years.

The writer also would like to express my deepest gratitude and love to my parents, Bambang Irawan and Ernisa. They are so meaningful for me and


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especially for my father that always work hard to support me either moral or material. And thank you for my younger sister and brother, Yogi and Fany. The writer also want to say thank you so much to all my friends (all of the students of 2006 batch), the writer very sorry because the writer cannot mention each of them, but they are great friends for me. They have been willing to be my good friend during the writer study in English Department, and the most special thanks is for my best friend in college (Rina Purwati ‘riyuki’, Yuanita ‘riyuki’, Rizki Arfah ‘riyuki’, Dewi Syahputri, Rizki Amalianti, Rika Asmah, Efa Handayani, Heni Pusphitasarie, Adisti, Masnil khairi, Ifadatunnisa, Yosi Renata, Farina Riski, Mawardi, Arwin, Gulit). They are sincere friend for me. They always support, suggest, and accompany me in doing this thesis, especially for my gank ‘Riyuki’. They are my very sincere friend. They never sigh to be beside me and always encourage me in doing this thesis. Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from perfect. The writer welcomes all critics and suggestions to make this thesis better.

The writer hopes this thesis will be useful for every one who would like to read or analyze the subject matter that related to this thesis analysis.

May Allah SWT, the almighty bless us all. Amin.

Medan, September 2010


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ... 5

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6

2.1 An Overview of Trnslation and Language ... 6

2.2 Theory of Translation... 10

2.3 Process of Translation ... 12

2.3.1 Textual Level ... 14

2.3.2 The Referential Level ... 15

2.3.3 The Cohesive Level ... 15

2.3.4 The Level of Naturalness ... 16


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2.5 Transaltion Equivalence ... 17

2.6 Translation Procedures ... 19

2.6.1 Direct Translation Procedures……… 19

2.6.1.1 Borrowing……… 19

2.6.1.2 Calque……….. 20

2.6.1.3 Literal or Word for Word……… 20

2.6.2 Oblique Translation Procedures………. 20

2.6.2.1 Transposition………... 21

2.6.2.2 Modulation……….. 21

2.6.2.3 Equivalence………. 21

2.6.2.4 Adaptation………. .. 22

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 23

3.1 Research Design ... 23

3. 2 Data and the Data Source ... 23

3. 3 Data Collecting Method ... 24

3. 4 Data Analyzing Method ... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ... 27

4.1 Analysis…….. ... 27

4.1.1 Transposition……….. 27


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4.1.3 Equivalence………. ... 28

4.1.4 Adaptation……….. 28

4.1.5 Data Identification………. . 28

4.2 Findings ... 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 51

5.1 Conclusions ... 51 5.2 Suggestions ... 51-52 BIBLIOGRAPHY


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TL : Target Language SL : Source Language ST : Source Text TT : Target Text T : Transposition M : Modulation E : Equivalence A : Adaptation


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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul An Oblique Translation Aanalysis of Mandala Magazine. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan dari sebuah majalah yang di tulis dengan dua bahasa (bilingual book). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menjadi dua bagian: (1) terjemahan harfiah (literal translation or direct translation) dan (2) wajib (oblique translation) yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi tujuh bagian yang dikenal dengan sebutan prosedur: (a) peminjaman (borrowing), (b) calque, (c) terjemahan harfiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) kesepadanan dan (g) penyesuaian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data tersebut yakni setiap kalimat yang di tulis dalam bahasa Inggris (SL) ke dalam bahasa indonesia (TL). Adapun metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Purposive Sampling atau Metode Sampel Bertujuan. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisis proses terjemahan khususnya terjemahan tidak langsung (oblique translatio). Mengingat terjemahan sangat penting sekarang ini, maka penulis membahas skripsi tentang terjemahan, dimana ini akan sangat bermanfaat dan berguna dalam kehidupan sekarang ini.


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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Oblique translation is a procedure in translating language. In Oxford dictionary the word ‘oblique’ means indirect. Oblique translation is used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2000: 84-93), there are Direct Translation and Oblique translation. The two strategies comprise seven procedures, of which direct translation covers three procedures: Borrowing, Calque, and Literal translation. While oblique translation covers four procedures : Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation. But, in this thesis the writer only chooses the oblique translation for the analysis. Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000), views about Oblique translation method as follows :

….because of structural or metalinguistic differences, certain stylistic effects can not be transposed into the TL without upsetting the syntactic order , or even the lexis. In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used which at first may look unusual but which nevertheless can permit translators a strict control over the reliability of their work.

Actually, there are still many of the translation methods or procedures. And they all are related to the translation. Translation is very important in the daily life, especially in this time because many books, mass media, or other information tools, use foreign language. So, in translating the translators must not


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only understand about translation and the procedures, but also must understand about the language, either the regional language or foreign language.

Translation generally is a process of transferring between one language to another language. In translation, there are called SL or Source Language and TL or Target Language. Cartford, (1969: 20) says that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). According to Pinchuck (1977: 38), “Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for a SL utterance”.

Nida (1969: 12) defines translation consist in reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style. While Newmark (1981: 7) defines translation as a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.

Based on the definitions of translation above, it can be concluded that the translation is so related to the language. Language is a tool of communication for human neither spoken nor in written. Walija (1996: 4) in www.wismasastra.wordpress.com,

Bahasa adalah komunikasi yang paling lengkap dan efektif untuk menyampaikan ide, pesan, maksud, perasaan, dan pendapat kepada orang lain.

(Language is the most complete and effective a means of communication to conveying the idea, message, purpose, feeling, and opinion to another people).

The examples of written language are books and magazine or other mass media. The role of mass media is very important for people. Not only as the


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information tool, but also as a tool of language development. The word and new terms whether they are from regional language or foreign language, generally are used by mass media earlier. So, indirectly the mass media is a media of education for people and it also forces people to study about language. A writer or journalist must pay attention to the language usage, in order not to make the readers misunderstanding. Especially if the mass media uses two languages.

Usually in mass media the journalist or writer tries to use the interesting language, because the language which is used by mass media is very influential for the readers. Many mass media has tried to be careful in composing a good, correct, and interesting sentences. Besides as a media of education, the mass media also has a role to enrich our vocabularies, either in Indonesian language, foreign language, or region language. Usually the process of writing in mass media, using the effective sentence, choosing the word or term appropriately, and avoiding the superfluous words. It is very important for the writer or journalist to pay attention to the process of writing in mass media.

Related to the language in mass media, so in this thesis the writer chooses one magazine which is bilingual to be analyzed based on Vinay and Darbelnet method. The magazine is Mandala Magazine from an airlines company. This magazine uses two languages, the source language (SL) is English language and the target language (TL) is Indonesian language. The purpose of analysis is to find out the oblique translation procedures used in the texts of that magazine. The writer is interested in choosing it because the writer wants to know how this magazine is translated.


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This magazine is useful for people, especially for the plane passenger as information like a tour place, entertainments, air transport schedule, transit place, and so on. In this thesis there are some procedures. For examples, Dear reader which is translated into pembaca yang terhormat. It is adaptation. Because it is adapting a source language situation when it does not exist in the target language or would be considered inappropriate in the target culture. And welcome which is translated into jumpa kembali. It is the example of modulation. Modulation changes the point of view without changing the meaning of the message.

1.2 Problems of the Analysis

Concerning with the title of this thesis, there are two problems appeared, they are :

a. What kinds of oblique translation procedure are found in the target text ?

b. What is the most dominant oblique translation procedures found in the target text ?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

To answer the problems of the analysis, the objectives can be described as follows :

a. To analyze and find out the oblique translation procedure found in the target text.

b. To find out the dominant types of the oblique translation procedure found in the target text.


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1.4 Scope of the Analysis

The mass media has variety of language and writing, and also has the terms which sometimes we rarely hear them. Therefore, this analysis must have limitation in order to the discussion of this analysis does not too wide. In this thesis, the writer only focuses on analyzing oblique translation. The data are taken from Mandala Magazine which is limited it in some pages, they are pages: 23-38 of Transit Time. This magazine is written in two languages, they are English as the source language (SL) and Bahasa Indonesia as the target language (TL). And the writer only uses one kinds of translation procedure of Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, it is Oblique translation.

1.5 Significance of the Analysis

There are some significance of the analysis. Firstly, this thesis can be useful for the students of English Department as their reference when they analyze the translation, especially about the translation procedures. Secondly, this thesis also will be useful for another readers who want to learn or know about translation more deeply, especially for someone who wants to do research in the translation.


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 An Overview of Translation and Language

Many people get difficulties when they find the foreign language. One of them is because of they do not master the language. Therefore they try to looking for help with people who can understand about the language or translation.

Intrinsically translation is act of expressing of a meaning which is communicated in the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) as according to meaning contained in source language. Translation generally is a transferring process of two language (bilingual), neither in writing nor oral. In this case we also need to distinguish between translating and translation. The word translating contains the meaning of message switching process, while Translation is the result of translating.

The term of translation can be means (1) the field of science generally, (2) the product (the text which has been translated). The experts of translation theory defines translation with different ways based on how they considered the language and the translation.

Cartford, (1969: 20) says that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). According to Pinchuck (1977: 38), “Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for a SL utterance”.


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Nida (1969: 12) defines translation consist in reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.

While Newmark (1981: 7) defines translation as a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.

Larson (1998:3) gives the meaning of translation that translation is basically a change form.

Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000), “ translation procedures are the basic technique of translation. According to them the procedures can be devided into two methods covering seven procedures, they are (i) direct translation, consist of borrowing, calque and literal translation, and (ii) oblique translation, consist of transposition, equivalent, modulation and adaptation.

Translation is also a communication act. Therefore the activity does not apart from language. Language is formed by method, rule, and pattern which may not be break, in order not to cause the trouble at communication happened. The methods, rules, and patterns which has formed includes phonetics, morphology, and syntax. In order that communication done can be going smoothly and well, so the receiver and sender of language must master their language.

According to Owen in Stiawan (2006:1), that language can be defined as a socially shared combinations of those symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols. While, Walija (1996: 4) in www.wismasastra.wordpress.com,

Bahasa adalah komunikasi yang paling lengkap dan efektif untuk menyampaikan ide, pesan, maksud, perasaan, dan pendapat kepada orang lain.


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(Language is the most complete and effective a means of communication to conveying the idea, message, purpose, feeling, and opinion to another people).

Language is also a part of culture, so the translation can not only understood as a form and meaning shift but also as a culture. Therefore to produce the effective translation, we also must observe the parable of word that defend the authenticity of the language.

By using Buhler’s theory (1935) and Jakobson (1960), Newmark (1988 : 39 ff) the function of language is classified to become six types :

1). The Expressive Function

The core of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker, the writer, the originator of the utterance. He uses the utterance to express his feelings irrespective of any response.

2). The Informative Function

The core of the informative function of language is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories. For the purposes of translation, typical ‘informative’ texts are concerned with any topic of knowledge, but texts about literary subjects, as they often express value – judgements, are apt to lean towards ‘expressiveness’.

3). The Vocative Function

The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, the addressee. Newmark use the term ‘vocative’ in the sense of ‘calling upon’ the


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readership to act, think or feel, in fact to ‘react’ in the way intended by the text (the vocative is the case used for addressing your reader in some inflected languages).

4). The Aesthetic Function

This is language designed to please the senses, firstly through its actual or imagined sound, and secondly through its metaphors. The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their part. In many cases it is not possible to ‘translate’ sound – effects unless one transfers the relevant language units : compensation of some kind is usually possible. In translating expressive texts – in particular, poetry – there is often a conflict between the expressive and the aesthetic function (‘truth’ and ‘beauty’) – the poles of ugly literal translation and beautiful free translation.

5). The Phatic Function

The phatic function of language is used for maintaining friendly contact with the addressee rather than for imparting foreign information. Apart from tone of voice, it usually occurs in the form of standard phrases, or ‘phaticisms’.

6). The Metalingual Function

Lastly, the metalingual function of language indicates a language’s ability to explain, name, and criticize its own features. Newmark has adopted and adapted the Buhler – Jakobson function of language operationally as the most


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convenient way of looking at a text for translation. It is also useful to divide texts by topic into three broad categories: (a) literary; (b) institutional; and (c) scientific – the latter including all fields of science and technology but tending to merge with institutional texts in the area of the social science.

2.2 Theory of Translation

In the translation, the one important thing must we know is about the theories of translation. It intends to help the translators in doing translation as the general concept. The translation theory is not always relevant with the translating practice and the teaching of translation. The theory of translation is focused at characteristic and the translation problems as a phenomenon. According Lauven – Zwart (1985) in Rudolf Nababan 1999, is that producing the better translating and translation are not the main purpose of translation theory. A better translating and translation it is just the theory product and method of translating.

The theory of translation is general directive for the translators in doing translating, not only as a solution for all problems. The comprehension about the general concept of translation theory is important and useful. It is impossible that we can producing a good translation, if we are not understanding the definition or meaning of translating as one of general concept of translation theory.

Instead of speaking theories of translation, we should perhaps speak more about various approaches to the task of translating, different orientations which provide helpful insight, and diverse ways of talking about how a message can be transferred from one language to another. The different ways in which people go about the task of interlingual communication can perhaps be best described in


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terms of different perspectives : (1) the source text, including its production, transmission, and history of interpretation, (2) the languages involved in restructuring the source-language message into the receptor or target language, (3) the communication events which constitute the setting of the source message and the translated text, and (4) the variety of codes involved in the respective communication events.

Some explanations about translation theory based on the writers, especially at Nida’s theory. The theory expand from her experience work from 1940 and from now on when she translating and organize translation of the Gospel. That theory was used in two her great work. (1) Toward a Science of Translating (1960), and (2) Theory and Practice of Translation (Nida and Taber, 1969).

Nida’s translation approach then become more systematic after adopting a theoretical concept and semantics terminology and pragmatic and Chomsky’s theory, Generatif Transformation Grammar. The strong influence from Chomsky in Nida’s theory can be concised as follows:

The rule of structure-phrase put a class or structure inside which is transformed by using the rule of transformation that connecting the class of structure to another sclass tructure, for instance active to passive, to producing an out of structure, which is the subject for phonological principle and morphemes.


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2.3 Process of Translation

Process is connecting structure of activities that made deliberately. Translation process is a connecting structure of activities that made by a translator when transferring message from the source language to the target language. The translation process also can means as an activity system in translating. It means, when we see the translation as a process, means we follow the way which is passed by translator to reach the final product. We can see every phases which is passed by the translator, the procedures, and the method that used to translating, ect. The translation will contain some mistakes, if we are not carefully in doing translating, because a mistake in one phase will causing a mistake in another phase.

Nida and Taber (1969:33) devided the process of translating into three phases, (1) analysis of message iin the SL ; (2) transferring message, and (3) reconstruction of the transferred message in the TL. This process is described in the following figure.


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Nida and Taber’s Process of Translating

The analysis phase is the process in which grammatical relationship and the meaning of words or its combination are analyzed. In the transfer phase, the already analyzed materials in phase 1 are transferred in the translator’s mind from SL into TL. The reconstruction phase is the phase where the writer rewrites or re-expresses the materials in such away that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and style in the TL.

Bell (1991:60) models the process of translation as cascaded and interactive process which contains three major stages –syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic processing. Each of this has to be involved in both analysis and synthesis. He adds that it is (a) possible for some stages to be passed through quickly, and (b) the norm for processing to be a combination of bottom-up and top-down, i.e. the analysis (and later synthesis) of the clause is approached simultaneously by both pattern-recognizing procedures and by inferencing based


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on previous experience and expectations. Bell, further explains that the process is not linear one in which stage follows stage in strict order.

Weick cited in Robinson (1997:102) describes that the process of translation might be formulated as (1) translate: act; jump into the text feet first; translate intuitively. (2) Edit: think about what you’ve done; test your intuitive responses against everything you know; but intuitively too, allowing an intuitive first translation to challenge (even successfully) a well reasoned principle that you believe in deeply; let yourself feel the tension between intuitive certainly and cognitive doubt, and don’t automatically choose one over the other; use the act-response-adjustment cycle rather than rigid rules. (3) Sublimate: internalize what you’ve learned through this give-and-take process for later use; make it second nature; make it part of your intuitive repertoire; but sublimate it flexibly, as a directionality that can be redirected in conflictual circumstances.

While accordinng to Newmark (1998:19) about the process of transleting, there are four levels in translating: (1) the SL text level, the level of language where we begin and which we continually go back to, (2) the referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imagenery, which we progressively have to visualise and bulid up, and which is an essential part, (3) the cohesive level, which is more general, and grammatical, which traces the train of thought the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositionof the Sl text, and (4) the level of naturalness, of common language appropriate to the writer or the speaker in a certain situation.


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Working on the text level, intuitively and automatically make certain ‘conversions’, transpose the SL grammar (clauses and groups) into TL equivallents and translate the lexical unit into the sense that appears immediately appropiate in the context of the sentence.

This is the level of the literal translation of the source language into the target language, the level of the translationes for eliminate, but it also acts as a corrective of paraphrase and the parer-down of synonyms.

2.3.2 The referential Level

The referential goes hand in hand with the textual level. All languages have polysemous words and structures which can be finally solved only on the referential level, beginning with a few multi-purpose overloaded prepositions and conjunctions, through dangling participles to general word. In the referential level, the text is built up out of based on the clarification of all linguistics difficulties.

2.3.3 The Cohesive Level

The cohesive level, it follows both the structure and the moods of the text. The structure through the connective words (conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite article, general words, referential synonyms, puntuation marks) linking the sentences, usually proceeding from known information (theme) to new information (rheme); preposition; opposition, continuation, reiteration, conclusion-for instance-or thesis, antithesis, synthesis.

While mood, this can be shown as a dialectical factor moving between positive and negative, emotive and neutral.


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2.3.4 The Level of Naturalness

Naturalness is easily defined, not so easy to be concrete about. Natural usage comprises a variety of idioms or styles or registers determmined primarily by the setting of the text, where it is typically published or found, secondarily by the author, topic and readership, all of whom are usually dependent on the setting.

Natural usage, then, must be distinguished from ‘ordinary language’, the plain non-technical idiom used by Oxford philosophers for philosophical explanation, and ‘basic’ language, which is somewhere between formal and informal, is easily understood, and is constructed from a language’s most frequently used syntactic structures and words-basic language is the nucleus of a language produced naturally.

2.4 The Technical Translation

Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. While the presence of specialized technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology. Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a


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high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions.

Newmark’s (1998:151) views abot technical translation, Technical translation is one part of specialised translation, institutional translation, the area of politics, commerce, finance, government,and the other. He take technical translation as potentially (but far from actually) non-cultural, therefore ‘universal’, the benefits of technology are not confined to one speech community.

Technical translation is primarily distinguished from other forms of translation by terminology, although terminology usually only makes up 5-10% of a text. Its characteristics, its grammatical features (for English, passives, nominalisations, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses) merge with other varieties of language.

2..5 Translation Equivalence

There are two types of equivalence. They are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The latter two expressions are associated with the translator Eugene Nida and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible, but the two approaches are applicable to any translation. Formal equivalence corresponds to "metaphrase", and dynamic equivalence to "paraphrase".

Formal equivalence is an orientation to translation that focuses on the message itself in both of the form and content.in another word, the messages in the target language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. While, dynamic equivalence is a set of procedure by means of which the messages of the original text will be transported into the receptor


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language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.

Catford (1965) distinguishes between formal correspondence and textual equivalence. A formal correspondence is any category, e.g. unit, class, element off structure, etc., which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the same place in the economy of the target language as it is given by source language categories. A textual equivalence is any target language (TL) form, e.g. text or portion of the text that is observed to be equinalent of a given Sourse Language (SL) form.

Larson (1998) suggests some alternative ways to find the equivalent when the text have to be translated. They are include:

1. Using Descriptive Phrase

This is a process of translating a single word with phrases or vice versa. 2. Using Related Word

This is a process of translating using synonymous or antonymous ways. 3. Using Generic Specific Words

This is a process of translating that is used a generic-specific term in the target language.

4. Using a Figurative Equivalence for Figurative Sense

This is a process of equaling a lexical item of the source language into the target language or vice versa.


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Translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT). Vinay and Darbelnet proposed seven methods or procedures. They are borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

2.6.1 Direct Translation Procedures

Direct translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. This is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other.

According Vinay and Darbelnet, direct translation consist of three types. They are borrowing, calque, and literal translation or word per word.

2.6.1.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. Borrowing is also the simplest of all translation methods. It would not even merit discussion in this context if translator did not occassionaly need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect.

2.6.1.2 Calque

Calque is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word for word. Calque by Vinay and Darbelnet is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translators literally each of its elements. The calque iis devided into two parts. They are


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lexical calque and structural calque. Lexical calque happens at the level of syntactic elements, while structural calque happens at the level of construction of language.

2.6.1.3 Literal or Word for Word

This is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself.

2.6.2 Oblique Translation Procedure

Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is imposible. Oblique translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet, consist of four types. The first is transposition, the second is modulation, the third is equivalence, and the last is adaptation.

2.6.2.1 Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Beside being a special translation procedure, transposition can also applied within a language.


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Example: advises caution is translated into mengingatkan

2.6.2.2 Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

Example:

It is not difficult to study English is translated into mudah untuk belajar bahasa Inggris.

2.6.2.3 Equivalence

Equivalence is applied when there are two texts, which have a same situation, but those texts are using completely different stylistic and structural methods. This procedure means that the process of translating one language into another language that emphasizes on closet natural meaning.

Example: cock-a-doodle-do is translated into kukuruyuk.

Kill to birds with one stone is translated into sambil menyelam minum air.


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Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In this case, a translator can create a new situation that can be considered equivalent.

Example:

Your Sincerely (SL) is translated into Dengan Hormat (TL).

Based on the explanation above, now we know about translation, whether it’s about the meaning, process, functions, tehcnicals, procedures or methods, and so on. Every kinds of translation has a different meaning, that is based on the writers. If we know about the meaning kinds of translation, so we know how to analyze the text by using the procedure.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This thesis deals with four main research items, the first is research design, the second is data and data source, the third is data collecting method and the fourth is data analyzing method. Research method can be namely as scientific way to get the data with purpose and certain use. Research method consists of qualitative method and quantitative method, which both of them has a different meaning.


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Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In this case, a translator can create a new situation that can be considered equivalent.

Example:

Your Sincerely (SL) is translated into Dengan Hormat (TL).

Based on the explanation above, now we know about translation, whether it’s about the meaning, process, functions, tehcnicals, procedures or methods, and so on. Every kinds of translation has a different meaning, that is based on the writers. If we know about the meaning kinds of translation, so we know how to analyze the text by using the procedure.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This thesis deals with four main research items, the first is research design, the second is data and data source, the third is data collecting method and the fourth is data analyzing method. Research method can be namely as scientific way to get the data with purpose and certain use. Research method consists of qualitative method and quantitative method, which both of them has a different meaning.


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3.1 Research Design

This thesis conducted in the form library research in which the data is in the form of English and Indonesia language. Library research is a research that is done in library where a researcher faces many kinds of literatures that is suitable with the objective and problem of the analysis.

3.2 Data and The Data Source

Data is everything that is found about the object of the analysis. For this case, the writer uses primary data. Primary data is the data which collected and has direct connection with the research which is being done.

The source of data are collected from a magazine of airline that is written in two languages. Every sentence in the magazine becomes the data. The title of magazine is Mandala magazine, it consist of 49 pages and published at July-September 2008. But , to analyze it the writer limit it in some pages, they are pages: 23-28 of transit time. The TL text is observed to find out the Oblique translation procedure in the data are applied or not, which are used as a basis of the research data.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

The data that are considered to be relevant for this study are collected using technique of sampling. Purposive sampling is used to collect the required data. Sutopo (2002:36) says that “teknik cuplikan penelitian kualitatif cenderung


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bersifat “purposive” karena dipandang lebih mampu menangkap kelengkapan dan kedalaman data”, besides; Bailey (1987:94) also cites:

“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does he or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as in convenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her own judgment about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.”

3.4 Data Analyzing Method

In analyzing the data in this thesis, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method. The qualitative research also called as naturalistic qualitative research because the researching doing on natural setting.Qualitative research is more descriptive because the data shaped of words and more emphasize on process more than product.

According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982) in Sugiyono: 2009, “qualitative research is descriptive, it means the data collected are in the form of words of pictures rather than number’.

The data is analyzed in two steps. First, the writer tabulated all of the selected data consisting of oblique translation procedures. Second, the writer categorized and classified the kinds of oblique translation procedures.

The classification is done by grouping the data depending on the problem. The purpose of tabulated here to find out the oblique translation and the differencies both kinds of translation method. The analysis is done by finding the oblique translation through the contexts of both source language (SL) and the target language (TL).


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In the analyzing qualitative data, Bogdan (in Sugiyono: 2009), says that: Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcript, fieldnotes and other materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others.

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are follows: 1. collecting the data from Mandala magazine

2. reading the data source 3. identifying the data

4. analyzing the data and find out the oblique translation procedures 5. classifying the data

6. finally making the conclusion and suggestion

From the way above,the writer tries to analyze the data to find out the oblique translation procedures. After that the writer draws tables for making classification of each transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation.

Percentage of each oblique translation procedures:

No. Types of oblique

translation

Number of cases Percentages

1 Transposition 29 29%

2 Modulation 104 104%

3 Equivalence 3 3%

4 Adaptation 9 9%


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis

In this chapter, the writer will analyze the oblique translation procedures by using Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory. The data are taken from Mandala Magazine which is limited it in some pages, they are pages: 23-38 of Transit Time. As have been mentioned in chapter II, the oblique translation procedure by


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Vinay and Darbelnet consists of transposition, modulation, equivalence, and Adaptation.

4.1.1 Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Beside being a special translation procedure, transposition can also applied within a language.

4.1.2 Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

4.1.3 Equivalence

Equivalence is applied when there are two texts, which have a same situation, but those texts are using completely different stylistic and structural methods. This procedure means that the process of translating one language into another language that emphasizes on closet natural meaning.


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Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In this case, a translator can create a new situation that can be considered equivalent.

4.1.5 DATA IDENTIFICATION

No. SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE CASE

1 The Magnificent Seven award-winning crew Maliq & D’Essentials are freeing their minds for the next adventure.

Tujuh yang top grup

dengan sederet

penghargaan, Maliq &D’Essentials membebaskan pikiran mereka untuk petualangan selanjutnya.

T

2 Band member and

keyboard player Ifa says the seven-piece group fuses a number of musical influences to create their own refreshing sound.

Ifa, pemain keyboard band ini, mengatakan kelompok beranggotakan tujuh orang ini menggabungkan berbagai macam pengaruh music untuk menciptakan alunan musik mereka yang khas dan menyegarkan.

T

3 “our references come from black music.

“kami banyak terpengaruh oleh black music.

M

4 There are many influences, from reggae to disco.

Mulai dari reggae sampai disco.

M

5 We usually call it soul, or simply ‘Maliq Music’.”

Kami biasa menyebutnya soul, atau ‘Musik Malik’ saja.”

M

6 Aside from its own sound, the band has its own philosophy.

Selain dari jenis musik, band ini juga

M memiliki filsafahnya sendiri.

7 Maliq is an acronym for the group’s personal mantra – ‘Music And Life Instrument Quality’, while d’Essentials describes the

Malik adalah singkatan dari slogan yang dianut grup ini – ‘Music Ans Life

Instrument Quality’, sementara d’Essentials


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backing band. menggambarkan band pendukungnya.

8 Still supported by a solid core of fans who followed the band over the three years it toured cafes and lounges across Indonesia, Maliq gigs now attract thousands.

Dengan masih didukung penggemar setianya yang sejak tiga tahun lalu mengikuti band ini manggung diberbagai kafe dan longue di Indonesia, pertunjukan Maliq kini bisa ditonton oleh ribuan orang.

T

9 “in Malysia and Brunei, we haven’t released anything formally, but somehow they’ve gotten hold of our CD and it’s getting lots of air play.”

“di Malaysia dan Brunei, kami belum pernah melakukan promosi apapun secara formal, namun entah bagaimana mereka bisa memperoleh CD kami dan mengudarakan lagu-lagu Maliq di sana.”

M

10 Ifa says Maliq’s distinctive style and stage act turns heads as well.

Ifa mengatakan gaya Maliq dan aksi panggung mereka yang khas cukup menarik perhatian khalayak.

M

11 “We put a lot of thought into our arrangement and appearances, from the costumes to choreography.”

Kami serius saat

memikirkan aransemen dan penampilan kami, mulai dari kostum sampai koreografi.”

E

12 Maliq & D’Essentials’ second album Free Your Mind has been repackaged for a motion picture and is getting strong airplay across Indonesia.

Album Maliq & D’Essentials’ kedua yang berjudul ‘free Your Mind’ telah dikemas ulang untuk sebuah lagu film dan mendapatkan sambutan yang luar biasa di seluruh Indonesia.

M

13 The band is already beginning to record its next album, which should hit stories in early 2009.

Maliq kini telah mulai merekam album mereka

selanjutnya yang dijadwalkan di rilis awal

tahun 2009.


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14 An eye for art diversifying your investments.

Memburu karya seni bagi anda yang ingin mencoba jenis investasi yang berbeda.

M

15 Art may be the new glamour investment on the block – but handle it with care.

Seni bisa jadi merupakan bentuk investasi baru yang penuh daya tarik, namun anda perlu berhati-hati.

M

16 Harumi Supit irons it out. Harumi Supit

menuliskannya lebih jauh. M

17 Indonesian art valuations have benefited in recent times from the spike in the price of the Chinese contemporary art - as buyers cast their eyes on more affordable art from other Asian nations.

Nilai hasil karya seni Indonesia akhir-akhir ini mengalami lonjakan yang tinngi seiring dengan tidak bergemingnya harga karya seni kontemporer Cina – banyak pembeli kini mengalihkan perhatian mereka untuk mencari hasil karya seni yang lebih terjangkau dari negara-negara Asia lainnya.

M

18 “Art is becoming much more popular than before.

“Seni menjadi lebih popular dari pada sebelumnya.

T

19 The development in the past two to three years has been really tremendous,” says curator Amir Sidharta, founder of SIDHarta Auctioneer.

Perkembangan dalam dua tiga tahun terakhir amat menggembirakan,” ujar kurator Amir Sidharta, pendiri dari rumah lelang SIDHarta Auctioneer.

A

20 Christie’s Hong Kong auction of South East Asian Modern and Contemporary art in May this year was a record breaker, with prices for Indonesian paintings ranging from US$4,828 for new artist Bunga Jeruk, to US$763,160 for deceased master Hendra Gunawan.

Rumah lelang Christie di Hong Kong yang melelang Karya Seni Modern dan Kontemporer Asia Tenggara pada bulan mei tahun ini telah memecahkan rekor yang baru, di mana harga lukisan di Indonesia yang dibuat oleh seniman baru Bunga Jeruk dihargai senilai US$4,828 (lebih dari Rp. 45 juta) sampai senilai


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US$ 763,160 (sekitar Rp. 7,1 miliyar) untuk hasil karya almarhum pelukis Hendra Gunawan.

21 According to Bloomberg, prices of works by emerging artists like I Nyoman Masriadi and Putu Sutawijaya have recently risen as much as 10 times in a year.

Menurut Bloomberg, harga untuk seniman yang sedang naik daun seperti I Nyoman Masriadi dan Putu Sutawijaya sudah naik sepuluh kali dalam setahun ini.

T

22 “You can still get some good works lower than ten million Rupiah (US$1,100).

“Anda masih bisa memperoleh karya seni yang indah di bawah sepuluh juta rupiah ( US$1,100).

M

23 That would be cheap now,” says Sidharta.

Tapi harga itu sudah

dianggap murah sekarang,” kata Sidharta.

M

24 “Before you could get them for under five million.

“Sebelum Anda bisa memperolehnya dengan harga di bawah lima juta.

M

25 The enduring names such as Nyoman Masriadi, Rudy

Mantofani, and Handiwirman, are much

more expensive.”

Nama – nama pelukis yang sudah kesohor lebih mahal lagi, seperti Nyoman Masriadi, Rudy Mantofani, dan Handiwriman.”

T

26 However, other artists such as Dadang Kristanto or Agus Suwage can fetch up to three billion Rupiah, or US$32,000.

Pelukis lain seperti Dadang Kristanto atau Agus Suwage bisa meraup sampai tiga miliar Rupiah, atau sekitar US$32,000.

M

27 A note of caution Yang perlu diperhatikan M 28 The prospective rise in

value may sound alluring – from five million to a cool billion Rupiah in just two years.

Prospek kenaikan harga karya seni ini nampaknya terasa cukup menggiurkan – dari lima juta rupiah melambung ke miliaran rupiah hanya dalam dua tahun.


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29 But don’t sink your retirement savings into art just yet.

Tapi jangan dulu bernafsu menghabiskan semua simpanan Anda untuk karya seni.

M

30 Edwin Rahrdjo of Edwin’s Gallery, one of the oldest and most respected in Jakarta, advises caution.

Edwin Rahardjo dari Edwin’s Gallery, salah satu galeri tertua dan bergengsi di Jakarta, mengingatkan.

T

31 “It’s a speculative market, it’s a bit dangerous.”

“Ini adalah pasar yang spekulatif, sedikit menyerempet –nyerempet bahaya.”

T

32 As he warns, one person’s perception of value will always differ from another.

Walaupun demikian, persepsi seseorang atas nilai seni selalu berbeda dari satu orang ke orang lainnya.

M

33 “ I have it in my mind, you have your own opinion, it might be different.”

“Bisa jadi pendapat saya dan pendapat Anda berbeda.”

M

34 Furthermore, art may not retain its value over time.

Selain itu, nilai karya seni bisa jadi tidak bisa bertahan selamanya.

M

35 Hanafi, an Indonesian painter who has exhibited in Indonesia and abroad, says today’s valuations may also vary over time, according to the prevailing tastes.

Hanafi, seorang pelukis Indonesia yang sudah memamerkan karyanya di dalam dan luar negeri, mengatakan bahwa nilai saat ini bisa berubah seiring berjalannya waktu, bergantung kepada cita rasa seni saat itu.

M

36 “What was considered good in the 1950s or in the 1970s, differs in today’s context.”

“Apa yang dianggap bagus di tahun 1950-an atau 1970-an, berbeda dengan sekarang.”

A

37 According to the painter, Indonesians are interested but still uneducated when it comes to art.

Menurut Hanafi, minat orang Indonesia memang ada tapi masih kurang pengetahuannya untuk urusan

M


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38 As a result, one of the problems with pricing Indonesian artwork is that the domestic art community has yet to reach a point where it can provide a fixed point of reference for valuations.

Akibatnya, salah satu masalah yang dihadapin dalam menentukan harga karya seni Indonesia adalah bahwa komunitas seni dalam mencapai tahap untuk dapat memberikan rujukan untuk menilai sebuah karya seni.

T

39 Staring Out Bagaimana Memulainya M

40 What should one look for when investing in art ?

Jadi apa yang harus pertama –tama dilakukan saat berinvestasi dalam bidang seni ?

M

41 Unlike the stock market, art market valuations are highly subjective.

Tidak seperti pasar saham, penentuan nilai karya seni benar –benar subyektif.

M

42 Rahardjo and Sidharta advise that you should first learn about an artist before buying.

Rahardjo dan Sidharta menyarankan bahwa yang pertama kali dilakukan adalah meneliti sang seniman lebih jauh sebelum memutuskan untuk membeli.

M

43 Then the factors to take into consideration include track record, reputation, domestic and internasional name recognition, current tastes, and market price.

Faktor lain yang juga perlu dipertimbangkan adalah rekam jejak, reputasi, serta pengakuan nasional dan internasional si pelukis, cita rasa seni, yang tengah berkembang dan harga pasar.

M

44 On the upside, growing international interest should spur market prices higher.

Dari sisi positifnya, semakin meningkatnya minat pasar internasional akan memacu harga pasar lebih tinggi lagi.

T

45 “The interest is primarily local still,” says Sidharta.

“Minat yang ada masih dari domestik saja,” ujar Sidharta.

M


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significant increase in the regional and international markets.”

yang signifikan di pasar regional dan internasional.”

47 On the down side, the Indonesian market remains highly

Dari sisi negatifnya, pasar Indonesia

speculative, and any slow down in economic growth could in turn impact the art market.

masih bersifat spekulatif, dan setiap kemunduran dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi pada

gilirannya bisa berdampak pada pasar karya seni.

M

48 Rahardjo cautions against buying art for investment reasons alone.

Rahardjo memperingatkan bahayanya membeli karya seni hanya untuk investasi semata.

A

49 “It is dangerous. “Hal ini berbahaya. M 50 The problem is, many

people now buy for investments, simply because the prices soar in auctions.”

Misalnya, banyak orang yang membeli untuk investasi karena nilainya melonjak saat dilelang.”

T

51 And as with any investment based upon excitement, what goes up can just as quickly come down.

Dan seperti halnya investasi yang didasarkan pada gairah semata, nilainya bisa meluncur turun secepat naiknya.

M

52 Instead Kiat praktis yang bisa

dipakai adalah membeli sebuah karya seni yang anda benar –benar sukai, oleh seorang seniman yang pernah melakukan beberapa pameran.

, a good rule of thumb is to buy a piece of art that you really like, by an artist with an established track record of exhibitions.

M

53 Recomendatios by good galleries help, but choose an artist who is not too expensive compared with their contemporaries.

Rekomendasi dari galeri yang terpercaya bisa membantu, tapi pilih lah pelukis yang karyanya tidak terlalu mahal dibandingkan dengan pelukis kontemporer lainnya.

M

54 And as with any high-risk inevestments, never invest

Dan seperti halnya investasi beresiko tinngi lainnya,


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more thanyou can afford to lose.

jangan sekali- kali berinvestasi pada sesuatu yang bisa membuat Anda bangkrut.

55 With luck, your investments will appreciate.

Dengan sedikit keuntungan, investasi Anda

akan berkembang.

M

56 Meanwhile, just hang it on your wall and enjoy improved view of life.

Namun sementara itu, pajang saja investasi Anda tersebut

dan nikmati

pemandangannya yang bisa membuat hidup lebih indah.

M

57 Enter Dragon adored in his

homeland, universally admired in boxing, Indonesian hero Chris Jhon is a sporting enigma.

Pesona Sang Naga dipuja di tanah airnya dan dikagumi di dunia pertinjuan, sang pahlawan Indonesia Chris John adalah seorang olahragawan yang penuh teka teki.

E

58 Glenn Connley meets the world champion.

Glenn Connley dari ESPN mengunjunginya dari dekat.

M

59 In a sport dominated by fast-talking fighters, light – fingered promoters and often

inexplicable judging decisions, Yohannes Christian John is a rare

diamond in a world of rough.

Di dalam olahraga yang didominasi dengan para petarung yang sering kali bermulut besar, para promotor yang oportunis, serta keputusan dewan juri yang sering kali mengundang tanda tanya, Yohannes Christian John adalah setetes air yang menyejukkan di sebuah padang pasir yang gersang.

M

60 His nickname may be “The Dragon” but Chris John has the demeanor of a shy schoolboy.

Orang mungkin memanggilnya “Sang Naga”

namun jika kita mengenalnya lebih jauh, Chris John tak lebih dari seorang pribadi yang pemalu.


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61 In fact, he is everything you don’t expect a world champion boxer to be.

Malahan, sifat-sifat John jauh sekali dari gambaran

orang-orang tentang seorang juara dunia tinju.

M

62 He is not a big mouth. John tidak bermulut besar. M 63 He doesn’t trash-talk

opponents.

Ia juga tidak pernah memaki lawannya.

T

64 He doesn’t have a criminal record.

Ia pun tidak memiliki catatan kejahatan.

A

65 In fact, quite the opposite. Gambarannya jauh dari itu semua.

M

66 John is a dedicated family man who carries himself with a quiet dignity.

John adalah seorang yang sangat mencintai keluarga dan menjaga martabatnya dengan pembawaannya yang tenang.

M

67 His calm silence and unthreatening body language speak volumes about his character.

Sikapnya yang pendiam dan bahasa tubuh yang tidak mengancam merupakan cermin dari sifatnya yang sebenarnya.

M

68 Even standing over yet another vanquished rival, his look is almost apologetic.

Bahkan saat menganvaskan lawan-lawannya di ring, raut wajahnya seakan menunjukkan penyesalan.

M

69 “My father taught me that without honor you have nothing, your are nobody.

“Ayah saya mengajarkan kepada saya bahwa tanpa kehormatan, kita tidak punya apa-apa, kita bukan siapa-siapa.

M

70 You must have pride and principals,” he told Mandala.

Kita harus punya kebanggaan dan prinsip,” ujarnya kepada Mandala.

T

71 Knowledgeable boxing

analysts rate John as one of the top five boxer in the

Beberapa analisis tinju menempatkan John sebagai salah satu dari lima besar


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dividion. mewakili semua kelas.

72 He’s only the third

Indonesian to wear a world championship belt of any description.

Ia merupakan orang Indonesia ketiga yang pernah memenangkan gelar sabuk juara dunia.

M

73 His record is remarkable. Catatan prestasi John amat mengagumkan.

M

74 John has not been beaten in 42 professional fights.

Dia tidak pernah terkalahkan dalam 42 kali pertandingan professional.

M

75 The only blemish is a technical draw against Venezuela’s Jose Rojas in December 2004.

Satu-satunya catatan buruk

adalah saat

pertandingannya

dinyatakan imbang secara teknis saat melawan Jose Rojas dari Venezuela pada bulan Desember 2004.

M

76 The bout was called off after both fighters were badly cut following an accidental head clash in the fourth round-John was a clear winner when they met 18 months later.

Pertandingan saat itu harus ditunda ketika kedua petinju sama-sama terluka setelah berbenturan kepala di ronde kekempat – John menang mutlak saat keduanya kembali bertemu 18 bulan kemudian.

T

77 Following the latest defence of his WBA World Featherweight Title (a seventh-round knockout of

promising young Panamanian Roinet Caballero), I sent a copy of

the fight to Brien A McDonald, Executive Producer of ESPN’s iconic Fight night program in the United States.

Setelah pertandingan untuk mempertahankan gelar juara dunia kelas bulu versi WBA (yang berakhir dengan KO pada ronde ketujuh melawan petinju berbakat Panama, Roinet Caballero), saya mengirimkan video hasil rekaman pertandingan itu kepada Brien A McDonald, Produser Eksekutif Fight Night, sebuah program andalan stasiun ESPN yang ditayangkan di Amerika Serikat.


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78 “This guy is incredible. “Pria ini luar biasa. M 79 I’d heard about him, of

course, but this is unbelievable,” McDonald says of The Dragon’s compact style, speed and trademark stamina.

Saya memang pernah mendengar tentang Chris sebelumnya, namun kehebatan dia sulit dipercaya,” ujar McDoald

mengomentari gaya bertinju Sang Naga yang

lincah, cepat dan kekuatan staminanya yang sudah menjadi cirri khas.

M

80 He has been harassing me ever since for more news on Indonesia’s most popular sportman.

Brien terus merecoki saya sejak itu dan meminta saya menulis lebih banyak lagi tentang olahragwan yang saat ini paling popular di Indonesia.

M

81 These days John spends a lot of his time in Perth, Western Australia, working with trainer Craig Christian at Harry’s Gym.

Saat ini John banyak menghabiskan waktunya di Perth, Australia Barat untuk berlatih bersama pelatihnya Craig Christian di sasana Harry’s Gym.

T

82 But his heart clearly remains in his beloved Indonesia.

Walaupun begitu, hatinya tetap berada di Indonesia.

M

83 “I am looked upon as a world champion.

“Orang melihat saya sebagai seorang juara dunia.

M

84 But what really matters is I am looked upon as a world champion from Indonesia,” he says.

Namun saya ingin orang melihat saya sebagai juara dunia dari Indonesia,” ujarnya.

M

85 “when you fight Chris John, you are really taking on more than 120 million people.

“jika anda melawan Chris John, itu berarti bertarung dengan lebih dari 120 juta orang.

M

86 You can’t win.” Anda tidak bisa

mengalahkan itu.

M


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(and forced) to fight by his father Djohan Tjahjadi, himself an amateur boxer, who says boxing was all he had to give his son.

diajarkan (dan dipaksa) untuk bertinju oleh ayahnya Djohan Tjahjadi, yang merupakan seorang petinju amatir, ia mengatakan bahwa hanya bertinjulah satu-satunya yang ia bisa wariskan kepada anaknya. 88 It was also the perfect tool

to occupy the hyper-active youth after the family moved from Jakarta to Banjarnegara in Central Java when John was just six years old.

Bertinju juga merupakan kegiatan yang sesuai untuk meredam Chris kecil yang hiperaktif setelah keluarganya pindah dari Jakarta ke Banjarnegara di Jawa Tengah, saat itu ia baru berusia enam tahun.

M

89 Today John says simply, “I thank my father for who I am today.”

Dan kini dengan rendah hati John berkata: Saya berterimkasih kepada ayah saya yang telah membuat saya seperti sekarang.”

M

90 The moat telling moment in a glittering career came in his 12th professional fight back in Juli 1999.

Kisah yang paling dibicarakan dalam perjalanan kariernya yang

cemerlang terjadi saat pertandingan profesionalnya yang ke-12 pada bulan Juli 1999.

M

91 John was knocked down twice in the first round against fellow Indonesian Muhammad Alfaridzi.

Saat itu John dipaksa untuk mencium kanvas dua kali dalam ronde pertama saat ia melawan rekan petinjunya dari Indonesia, Muhammad Alfaridzi.

M

92 Despite suffering a broken nose and blurred vision, he went the distance and, after 12 energy-sapping rounds, was the unanimous winner.

Walaupun hidungnya patah dan pandangannya kabur, ia kemudian mengambil taktik dengan menjaga jarak, setelah 12 ronde yang menguras tenaga, ia bisa memenangkan pertandingan itu dengan hasil mutlak.


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93 These days he rarely goes down but regularly goes the distance.

Dalam beberapa pertandingannya yang terakhir ia jarang dijatuhkan namun erring kali mengambil jarak saat bertanding.

M

94 According to Christian, his work ethic and drive match his God-given talent and bravery.

Menurut Christian, etika kerjanya dan dorongan semangat saat bertanding sesuai dengan bakat dan keberanian yang telah Tuhan berikan kepadanya.

M

95 “He drives himself so hard because he would rather die than let the people of Indonesia down.

“Ia benar-benar memacu dirinya dengan keras karena ia merasa lebih baik

mati dari pada mengecewakan seluruh rakyat Indonesia.

M

96 I have trained CJ for 10 championship fights and never once has he said to me “I can’t” – he is the easiest boxer in the world to train because he will never let his country down

Saya sudah melatih CJ untuk sepuluh kejuaraan dan tidak pernah sekalipun ia berkata “saya tidak bisa” – ia adalah petinju yang paling mudah dilatih karena ia tidak akan pernah

”. mau

mengecewakan negaranya”.

M

97 “I think he will have about six more fights, retiring undefeated as the best featherweight the world has ever seen.

“Saya rasa dia mampu untuk bertanding enam kali lagi, lalu ia akan menggantungkan sarung tinjunya sebagai petinju yang tak terkalahkan dan petinju kelas bulu terbaik yang pernah dimiliki dunia.”

M

98 Chris John’s place in boxing folklore is already secure.

Nama Chris John sudah terpahat dalam legenda petinju dunia.

M

99 As for the title of best Indonesian fighter ever –

Sementara untuk gelar petinju terbaik Indonesia,


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that decision was unanimous a longtime ago.

gelar itu sudah lama ia raih, dan nampaknya hal itu sudah tidak perlu diragukan lagi.

100 Back to the Banks a decade after its national low point how has Indonesia’s banking sector re-emerged and recharged?

Kembali ke Bank sepuluh tahun setelah berada di titik terendahnya, bagaimana sector perbankan Indonesia dapat bangkit kembali dari keterpurukan?

T (plural to singuar)

101 Devi Asmarani reports Berikut laporan dari Devi

Asmarani.

M

102 A decade ago, as customers

queued at bank counters and ATMs to withdraw their savings, the Indonesian banking sector had a rude awakening.

Sepuluh tahun yang lalu, saat para nasabah mengantri di konter bank dan ATM untuk menarik tabungannya, sector perbankan Indonesia terbangun menghadapi kenyataan yang sebenarnya.

A

103 A decade ago, as customers queued at bank counters and ATMs to withdraw their savings, the Indonesian banking sector had a rude awakening.

Sepuluh tahun yang lalu, saat para nasabah mengantri di konter bank dan ATM untuk menarik tabungannya, sector

perbankan Indonesia terbangun menghadapi kenyataan yang sebenarnya.

M

104 The Indonesian Rupiah had

lose around 80 per cent of

its value against the US

dollar.

Nilai tukar mata uang T

rupiah terhadap Dollar AS turun sampai 80 persen.

105 A battered economy had

diminished purchasing power.

Krisis ekonomi yang melanda telah menurunkan daya beli masyarakat.

M

106 With eroding capital and many lenders defaulting, the crisis exposed the banking

system’s major shortcomings-a fact that

snowballed into a crisis of confidence.

Semakin berkurangnya pinjaman modal yang tersedia dan semakin banyaknya peminjam yang

T

gagal mengembalikan

pinjamannya telah


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besar system perbankan yang kemudian berkembang menjadsi sebuah krisis kepercayaan.

107 While bank number rose for 108 to over 230 within a decade, this was undermined

by weak management, lack

of transparency and a rash of bad lending decision.

Waaupun jumlah bank meningkat dari 108 menjadi lebih 230 buah dalam waktu sepuluh tahun, hal ini tidak di iringi dengan manajemen

yang kuat, kurangnya

transparansi dan keputusan pemberian pinjaman yang buruk.

T

108 “Up to that point, the banking industry had been poorly managed, encouraged by very liberal policing.

“sampai titik ini, industri perbankan tidak dikelola dengan baik yang dipicu oleh pembuatan kebijakan yang terlalu mahal.

M

109 This had nourished its

grown, but generally made it prone to abuse, “says bank analyst Avilliani of the Institute for Development of Economics and Finance Indonesia.

Memang hal ini telah menyuburkan

pertumbuhan, namun secara umum membuatnya

rentan terhadap penyalahgunaan”, ujar analis perbankan Aviliani dari Institut Pengembangan Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia.

M

110 When the government revoked the license of 16 insolvent banks in October 1997, the rush intensified.

Saat pemerintah pada akhirnya membekukan izin 16 bank yang pailit pada bulan Oktober 1997, terjadi rush besar-besaran.

T (Adj + N to N + modifier)

111 Most banks, including stronger ones, experienced runs on their deposits.

Sebagian besar bank, termasuk bank-bank besar dan kuat, kehabisan simpanannya.

M

112 Within a year, 67 banks

were closed, 12 merged, and many were taken over by the government- which spent 650 trillion Rupiah

Dalam kurun waktu setahun, ada 67 buah bank ditutup, 12 bank merger dan banyak lagi yang diambil alih pemerintah- yang


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(US$69.89 billion) in public funds bailing out the sector.

menghabiskan 650 trilyun rupiah (sekitar 69.89 milyar dollar) dana masyarakat untuk membayarkan jaminan sektor ini.

113 Painful as it was, this

chapter of the country’s banking history help usher in a much-improved system, following an exhaustive restructuring program.

Walaupun menyakitkan, babak sejarah perbankan ini membantu lahirnya sebuah system yang lebih baik

berkat program restrukturisasi yang dilakukan secara menyeluruh.

M

114 Painful as it was, this chapter of the country’s banking history help usher in a much-improved system, following an exhaustive restructuring program.

Walaupun menyakitkan, babak sejarah perbankan ini membantu lahirnya sebuah system yang lebih baik

berkat program restrukturisasi yang dilakukan secara menyeluruh.

T

115 Indonesia now has 128

banks, and further

consolidation seems imminent.

Kini, Indonesia memiliki 128 buah bank, dan

konsolidasi tahap seanjutnya kini tengah

dipersiapkan.

M

116 “after the banking crisis, the Central Bank implemented corrective policies which emphasized prudence.

“setelah krisis perbakan

Bank Indonesia telah

menerapkan berbagai kebijakan perbaikan yang menekankan pentingnya prinsip kehati-hatian.

A

117 This helped boost the quality of the banking industry,” says Elvyn Masassya, chairman of Financial Intelligence consultancy firm.

Hal ini berhasil membantu

kualitas industri perbankan”, kata Elvyn

Masassya, chairman dari firma konsultan Financial Intelligence.

M

118 These measures included tighter restriction on lending, requirements for financial transparency, and

Termasuk diantara beberapa kebijakan ini adalah pembatasan yang lebih ketat dalam pemberian pinjaman,


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higher International standards of competence and integrity.

persyaratan transparansi keuangan, dan standar kompetensi internasional serta integritas yang lebih tinggi.

119 All banks must now be members of the new

Indonesian Deposit Insurance Corporation (IDIC), to keep depositors insured in the event of another emergency.

Semua bank kini harus menjadi anggota lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS), yang melindungi simpanan nasabah jika terjadi kondisi

T

darurat.

120 All banks must now be members of the new

Indonesian Deposit Insurance Corporation (IDIC), to keep depositors

insured in the event of another emergency.

Semua bank kini harus menjadi anggota lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS), yang melindungi simpanan nasabah jika terjadi kondisi darurat.

T

121 In the past five years, bank profits have steadily risen as

consumer confidence returns.

Dalam lima tahun terakhir, keuntungan bank telah

meningkat secara stabil

seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya kepercayaan masyarakat.

M

122 “Even banks with financial problems back then have emerged stronger,” says Elvyn.

“Bahkan bank-bank yang dulu bermasalah kini telah bangkit kembali dan semakin menguat”, kata Elvyn.

M

123 Banking leaders Beberapa Bank ternama M

124 Many banks underwent major changes since the crisis, some with new investors, others due to mergers.

Banyak bank mengalami peribahan besar semenjak terjadinya krisis, beberapa diantaranya di dukung oleh para investor yang dan

beberapa lainnya melakukan merger.

M

125 Foreign investors from

around Asia have njected technologies, management

Banyak investor dari

seluryuh Asia yang telah menanamkan teknologi,


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and technical competencies, aiding the turnaround.

manajemen dan keahlian teknis mereka untnuk memulihkan kondisi ini.

126 Foreign investors from around Asia have njected technologies, management and technical competencies, aiding the turnaround.

Banyak investor dari seluryuh Asia yang telah menanamkan teknologi, manajemen dan keahlian teknis mereka untnuk memulihkan kondisi ini.

T

127 One of these is Bank

Central asia (BCA).

Salah satu bank yang menerapkan hal ini adalah Bank Central Asia (BCA).

M

128 Taken over by the

Indonesian banking Restructuring agency (IBRA)

in 1998 then acquired by

Mauritius-based Farindo

Investment Ltd, BCA grew to become a dominant transactional bank with a strong network of branches and ATMs, and a leader in Internet and mobile banking.

Sebagai sebuah bank yang diambil alih oleh badan penyehatan Perbankan NAsional (BPPN) di tahun 1998 dan kemudian diakuisisi oleh sebuah perusahaan yang berbasis di

Mauritius, Farindo Investment Ltd, BCA kini

teah tumbuh menjadi bank transaksi yang dominant yang memiliki jaringan cabang dan ATM yang kuat,

dan merupakan pemimpin

dalam perbankan internet dan mobile.

M

129 BCA’s debit cards are accepted by over 2,000 merchants, while its credit cards are known for their retail discounts.

Kartu debit BCA diterima oleh lebih dari 20.000 outlet, dan kartu kreditnya banyak dikenal berkat program diskon ritelnya.

T

130 The country’s largest bank,

state-owned Bank Mandiri is an example of a successful restructuring from the merger of four government banks in October 1998.

Bank terbesar d negeri ini adalah Bank Mandiri. Bank yang dimiliki oleh Negara ini merupakan kisah sukses restrukturaisasi perbankan setelah menggabungkan empat bank pemerintah di bulan Oktober 1998.

M


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From the explanation above, the analysis and finding, we can see the table of the percentages of the analysis:

No. Kind of Oblique translation

Number of cases Percentages

1 Trannsposition 29 20%

2 Modulation 104 71,72%

3 Equivalence 3 2,06%

4 Adaptation 9 6,20%


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Most of people think that a translation is difficult. But, if we study more about it, whether about the process, meaning, technical, and so on, I think it will be easy to translating. Which we know that translation is translate from one language to another language or translate from Source Languuage to Target Language to get the meaning.

Based on the problem, the answer of the problem is in the data of Mandala Magazine, the writer found all of kind of oblique translation. The most dominant oblique translation found in the data of Mandala magazine is Modulation.

From the analysis or data identification, the many data is 145 data. The writer found The writer found 29 transposition (20%), 104 modulation (71,72%), 3 equivalence (2,06%), and 9 adaptation (6,20%). So, the kinds of oblique translation that many used are modulation and transposition. While equivalence and adaptation are very a little.

5.2 SUGGESTION

There are other parts of translation that can be observed from the data in this thesis. Therefore, it is suggested to those who are interested in studying translation to make other translation from this thesis such as translation shifts, translation equivalence, and others. It is also suggested for those who are


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interested to observe seven procedures of translation to explore more about each process in translation such as the elaboration of borrowing, calque, and so on.

In writing this thesis, the writer know that this thesis is not too perfect. Maybe it still need a correction again. For that, the writer hopes, critics, and suggestion for all to complete my thesis, in order that this thesis will be more complete and will give many usefull for us.


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Newmark, Peter (1998). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).

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APPENDIX

Title : AN OBLIQUE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF MANDALA MAGAZINE

Source : The Mandala Magazine Note :

The number in the analysis is not the number of data but just the order of number. In the analysis the writer use the abbreviation of oblique translation procedures like transposition with T, Modulation with M, Equivalence with E, and Adaptation with A.