SPEECH ACTS IN UMPASA TOBA FUNERAL CEREMONY.

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along her life, especially in accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistance and academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:

 Prof. Dr. H. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.

 Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd.,the Head of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English Department, and Syamsul Bahri,SS, M.Hum.,the Head of English Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

 Dra. Sri Juriati Ownie, M.A., her Thesis Consultant, for her patience and suggestions in guiding the writer to finish this thesis.

 Dra.Tjut Ernidawati, M.Pd.,Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., asher thesis reviewer.

 All beloved Lecturers and staff in English and Literature Department who advised and guided the writer during academic years.

 Her beloved parents, Resmina Siregar and Tiurlin Siregarto whom this thesis is dedicated for theirentire patient, pray, love, moral and financial support. And also thanks for the love, support and great care all the time from her brothersRanto Lumban Batu, Carles Yakobus Lumban Batu and all big family of Op.Marto Lumban Batu.

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 Her uncle’s family, M. Siregar and Ny. Simamora and also her cousins Eprista Siregar, Junida Siregarand Evan Siregar for all their assistant, love and pray as long as the writer stayed in Medan.

 The “SANYO Electronics” Doloksanggul that lend her their father’s funeral ceremony CD.

 Her lovely friends Helena Siregar and herfriends boarding house in Kost 157, and Rahul Sitanggang’s family.

 Her beloved 3idiots, Elsabat Lumbantoruan and Swi Siwanjuntak for every moment that they had spent for 4 years and their bright future which have waited for them.

 Her beloved friends Ester, Cinta, Tina, Lisbeth, Riandi, Marischa and all Applied Linguistics A and B Reg’11 that could not be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their support, info, encouragement, and team work.  The Headman of Sipituhuta, Distric Humbang Hasundutan Harianto

Lumban Gaol, who had permitted the writer to do the research.

Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions, and advices are expected from the readers.

Medan, September 2015 The writer,

Marta Lumban Batu Reg. Number: 2113220028

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Data and Translation... 51 APPENDIX B Data and Speech Acts Classification ... 63 APPENDIX C Interpretation of Umpasa in Toba Funeral Ceremony ... 71

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of Study

Speech act is a part of Pragmatics which is interesting and unique to be analyzed when it‟s given more attention. The uniqueness of speech act is interpreted by its meaning. Speech act means a study about saying and doing, while someone uses utterances to perform action. Many sentences are uttered without knowing the function or being uttered in a wrong situation, this problem easily can be found in every social class after learn about speech acts.

The problem can belong to the speaker and the hearer. The speaker does not understand the function or the meaning of what he has said. The other side, the hearer does not get the meaning because he does not know the context. Relate to the context, every utterance has different meaning based on it. This case will cause a misunderstanding appear. For example: when someone said “Have you?” then his friend answered “it‟s hard”. This conversation can be easily heard but it can‟t be understood without knowing its context, what is being discussed, why they utter those words, and where does it take place. The answer “it‟s hard” could be a declaration or a complaint which included into speech act. While speech acthas 5 categorizations, they are: Representatives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, and Declaratives (Searle, 1977).

The reason why the writer chose speech act was because the writer felt that speech act is unique. When she studied Pragmatics in the sixth semester, she found its uniqueness after got the speech act topic as a group task. Grouping

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students technique is applied to make students easier master the topic. Teaching system or technique is ruled by curriculum which makes students more creative, active and participative in the class.

The uniqueness is every utterance has its own function. A comprehension about language meaning based on situation, we learn as Pragmatics. People usually use different language based on the situation and context. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener (Yule, 1996:3). Context and situation cannot be separated in understanding the meaning of an utterance that produced by a speaker. Then, there is an action after the utterances called as speech acts. Thus, by doing this research the writer hopes it will help her to more understand language meaning based on its context.

The other reason of choosing speech act was to explain how to use a language refers to its meaning and function between theory of language which use English as its object and local language which used by the writer. The writer is a native of Toba Batak and uses its language in her daily life. She realized that as a native of Batak Toba, she was unable to use Batak language properly and so on another teenagers as her age and younger than her. Especially for Batak teenagers who are born and grown in town didn‟t understand Batak language anymore and also they who live in village are unable to use Batak language properly.

The reason of choosing umpasa in Funeral Ceremony as the media was caused by some possible answer. First, umpasa is a specific characteristic of Batak language and culture. It is used as a medium to express their minds and

tools to deliver many living values and philosophies. Umpasa is usually given in traditional ceremonies such as wedding, born of the baby, funeral giving baby‟s name etc. Batak traditional ceremony ruled by “dalihan natolu” known as living values that has 3 parts they are: hula-hula, dongan sabutuha and boru. Second, funeral ceremony is a part of culture that rarely noticed by teenager or young people. They usually thought that this ceremony wasan adult‟s responsibility without realize they would face it or became included in such ceremony in their future. Then, the writer had invited young people or naposo to discuss and translate the umpasa in funeral in order to remind them how important for teenager or young people to understand umpasa in preserving culture.

Conclusively, umpasa is a way to communicate and express idea, in a poem form, which makes it more difficult to understand and also to arrange because it does not mean as its grammatical structures and words, but perform action as its function.

Example:

“Marmula do inna nauli, marmula do na denggan, Dipartuat ni amanami Oppu Bertua on

Asa baen damang majo gondang mula-mula

Laos padomu ma tu gondang somba nang hasahatan”

Means: “Goodness has its beginning, kindness has its beginning, in the funeral of this grandfather

just make gondang mula-mula

then combine to gondang sombaand hasahatan”.

„Goodness has its beginning, kindness has its beginning‟ this umpasa belonged to representative acts which gave information and descriptions because the utterance informed that goodness and kindness had the beginning and means as its lexical meaning there was no another implicit meaning. Meanwhile, „in the

4

funeral of this grandfather‟ this utterance was in representative act form which insisting but its function was different with the meaning. It showed happiness eventhough the sentence was „in the funeral‟ that ussually expressed grieve or sorrowhilbut based on the type of its funeral, saurmatua, it became happiness because in the saurmatua ceremony we thank to our God because the one who died had long age, also all his children had married and already got grandchildren. For Batak Toba, having many children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren is happiness as their philosophy said „anakkon hi do hamoraon di au‟ means my children are my richness. Then, „just make gondang mula-mula then combine to gondang somba and hasahatan‟ belonged to directives acts which requested or ordered gondang or batak traditional music.

The second example: Asa gala-gala ma inna Si jakkiton ni si zakeus Debata ma namamasu-masu Marhite Kristus Jesus Means: As polevault

For Zakeus to climb May God Bless

In the name of Jesus Christ.

How this umpasa could be interpretated by its context? This umpasa used to close prayer. „As polevault, For Zakeus to climb‟ showed declarative acts as approving and confirming. „May God Bless, In the name of Jesus Christ‟ showedExpressive acts as praying and hoping. The interpretations were first, Zakeus is one of character from the Bible that was known as the one who climbed so that he could see Jesus because he was short and second, this umpasa was

given in the funeral ceremony to close the prayer because they are Christian. This umpasa would not be used or given in another different religion.

The third example:

Asa liat parhorasan, Liat panggabean Di panadingkon ni amang namion

Asa anggiat songon on ma tutu ra saurmatua Si paborhaton name sian keluarga nami Baen damang ma gondang liat-liat i Means : So that we are save and happy After our grandfather died

So that we have long age and dye as our father Please make gondang liat-liat

„So that we are save and happy, After our grandfather died, So that we have long age and dye as our father‟ this umpasa belonged to Expressive acts as praying and hoping, they wished they would die with long age, many grandchildren and also have saurmatua funeral. All Batak people wanted the same funeral ceremony as the dying grandfather had. „Please make gondang liat-liat’ this showed directive act for requesting and ordering music. The interpretation was the speaker just want to request a gondang or music but he made it in umpasa and related it to the context while it was funeral and gondang liat-liat was a music and danced when they would form circle which symbolize unity that could be interpreted as „they will full of happiness and safety‟.

The writer catched adaptive action or the umpasa was adapted refers to the context which made difference in the function.The writer had analyzed umpasa used in funeral ceremony and got more understanding about umpasa meaning and function based on speech act classification and also understood funeral ceremony by the umpasa used in it.

6

The previous research had been done by Akinwotu (2013), analyzed speech acts in selected speeches and he found assertive acts had the highest number based on his analysis because his object was formal political speeches. The data include stating, suggesting, or informing that usually used by politician when they campaigned. The research by Rois (2012) which analyzed illocutionary in a novel, she got directive acts as the most dominant in the novel as used by the main character, a teacher who always performs questioning, requesting, commanding, encouraging and suggesting. The third, a research by Ilyas (2012), analyzed status updated on Facebook and found expressive speech acts as the dominant type relate to the Facebook function itself which allow people to express their minds in status column by instruction line „what’s on your mind‟.Lastly, the same topic research by Simbolon (2015) which analyzed speech acts in umpasa Toba wedding ceremony, he got directive acts as the most dominant in the wedding because mostly used for giving moral message or advice.

Those previous research dealt with the types of speech acts, the most dominant and why it became the most dominant that‟s why the writer had made it different as theirs, because the writer found there was a phenomenon in the umpasa Toba funeral ceremony which could not be found in another ceremony such as wedding.

Therefore, those explanations became the reasons why umpasa in Toba funeral ceremony decided to be the object of this study in order to analyze speech acts‟s classifications and how they realized in the umpasa.

B. The Problems of Study

As related to the background of the study, the problems of the study were formulated as the following:

1. What types of speech acts used in umpasa in the process of the Toba funeral ceremony?

2. What isthe interpretation of each umpasa based on its speech acts classification which had found in the process of Toba funeral ceremony?

C. The Scope of Study

In Toba Batak tradition, funeral ceremony has many steps to do from preparation till laying to rest and other rituals based on local custom. Those rituals are mangulosi or giving ulos, ceremony based on religion and ceremony tradition based on the type of funeral ceremony. The scope of the study were be limited to the types of speech acts as found in umpasa the process of Toba funeral ceremony, specifically choosed saurmatua funeral ceremony as the type of funeral to be observed refers Searle‟s theory (1977).

D. The Objectives of Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study were:

1. To find out the types of speech acts in umpasa in the process of Toba funeral ceremony.

2. To analyze interpretation of each umpasa based on its speech acts classification which is found in the process of Toba funeral ceremony.

8

E. The Significances of Study

The findings of this study were expected to be useful for:

1. The readers who want to have wider insight about speech acts, as in its application in umpasa Toba funeral ceremony.

2. Batak teenagers who interested in culture and want to know about how to use or to make umpasa in Toba funeral ceremony and also other ceremony.

3. Other researchers who are interested in doing further research related to the use of speech acts in other culture and tradition.

48 A. Conclusions

After analyzing the data and determining the types of speech acts in the transcripts of Toba wedding ceremony, some conclusions were presented as the following:

1. Five types of speech acts were occurred in Toba wedding ceremony. The 37 Umpasa contained speech acts’s classification as Expressives (17), followed by Directives (10) and Representatives (7), whereasCommissives (2) and Declarative (1).

2. The interpretation of umpasa mostly showed Expressive acts as praying

for the family’s happiness, safety, and prosperity.

B. Suggestions

By considering the research findings and conclusions, there are some suggestions which are presented as the following:

1. For readers, it is better for them to enrich their knowledge in speech acts and applied in their communication.

2. For Batak teenagers, it is expected that they will obtain more knowledge about umpasa and interested in analyzing its application of other ceremonies.

49

3. For other researchers, it will be usefull as a guidance or reference for the further research about analysis of speech actsin other culture and tradition.

49

Nomination Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola. In Journal of English Linguistics Research,Vol. 2, No. 1.

Austin, John L. 1962. ‘How To Do Things With Words’. In: Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Hancock B, Windrigde K, and Ockleford E. 2007. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. East Midlands: The NIHR RDS EM/YH.

Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. 2006. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Ilyas, Sanaa. (2012). Facebook Status Updates: A speech Act Analysis. In Journal of Academic Research International Vol. 3, No. 2.

Irawan,Agusly and Luhukay, Marsefio.(2012). Representation of Living Values in Batak Traditional Songs. Journal of Christian Music, pp 2.

Mey, Jacob L.(2001). Pragmatics, an introduction. Oxford: Blackweell Publishing.

Manullang, Elisa.(2012). The Relationship between Umpasa and Ulos in Toba Batak Society. Journal of Anthropological Linguistics, pp 4.

Pardede, R.Lumongga.(2012).Masisisean di Ulaon Adat. Personal. Peccei, J.S. 1999. Pragmatics. London: Routlegde

Rahardi, K. 2005. Pragmatik: Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.

R.Horn, Laurence and Gregory Ward.(2006). The Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell Publishing.

Rois,Astin Nuffika.(2012). A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts of The Main Character on Ryan Fleck’s Half Nelson. Unpublished thesis.

Sadock, J. 2006. ‘Speech Acts’. In: Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

50

Searle, John R. 1977. ‘A Classification of illocutionary acts.’ In: Andy Rogers, Bob Wall and John P. Murphy (eds), Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions, and Implicatures. Washington, D.C.: Center for Apllied Linguistics. Pp. 27-45.

Sihombing, T.M.(1989). Jambar Hata Dongan tu Ulaon Adat. C.V.Tulus Jaya Simbolon, Hatoropan. (2015). The use of Speech Acts in Toba Wedding

Ceremony. Thesis. UNIMED.

B. The Problems of Study

As related to the background of the study, the problems of the study were formulated as the following:

1. What types of speech acts used in umpasa in the process of the Toba funeral ceremony?

2. What isthe interpretation of each umpasa based on its speech acts classification which had found in the process of Toba funeral ceremony?

C. The Scope of Study

In Toba Batak tradition, funeral ceremony has many steps to do from preparation till laying to rest and other rituals based on local custom. Those rituals are mangulosi or giving ulos, ceremony based on religion and ceremony tradition based on the type of funeral ceremony. The scope of the study were be limited to the types of speech acts as found in umpasa the process of Toba funeral ceremony, specifically choosed saurmatua funeral ceremony as the type of funeral to be observed refers Searle‟s theory (1977).

D. The Objectives of Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study were:

1. To find out the types of speech acts in umpasa in the process of Toba funeral ceremony.

2. To analyze interpretation of each umpasa based on its speech acts classification which is found in the process of Toba funeral ceremony.

8

E. The Significances of Study

The findings of this study were expected to be useful for:

1. The readers who want to have wider insight about speech acts, as in its application in umpasa Toba funeral ceremony.

2. Batak teenagers who interested in culture and want to know about how to use or to make umpasa in Toba funeral ceremony and also other ceremony.

3. Other researchers who are interested in doing further research related to the use of speech acts in other culture and tradition.

48 A. Conclusions

After analyzing the data and determining the types of speech acts in the transcripts of Toba wedding ceremony, some conclusions were presented as the following:

1. Five types of speech acts were occurred in Toba wedding ceremony. The 37 Umpasa contained speech acts’s classification as Expressives (17), followed by Directives (10) and Representatives (7), whereasCommissives (2) and Declarative (1).

2. The interpretation of umpasa mostly showed Expressive acts as praying for the family’s happiness, safety, and prosperity.

B. Suggestions

By considering the research findings and conclusions, there are some suggestions which are presented as the following:

1. For readers, it is better for them to enrich their knowledge in speech acts and applied in their communication.

2. For Batak teenagers, it is expected that they will obtain more knowledge about umpasa and interested in analyzing its application of other ceremonies.

49

3. For other researchers, it will be usefull as a guidance or reference for the further research about analysis of speech actsin other culture and tradition.

49

Nomination Speeches of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O. Abiola. In Journal of English Linguistics Research,Vol. 2, No. 1.

Austin, John L. 1962. ‘How To Do Things With Words’. In: Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Hancock B, Windrigde K, and Ockleford E. 2007. An Introduction to Qualitative

Research. East Midlands: The NIHR RDS EM/YH.

Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. 2006. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Ilyas, Sanaa. (2012). Facebook Status Updates: A speech Act Analysis. In Journal of Academic Research International Vol. 3, No. 2.

Irawan,Agusly and Luhukay, Marsefio.(2012). Representation of Living Values in

Batak Traditional Songs. Journal of Christian Music, pp 2.

Mey, Jacob L.(2001). Pragmatics, an introduction. Oxford: Blackweell Publishing.

Manullang, Elisa.(2012). The Relationship between Umpasa and Ulos in Toba

Batak Society. Journal of Anthropological Linguistics, pp 4.

Pardede, R.Lumongga.(2012).Masisisean di Ulaon Adat. Personal. Peccei, J.S. 1999. Pragmatics. London: Routlegde

Rahardi, K. 2005. Pragmatik: Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.

R.Horn, Laurence and Gregory Ward.(2006). The Handbook of Pragmatics. Blackwell Publishing.

Rois,Astin Nuffika.(2012). A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts of The Main Character on Ryan Fleck’s Half Nelson. Unpublished thesis.

Sadock, J. 2006. ‘Speech Acts’. In: Horn, L.R., and Ward, Gregory. The

50

Searle, John R. 1977. ‘A Classification of illocutionary acts.’ In: Andy Rogers, Bob Wall and John P. Murphy (eds), Proceedings of the Texas Conference

on Performatives, Presuppositions, and Implicatures. Washington, D.C.:

Center for Apllied Linguistics. Pp. 27-45.

Sihombing, T.M.(1989). Jambar Hata Dongan tu Ulaon Adat. C.V.Tulus Jaya Simbolon, Hatoropan. (2015). The use of Speech Acts in Toba Wedding

Ceremony. Thesis. UNIMED.