SYSTEM NETWORK OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN THE TEXTS OF TOBA BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY.

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SYSTEM NETWORK OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN THE TEXTS OF TOBA BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY

A THESIS

Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora

SARMA DEWI KEMALA S.

Registration Number : 8146111060

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise and thanks to God for His blessing, health and strenght He has given to her that she can finish this thesis. He always accompanies her to do what she has to do and directs her to do the decision that she has gone through.

The writer would like to express a deepest gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D, as her first adviser for her valuable guidance, consultation and supports during working this thesis and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni M.S. as her second adviser for her valuable corrections and advices in finishing her thesis.

The writer would like to express the profound gratitude for her examiners, Dr. Zainuddin, M. Hum., Dr. Rahmad Husein M.Ed. and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan M. Hum. for their detailed reviews, correcting, revising, and suggestions in her thesis.

Sincere thanks goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein M.Ed and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistic Study Program, as Farid as the administration staff for completing the administrative procedures.

Than, the writer would like to express a gratitude thanks to P. Siahaan, who had welcomed and given her chance to observe the party who was celebrated by him and all his families as the source of data in this thesis.

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It is with affection and appreciation that she acknowledges her indebtedness to her beloved husband and daugthers, Robert M. Siahaan and Vanessa Rodinar Siahaan, Andrea Leona Siahaan for her affection, praying, motivation, supporting in financial and material during the preparation of this thesis.

The writer thanks to her beloved family (Almh. J. Silalahi and N. Siregar, as her beloved parents and P. Siahaan and M.E Marpaung as her beloved parents in-law.

The writer thanks to her best friends in LTBI A2 class who has accompanied her as long as this study in master degree program.

Finally, she is aware that nothing is perfect as well as this thesis. For that, any constructive critism, suggestions, or comments will be highly appreciated to bring this next to perfection.

Medan, 2016 The Writer

Sarma Dewi Kemala S 814111060

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v ABSTRACT

S, Sarma Dewi K. Nomor Induk Siswa 8146111060. System Network of Speech Function in the Texts of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony. Sebuah Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.

Interpersonal function of language is the use of language to interact, estabilish, negotiate, and maintain relationship. The choice of speech functions and mood realization are part if the interpersonal function which can influence the interpersonal relationship between the speaker in conversation. The objective of this study are (1) to describe the system network of speech function dominantly used by the Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony, and (2) to investigate speech function realized in moods used by the Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony, then (3) to elaborate the reason the system network of speech function coded by Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony. The research applies qualitative descriptive design. The sources of data is Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony that held on 19 November 2015 by P. S. at Wisma Menteng Medan. The data of the study are utterances of the Participants of Dalihan natolu in texts Toba Batak Wedding ceremony. The research findings show that the system network of Speech Functions used by Participants Dalihan natolu in the Texts of Wedding of Ceremony are statement (73.19%) which was support (26.80%) was the most system network of statement and then followed by clarification (21.64%), praise (8.24%), advisement (6.18%), information (7.21%), reason (2.06%) and hope (1.03%). The next System Network of Speech Functions dominantly used was command (29.89%) which was positive command (22.68%), and followed by negative command (1.03%), and the last was question (3.09%) which was Wh-question (2.06%) and Yes/no question (1.03%). Statement, command, question and where statement which realized in tagged declarative mood occurs most dominantly and then command realized by imperative mood, and question realized in interrogative mood. Every sentences has realized in the speech function and also speech function in semantic has realized in mood system in lexicogrammar. There are two kinds of new sytem networks of of speech function statement found in this research, they are praise statement and advice statement. The conclusion is the Participant of Dalihan natolu’s utterances in the texts as the object of the study which realized in the speech function and mood. It could be dominant using of speech function. So that is the reason why speech function dominant using in the participants of Dalihan natolu’s utterances.

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vi ABSTRAK

Fungsi interpersonal bahasa merupakan fungsi bahasa untuk berinteraksi, membangun, menegosiasi dan memelihara hubungan sosial antar penutur. Pemilihan fungsi ujaran dan realisasi mood adalah bagian dari fungsi interpersonal yang dapat mempengaruhi hubungan interpersonal antara pembicara dalam percakapan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menggambarkan fungsi sistem jaringan pada ujaran ditemukan dalam texs acara adat pernikahan masyarakat Batak Toba yang digunakan oleh Partisipan Dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba, dan (2) untuk menganalisis bagaimana fungsi ujaran yang digunakan oleh Partisipan dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba direalisasikan kedalam mood pada acara pernikahan masyarakat Batak Toba, kemudian (3) untuk menguraikan alasan pemilihan fungsi ujaran yang digunakan oleh partisipan dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian diambil dari acara adat pernikahan masyarakat Batak Toba yang diadakan oleh Bapak P. S pada tanggal 19 november 2015 bertempat di Wisma Menteng Indah Medan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fungsi ujaran yang terdapat dalam ujaran acara adat pernikahan masyarakat Batak Toba adalah statement (73.19%) dimana support (26.80%) adalah sistem network yang paling dominan digunakan oleh Partisipan Dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba dan diikuti oleh clarification (21.64%), praise (8.24%), information (7.21%), advisement (6.18%), reason (2.06%) dan hope (1.03%). Jaringan sistem berikut nya yang paling dominan yang digunakan oleh Partisipan Dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba adalah command (29.89%), yang paling dominan adalah positive command (22.68%) dan di ikuti oleh negative command (1.03%). Dan yang terakhir adalah question (3.09%), wh- question (2.06%) dan y/n question (1.03%). Statement, command, question, dan dimana statement direalisasikan oleh declarative mood, command direalisasikan oleh imperative mood, question direalisasikan oleh interrogative mood dan setiap kalimat direalisasikan pada speech function dan juga speech function dalam semantic telah direalisasikan dalam sistem mood dalam lexicogrammar. terdapat dua sistem network speech function pada statement sebagai penemuan baru yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sistem network Praise statement dan Advicement statement. Kesimpulan nya adalah ujaran Partisipan Dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba sebagai objek penelitian yang direalisasikan dalam speech itu menjadi yang dominan digunakan dalam speech function. Maka itulah alasan kenapa speech function dominan digunakan dalam ujaran Partisipan Dalihan natolu filosofi hidup masyarakat Batak Toba.

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Pages

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iv

LIST OF TABLE ... vi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 6

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Interpersonal Functions ... 9

2.1.1 Speech Functions... ...11

2.1.2. Realization of speech function...17

2.1.3. Mood... 21

2.2 Text... ... 30

2.3 Philosophy of Toba Batak ... 30

2.4 Toba Batak Weddin Ceremony...31

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2.4.2 Marhata Sinamot & Marpadun Saut (Discussion on the Bride’s

Price)... 32

2.4.3. Marunjuk (marriage ceremony... 33

2.5. Dalihan Natolu...34

2.6 Relevant Studies...35

2.7 Conceptual Famework...37

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 40

3.2 The Data and the Source of Data ... 40

3.3 The instrument of Data Collection ... 41

3.4 The Technique of Collecting of The Data ... 41

3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis ... 42

3.6 Trustworthiness of The Study... 44

3.6.1 Credibility...45

3.6.2 Transferability...45

3.6.3 Dependability...46

3.6.4 Confirmability...46

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Data Analysis ... 48

4.1.1 System Network of Speech Function the Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony...49

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iii

4.1.1.2 Command... ...55

4.1.1.3 Question... ...56

4.1.2 The Realization of Speech Functions in Moods used by Three Pillars in Toba Batak wedding ceremony...60

4.1.3 The Speech Function are coded by the Participants Dalihan natolu...63

4.2 Research Findings...65

4.3 Discussion...67

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusion...70

5.2 Suggestions...72

REFERENCES ...73

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List of Tables

Pages

Table 2.1 : Giving or demanding, goods-&services or information...12

Table 3.1. Table 3.1. Summary of Technique for Estabilishing Trustworthiness...44

Table 4.1.1.1 Initiating of Statement in the Texts...54

Table 4.1.1.2.1 Initiating of Command in in the Texts...55

Table 4.1.1.3.1 Initiating of Question in the Texts...56

Table 4.1.1.3.2 System Network of Speech Functions Used By The Participants of Dalihan natolu utterances In the Texts Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony...58

Table 4.1.2.1 Realization of Speech Functions in Moods used ...60

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1.The Background of the Study

SFL is an approach to linguistics proposed by Halliday which sees the language used in social context. This approach is based on the theory of grammar which considers language as a resource used for communication not as a set of rules. It is explored how is the use of language in different context, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system. Martin (1992:2) noted that the model of language in a systemic functional can be characterized in terms of language as a source. It means that language is a network of relationship. On the other and means that SFL is especially concern with the system, relationship between linguistics unit of various kinds and concerns with the speakers might tend to do.

According to Halliday (1994:8) functional grammar is one that construes all the units of language – its clauses, phrases and so on – as organic configurations of fuction. On the other words, each part is interpreted as functional with respect to the whole. Thomson (2003:38) said that language informs the way one thinks, the way one experiences, and the way one interacts one each other. Language not only provides the basic community, but also the ground of division. Systemic knowledge about language and practical awareness of how it works fundamental to the process of building mature communities.

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There are two terms mostly involved while interacting or communicating, they are speaker and listener or audience. In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for her/him self a particular speech role, and so in doing assigns to the listener a complementary role which s/he wishes to adopt in her/his turn. For example, in asking a question, a speaker is taking on the role of seeker of information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the information demanded. The most fundamental types of speech role are just two (1) giving and (2) demanding. Besides that, there is another distiction, equally fundamental, that relates to the nature of the commodity namely goods and services or information. These two variables define the four primary speech functions of statement, question, offer and command. These in turns are matched by a set desired responses: acknowledging a statement, answering a question, accepting an offer, and carrying out a command.

Halliday, 1985 stated that a system network is a theoretical tool to describe the sets of options available in a language variety; it represents abstract choice and does not correspond to a notion of actual choice or make psychological claims. Formally system networks correspond to type lattices in formal lattice theory, although they are occasionally erroneously mistaken for flowcharts or directed decision trees.

This study refers to the use of system network of speech functions used by Participants of Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak wedding ceremony. Wedding ceremony in Toba Batak society is a series of ritual based on the order

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of customs and social life in society of generations. Wedding ceremony should watched by Dalihan natolu from parboru (bride) side and Dalihan natolu from paranak (groom) side in every step of ceremony. In wedding ceremony, there are some steps from begin until in the end will pass, these are ; Marhusip, Marhata Sinamot, Marulaon unjuk (Pesta Pernikahan). Each step has a ritual that need Dalihan natolu role to giving the signs that commonly used in the ceremony. Toba Batak wedding ceremony used many signs such as ; ulos, ikan mas ‘dengke simudur udur’ , uang ‘hepeng’ , beras ‘boras sipir ni tondi’ , nasi ‘indahan na las’ , air putih ‘aek sitio-tio’ , sirih ‘napuran’ , pinggan , sarung ‘mandar hela’ , daging ‘jambar’.

Here is the preliminary data of the texts used by Participants Dalihan natolu in Toba Batak wedding ceremony built interpersonal function in various ways in the texts. Here is an example of the texts transcript:

Bohado Raja nami?

Wh / Complement Finite Subject Complement

MOOD RESIDU

Mood : Finite ᶺ Subject = Interrogative Speech Function : Question

Markedness : Unmarked

Gabema angkupni na horas.

Subject Predicate Complement

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Mood : Subject ᶺ Finite = Declarative Speech Function : Statement

UnMarked : Unmarked

The four speech functions (statement, offer, command, and question) are initiated by the speaker or the addressee responds to the speech functions produced by the speaker or the addreser. When both Orientation (initiating and response) of both speakers and addressers are taken into account, there are some are derived.

1. Giving-information- initiating = Statement

When we give information to someone with the orientation of initiating, it shows that the result will be initiating statement or expression.

For example :

a. Gabe ma jala horas, dipangido hamu panuturion sian hami ima taringot dinamarpangidoan raja ni pamoruaonta, Disinamot natapangidohon ima rambu pinungu godang na dua pulu juta rupiah. 2. Giving-Information & Response = Response to Acknowledgement

Statement.

When we want to give information to someone with orientation of responding. It shows that the result responds the statement or expression.

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a. Gabema angkup nanihoras, Molo sian hami ruhut dohot uhum nian naung pinangidom alai di naung marpangidoan amang borunta marsomba halak namarsomba tongdo oloan.

b. Emma tutu....

These examples were taken from the speech function used by Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony.

As explained before this study will be focused on the function of language and use in sentences and clauses uttered by Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak wedding ceremony which especially centered on the interpersonal function. The reason for choosing this topic to be discussed is because the writer is wanted to know how clause is relates to another in a clause complex and the analysis will be seen through interpersonal functions, one of the components of metafunction found in functional grammar. this speech community is known for indirection in their linguistics behaviour, especially when it comes to communicating about unfamiliar things, and the Toba Batak wedding ceremony is activity that has been a culture in Toba Batak community in Indonesia, which has a great aspect of language because the language use in Toba Batak language in the process of doing the wedding ceremony is different among of the participants depending on her/his position in the three heartstones “Dalian Natolu”, also studies focuses on system network of speech function used the participants in the texts of Toba Batak Wedding ceremony by Toba Batak ethnic is rarely found.

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6 1.2. The problems of the Study

Based on the background stated above the problems of the study are formulated as the following.

1. What are the the system networks of the speech function used by Participants Dalihan natolu in texts of the Toba Batak wedding Ceremony?

2. How are the system networks of speech function realized in moods in texts of the Toba Batak wedding ceremony?

3. Why are the system networks of speech function coded by the Participant Dalihan natolu in the way they are?

1.3. The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

1. to elaborate the system networks of speech function used by the Participants Dalihan natolu in texts of the Toba Batak wedding ceremony, 2. to describe realization of the speech function in texts of the Toba Batak

wedding ceremony, and

3. to elaborate the reason for the system networks of speech function coded by the Participants Dalihan natolu in texts of the Toba Batak Wedding ceremony.

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7 1.4. The Scope of the Study

This study attempts to investigate

1. The system network of speech function used by the Participants Dalihan natolu in the texts of Toba Batak wedding ceremony.

2. The main aspect to be reasonable is the system network of speech function and the realization in the mood which occured on the texts. 3. The focus is on the meaning or system network of speech function as

they are realized in the Toba Batak language.

1.5. The Significant of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoretically and practically.

Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theories of of systematic functional linguistic (SFL), specifically the spoken language of certain community, mainly Toba Batak community. This study considers being useful initially to provide the information of of systematic functional linguistic (SFL) used by the text of Toba Batak in wedding ceremony when they express of systematic functional linguistic (SFL) in the situation. Consequently, it will give better understanding and new insight on how of systematic functional linguistic (SFL) is related to the aspect of functional grammar study. This contribution will in tum give tentative framework for a comprehensive analysis system network of speech functions.

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Practically, since this research focuses on of systematic functional linguistic (SFL) used in the texts of Toba Batak wedding ceremony in expressing an offer, a command, a statement, and a question, hopefully the findings are useful for teachers and lectures of functional grammar specially in functional grammar to the students either in university or high School which occur in daily conversation, then the students knowledge about the of systematic functional linguistic (SFL) can be enlarged and brighten and also for the general people, they would have a clear understanding about the utterances used by Toba Batak in a certain ceremony, and specially for Toba Batak, they can practice the patterns of system network of speech functions which are used in a certain ceremony, this will accelerate them to speak Indonesian, thus they will not find it clumsy to speak directly to the Toba Batak.

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1.2. The problems of the Study