Procedure of Investigation RESEARCH METHOD

3. 4 Research Unit

There are two units of analysis in the research, texts and clauses. The text study was aimed at finding the rhetorical development of the text, the fulfillment of the text obligatory elements; whereas the clause study is to find out how the elements of the rhetorical development are realized through the use of lexicogrammatical choices, and the achievement of the social purpose of the text. Those strategies are supported by Halliday in his following argument: It is sometimes assumed that discourse analysis can be carried on without grammar or even that it is somehow an alternative to grammar. But this is illusion. A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis at all, but simply a running commentary on the text, Halliday, 1985:xvi. The quotation above implies that a rhetorical development RD analysis will not be considered as an analysis without being completed by its realization analysis. The RD analysis views a text at its macro level and the realization of the rhetorical development element analysis views a text at its micro level. The micro analysis depends on the macro analysis results. Therefore, the RD analysis was done prior to the clause analysis.

3.5 Procedure of Investigation

The investigation was conducted in the following steps: Step 1: The text was read over and over until the prediction of the text type genre is identified. The term prediction was used here, since sometimes the obligatory elements were not found as completely as they are required by a given genre and the text being analyzed could not be included in the predicted genre. This was done to all the texts although some textbook writers give suggestion on the genre of the text since some suggestions are proved incorrect. Step 2: After the prediction of genre was stated, the text rhetorical development analysis was conducted by segmenting the text into elements, followed by the labeling of each element and its function. The example of the analysis is presented below. Spring Gardens Apartment 82 Step 3 In this step the text was segmented into clauses, and labeled. The labeling was done three times. Element Function Realization Identification Identifying what is going to be described, in this case is the Spring Garden Apartment. The Spring Garden Apartment Complex offers you and your family country living at its best. Description 1 Describing about the surrounding and location. Surrounded by beautiful woods and hills, Spring Garden is located ten miles outside the city but is only minutes downtown on the freeway. Description 2 Describing about the inside of the apartment; what each apartment has and the possibility to take pets inside it. Unfurnished two bedroom apartments are available. Each apartment has a dishwasher, central heating, air conditioning, and laundry room. Children pets are welcome. Description 3 Describing the existence of sports facilities and parking area. In addition, there are tennis and basketball courts, two swimming pools, and a playground. There are two parking spaces for each apartment. The first labeling was given to every clause by using alphabets, such as A,B,C, etc. The second labeling was given only to the clauses which are parts of a clause complex. It indicates that single clauses were not second labeled. The labeling was done according to the system of interdependency between the clauses in the clause complex. Two or more clauses can be joined to form a clause complex in two ways paratactic or hypotaxis. The explanation about parataxis and hypotaxis can be found on pp. 70 to 72 of this dissertation. When the clause complex is parataxis the labeling was done by using numericals, such as 1, 2, 3, etc.; when it is hypotaxis the labeling was done by means of Greek letters, such as α, , µ, δ, etc. The third labeling was done based on the logicosemantic relationship between the clauses in the clause complex. Therefore, single clauses were not logicosemantic labeled . Clause complexes in a text can have two logicosemantic relationships, expansion and projection. The expansion relationship is divided into three,, elaborating, extending, and enhancing, and therefore, the labeling was done based on those respective relationships. The elaborating clause was labeled with an equal sign =, the extending with a plus sign +, and the enhancing with a multiplication sign X. The projection relationship is divided into two; locution and idea. When the clause projects an idea the label was done with a single apostrophe ‘ and a double apostrophes “ was given to a clause that projects a locution. The complete explanation of the kinds of logicosemantic relation can be found on pp. 68 to 70 of this dissertation. The example of the segmentation of text 82 and the labeling are presented as fo- lows. A The Spring Garden Apartment Complex offers you and your family country living at its best. B1 Surrounded by beautiful woods and hills, Spring Garden is located ten miles outside the city C 2+ but is only minutes downtown on the freeway. D Unfurnished two bedroom apartments are available. E Each apartment has a dishwasher, central heating, air conditioning, and laundry room. F Children pets are welcome. G In addition, there are tennis and basketball courts, two swimming pools, and a playground. H There are two parking spaces for each apartment. In the above example, it can be seen that every clause is labeled A, B, C etc. The second labeling is done to clauses B and C because only those clauses which are joined as a clause complex. Based on the system of interdependency, those two clauses have a parataxis boundary and therefore the labels are 1 and 2. Whereas based on the logicosemantic relationship, clause C expands the meaning of clause B by extending its meaning, and therefore the plus label + is given to it. Step 4 In this step each clause was analyzed in terms of the three meanings it simultaneously encodes interpersonal, textual and ideational meanings, such as follows: A The Spring Garden Apartment Complex offers you and your family country living at its best. MOOD Res S F Comp 1 Comp 2 Th Rh Act Mat P G 1 G 2 B 1 Surrounded by beautiful woods and hills, Spring Garden is located ten miles outside the city MOOD Res Cir.adj S F Pred cir. Adj Th Rh Cir. P Car Rel P Att C 2 + but Spring Garden is only minutes downtown on the freeway. MOOD Res S F Cir. P Th Th Rh Car Rel P Att The first and second rows are the analyses of the clause interpersonal meaning; the third row is the textual meaning analysis and the fourth row, the experiential meaning. Clause C actually has two Themes; but is the marked textual Theme in the form of conjunction and Spring Garden is the unmarked topical Theme. However the second Theme is an ellipsis, therefore, it was written in between brackets – in the actual text it is not written. Step 5 In this step the calculations were done. First, the calculation of the number of every genre was done, followed by the calculation of percentage availability of every genre. The latter was done by dividing the number of texts of a given genre and the number all the analyzed text and the result was multiplied by 100. For example; the number of descriptive texts is M and the number of all the reading texts being analyzed is N then the availability of genre in the analysis is: MN X 100 Step 6 The calculation of the kinds of Process available in every reading text was done in the same way as the calculation of genre. The number of the same process was divided by all the number of the processes available in the text and multiplied by 100. Step 7 The results were put in the table, table of genres available in the textbooks and table of Processes. They were used to support the description, andor explanation when the interpretation of the findings was done. The tables are such as the ones below. Table of genre contribution No Genre Text number Percentage 1. Procedure 2. Recount 3. Report 4. News item Table of Process in Spring Garden Apartment text No Kinds of process Clause Percentage 1. Material MP A 12.5 2. Relational RP B,C,D,E,F 62.5 3. Existential G,H 25 Step 8 In this step and the findings and interpretation were presented. Step 9 Based on the findings the conclusion was drawn. 121

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION

There are two analyses conducted in this study, RD analysis and RD realization analysis. The former is the analysis of the reading text elements; it is done to know whether the reading text is written by considering the context of culture or the elements suggested by the parents’ community English. To be included into a given genre, a text should have the obligatory elements of the concerned genre. The obligatory elements of various genres that should be taught in the SHS can be seen on pp. 168-171 of this dissertation. The latter is the analysis of the reading text clauses, it is conducted to know whether they are written by considering the context of situation, i.e. the lexicogrammatical features suggested by the parents’ community. The suggested lexicogrammatical features of various genres can be found in the appendices on pp. 171-173. Based on the explanation of analyses above; the first consideration in stating the quality of the text is the result of RD analysis. It means if a reading text which is included in a given genre does not have its required obligatory elements without clause analysis, that very text will not be classified as a model text. However, a text with a good RD does not always have a good RD realization, therefore, the clause analysis on the RD realization is done after the text RD analysis.