unavoidably used, there should be an explanation given to the students that the very text is written that way because of a given reason.
4.2.6 Explanation
The table of the RD results on page 120 above shows that reading text number
eighty-three is included in the Explanation; however, this text does not fulfill the Explanation requirements completely. The clauses do not use passive voice as the
suggested lexicogrammatical features of Explanation, but it does not give any negative effects to the meanings being conveyed. The finding implies that the use
of passive voice is not obligatory. The following is the clause analysis of the text. A
α Have you ever heard
MOOD Res
F S C
Th Rh Men- Senser
tal P
B X
how your voice can travel through telephone MOOD Residue
S F
Pred C
Th1 Th 2
Rheme Actor
Mat P Cir:place
C D
α =
Alexander Graham Bell who invented the first telephone discovered MO MOOD2
Residue OD 1
S 1 S 2
F C F2
Th1 Th 2
Rh 2 Rh 2
Actor actor
Mat P Goal
Mat P
E µ X
that voices could travel by electricity Res MOOD
Res S F Pred
C Th1 Th2 Rheme
Actor Mat
P Cir:manner
F X
When you speak into telephone
Res MOOD Res
S F C Th1 Th2 Rh
Sens Men
P Cir:place
G α
you cause a thin metal to vibrate
MOOD Residue S F
C Pred
Th Rh Sens Men
Phen P
H 1
This piece of metal is called a diaphragm MOOD Residue
S F
Pred Comp
Th Rh Token
Iden Rel P Value I
2 + and it is in the mouth of your telephone
MOOD Residue S F
Adjunct Th1 Th2
Rheme Token
Id R P
Cir:place J
Behind the diaphragm is a small cup filled with carbon. Res
Res Adjunct:place F
C Th Rh
Cir:place At Rel
P Attribute
K X
As your voice
vibrates
L α
it presses against the carbon grain sometimes weakly sometimes very hard MOOD Residue
S F
C Adjunct
Th Rheme Act Mat
P Goal Cir:manner
M 1
Electric current passes through the carbon MOOD Residue
S
F C
Th Rh
Actor Mat P
Cir:place N
2+ and electric current goes into the telephone wires
MOOD Res
F Adjunct Th1 Th2
Rh actor
Mat P
Cir:place O
X When the carbon is squeezed
MOOD Res S
F Pred
Th1 Th2 Rh
Goal Mat P
P α
MOOD S
F Th1 Th2
Rh Actor
Mat P
the current goes very easily
MOOD Res S F
Adjunct Th Rh
Actor MatP Cir:manner
Q X
But when the carbon grains are spread apart MOOD
Residue S
F Comp
Th1 Th2 Rh
Goal Mat P
R α
only a little current goes through. MOOD
S F Th Rh
Actor Mat
P S
The strength of your voice travels through the telephone wires. MOOD Res
S F
Comp Th Rh
Actor Mat P
Cir:place T
At the other end of the line, the earpiece of your friend’s telephone receives the current
Res MOOD
Res Adjunct S
F C
Th1 Th 2
Rh Cir:place Actor
Mat P
Goal through electromagnet
Res Adjunct
Rh Cir:place
U α
This is a coil of wire wound around an iron center MOOD Residue
S F C
Pred Cir:place
Th Rh Token
Id R P Value
Cir:place V
X which acts like a magnet
MOOD Residue S F Adjunct
Th Rh Sens Men
P Cir:manner
W There is also a diaphragm inside your friend’s earpiece
X X
When the current from your mouthpiece reaches your friend’s earpiece, MOOD
Res S
F C Th1 Th2
Rh Actor
Mat P
Goal Y
α 1
it pulls this diaphragm MOOD Res
S F
C Th Rh
Ac Mat P
Goal Z
2 + MOOD Residue
S F C
Adjunct Th Rh
Exist Existent Cir:place
and it makes it vibrate, producing the sound of your voice MOOD Res
S F C
Pred C
Th1 Th2 Rh
Sen Men Ph
P Goal
Aa In other words, the electric current has made a copy of your voice
MOOD Res S
F Pred C Th1 Th2
Rh Actor Mat
P Goal
Ab α
And that ’s MOOD
S
F Th1 Th2
Tok Rel
P Ac
X how your voice travels through telephone
MOOD Res
S F C
Th1 Th2 Rh
Actor Mat
P Cir:place
Process Clause Percentage
Material B,C,D,E,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,X,Y,Aa,Ac. 62.06 Mental
A,F,G,V,Z 17.24
Relational H,I,J,U,,Ab 17.24
Existential W
3.4 6 Summary of the processes used in reading text number 83.
In the above text, material process dominates the realization of the RD elements;
the second domination is taken by the relational and mental Processes. The social purpose of Explanation is to explain the processes involved in
the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural phenomena. In this text, the process being explained is the working of a telephone. To explain how something
works, material processes, the process that expresses the notion that an entity physically does something, is usually used. In this text, the material processes are
such as: vibrate, travel, invent, discover, press, etc. Eighteen out of twenty-nine processes in this text are material pro-
cesses. The relational process, a process that involves state of being including
having which is used to relate participant and its identities or attributes, is used for describing things. The activity of explaining very often involves describing. In
this text, the relational processes are precisely six of all Processes used to realize the RD elements.
Observing the participants in the text, they are generic, non-human, such as voice, the piece of metal, electric current, carbon, etc. These coincide with the
social purpose of Explanation, to explain processes involved in the working of natural and social phenomena. It implies that the participants should be generic
and non-human inanimate. Because of its properties, the reading text can be used as a model text of
Explanation. However, after a thorough observation, one clause, clause J, is found to be ungrammatically realized. That clause’s analysis is as follows.
J Behind the diaphragm is a small cup filled with carbon.
Res Res
Adjunct:place F C
Theme Rheme Cir:place At
Rel P
Attribute 83
This clause does not have MOOD; the clause has only a finite but no subject. Actually the placing of an adjunct at the beginning of a clause followed by a
relational process is acceptable as long as it is not a written language; moreover the text is used as a model. This kind of problem is found in the three analyzed
reading texts. The word there is missing. The explanation about this problem is exactly the same as the one of the clauses in reading text numbers 71 on page 133.
4.2.7 Analytical Exposition and Hortatory Exposition
