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Data Analysis RESEARCH METHOD

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2. Reliability

Reliability is the degree of instrument’s consistency, dependability, and trustworthiness. Each measuring tool should have the ability to provide results that are relatively consistent over time Arikunto, 2006: 178. To improve the quality and trustworthiness of the data and reduce the subjectivity in analyzing them, the researcher used triangulation. It refers to the use of more than one type of data to give more objectivity. Denzin 2006 identifies four basic types of triangulation; data, investigator, theory, and methodological triangulation. However, the researcher only used one out of four types which was methodological triangulation. Methodological triangulation involves using more than one method to gather the data. In this case, the researcher made use of several data collection techniques such as observation, questionnaire, interview, test, and documentation.

H. Research Procedure

Kemmis and McTaggart cited in Burns 2010: 8 have developed a simple model of the cyclical nature of the typical action research process Figure 1. Each cycle contains four phases that are used to conduct the action research.

1. Planning

In this stage, the researcher needed to identify a problem and developed a plan of action to make improvement in a specific research context area. Planning is of course a forward-looking stage. In this stage, the researcher considered what kind of investigation that was possible in a particular teaching situation and what potential improvement would possibly be achieved at the end of the research. 38

2. Acting

In this stage, the researcher began to do some deliberate interventions within the specific teaching situation based on the things that had been planned ahead of time. Basically, it means that the researcher needed to immediately put the plans into action over an agreed period of time.

3. Observing

After executing the action, the researcher needed to get involved in observing the effects of that particular action. During the observation, the researcher had to also document the context, actions, and opinions of everyone involved.

4. Reflecting

At this stage, the researcher needed to reflect on, evaluate, and describe the effects of the action so that they could understand the problems that had been explored more clearly. The researcher then might decide whether she wanted to go through another cycle of action research to improve the situation even more or to share the already existing report with others.

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