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This research made the students had better understanding in several things such as teaching-learning process in writing and teamwork. The students
admittedly never associated writing, an individual activity, with teamwork and evidently they enjoyed writing in groups more than doing it individually. As for
the researcher, she learned a lot about why students found writing difficult and how to solve one of its factors under the guidance of the English teacher.
d. Process Validity
It is the criterion that makes the action research believable. To fulfill this validity, the researcher has to gather the data by not only observing but also
making some notes during the research. Anything that happened in the teaching and learning process must be documented.
The researcher made some notes while observing the class during the research. After every meeting, she gathered all the data that were obtained during
the class and wrote a full note about the event. The researcher also documented the last meeting in some photographs.
e. Dialogic Validity
This is related to peer review process which is frequently used in the academic research. The researcher discusses the research findings with some
friends and also the collaborators. The members of the discussion have to give opinions and even some constructive criticisms about the research report.
To fulfill dialogic validity, the researcher had some discussions with both the English teacher and her friends about the research findings. They all gave their
opinions and some suggestions on the matter.
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2. Reliability
Reliability is the degree of instrument’s consistency, dependability, and trustworthiness. Each measuring tool should have the ability to provide results
that are relatively consistent over time Arikunto, 2006: 178. To improve the quality and trustworthiness of the data and reduce the
subjectivity in analyzing them, the researcher used triangulation. It refers to the use of more than one type of data to give more objectivity.
Denzin 2006 identifies four basic types of triangulation; data, investigator, theory, and methodological triangulation. However, the researcher
only used one out of four types which was methodological triangulation. Methodological triangulation involves using more than one method to
gather the data. In this case, the researcher made use of several data collection techniques such as observation, questionnaire, interview, test, and documentation.
H. Research Procedure
Kemmis and McTaggart cited in Burns 2010: 8 have developed a simple model of the cyclical nature of the typical action research process Figure 1. Each
cycle contains four phases that are used to conduct the action research.
1. Planning
In this stage, the researcher needed to identify a problem and developed a plan of action to make improvement in a specific research context area. Planning is of
course a forward-looking stage. In this stage, the researcher considered what kind of investigation that was possible in a particular teaching situation and what
potential improvement would possibly be achieved at the end of the research.
