heels in about the funniest things
B. The Data Analysis
In this section, those selected data which tabulated in the previous section will be analysed in this research. There are 14 selected data which
taken from the transcript of conversation between J.K Rowling and Daniel Radcliffe. The data will be analyzed one by one in order to answer the
research questions in chapter 1. The data can be analyzed as follows,
Datum 1
Radcliffe: David should ask my dad if I would [audition] and the original deal was that we‟d heard…
Rowling: [mm-hm]
In this part, before identifying backchannels, it is really important to determine the turn which occur in the conversation above, because
backchannels is not a turn. Based on the theory, datum 1 shows that there is only one turn occur in the conversation and it belongs to Radcliffe.
Radcliffe‟s utterances David should ask my dad if I would an audition and the original deal was
that we’d heard is a turn which makes him as the primary speaker. Besides, Rowling‟s utterance mm-hm produces when
Radcliffe still taking his floor is not a turn, it is overlap. Overlap often use when the non-primary speaker tries to grab hisher floor in order to make
hisher as the primary speaker.
However, in this case, overlap which occur in Rowling utterance is not seen as her way to grab the floor because she only produces simple
utterance mm-hm as a feedback to what Radcliffe says. The type of signal which given by Rowling as a feedback to Radcliffe known as
backchannels. One characteristic of backchannels is that they often uttered simultaneously with part of ongoing talk overlap. The distinction
between overlap and backchannels is that backchannels is not seen as a way to grab the speaker floor. Thus, because Rowling simple utterance is
only a feedback to what Radcliffe says, then it is backchannels, not turn. Furthermore, based on the context of the conversation, Rowling
does backchannels as a signal to Radcliffe indicate that she is listening and allowing him to continue his turn. Schegloff mantain that backchannels
functioned as a continuer whereby the hearer, by using backchannels cues, they are mandating the current speaker to continue speaking. Therefore,
that backchannels functioned as continuer.
Datum 2
Rowling: I had written you know a strong female charac[ter] who was primarily about brain.=
Radcliffe: [yeah] = ye[ah]
Rowling: [and] that
she chose to become a nickel. =
Radcliffe: = ye[ah] Rowling:
[more] groom and glamorouses.
Different with datum 1, datum 2 is more complex. Some mechanisms in conversation occur in the conversation above; they are
turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the beginning of the transcript, Rowling produces the utterance I had written you know a strong female
character who was primarily about brain to take the floor. Meanwhile, when Rowling is still taking her turn, Radcliffe does overlap by producing
the simple utterance yeah. It is seen neither as his way to grabs the turn nor to takes his own turn, but it is backchannels. In turn, there is transition
relevance places. Transition relevance places TRP occur when the utterance have completion of grammatical, semantical, and intonational in
order to make the speaker shift and to make the flow of the conversation. In the case of Radcliffe utterance yeah, although Rowling utterance could
be seen as grammatically and semantically complete, but it has an incomplete intonation because Rowling still continue her turn. On the
other hand, Radcliffe simple utterance is not a way to grab the speakership because after it, Radcliffe do not continue speaking. Thus, those simple
utterances is only serves as a feedback to Rowling; it is backchannels. In addition, after Rowling finishes her first turn by making her
utterance intonationally complete with falling intonation, Radcliffe produces his second yeah because TRP occur in Rowling utterance and
indicate that there is a speaker shift. At any TRP, there are two basic ways in which next speaker could gains the speakership, either the current
speaker can select the next speaker or a next speaker may self-select.
52
In the case of Radcliffe second yeah, it serves neither as the current speaker
select the next speaker nor speaker self-select. Schegloff argues that not all verbalization serves as speaker self-select. Other forms of talk are
designed spesifically to show that a participant is not taking the floor. Continuers, such as yes, mm-hm, uh-huh produced during an extended turn
do not taking up the speakership at this point.
53
Radcliffe second utterance occurs without no gap and overlap because he produces it immediately
when Rowling finishes her turn. Although he does so, his utterance could not see as taking his floor because it is only simple utterance indicate that
he gives Rowling attention to the discussion. In sum, because Radcliffe second utterances yeah do not serve both as turn and overlap, then it is
backchannels. Furthermore, Rowling continues the floor early in Radcliffe
ongoing talk by producing and that she chose to become a nickel, which is known as overlap. Rowling continues her early floor with the word and
simultaneously with Radcliffe utterance yeah. Obviously, Rowling utterance is overlap because it is her way to grab her floor back and it
proved by her following utterance that she chose to become a nickel. Therefore, those utterances serves both as turn and overlap.
52
Anthonny J Liddicoat 2007, p. 67.
53
Ibid.
Radcliffe produces his third yeah immediately when Rowling finishes her turn because her utterance have gramatically and semantically
complete, and falling intonation. Radcliffe third yeah serves similarly with his second one. He produces it as a response to what Rowling is talking
about; it serves as backchannels. In addition, Rowling third floor utterance more groom and glamorouses serve similarly with her second one. He
produces it with overlap to take her turn back. On the other hand, to determine the function of backchannels, it is
important to give attention about the context of the conversation, because backchannels yeah is thought to serve several functions, it generally
functioned either as showing understanding content or give an agreement about what the speaker says. In this case, based on understanding of the
context of their conversation, both of them are discussing about Hermione Granger as supporting actress in Harry Potter film. Meanwhile, three
backchannels yeah which produced by Radcliffe is to respond a judgmental utterance produced by Rowling a strong female character who
was primarily about brain and that she chose to become a nickel more groom and glamorouses. Thus, that backchannels is functioned as an
agreement. Because when the speaker produces a question, question like utterance or statement which is tend to be an opinion, then backchannels
which produced by listener is functioned as an agreement.
Datum 3
Radcliffe: You were around a lot at the beginning and early on [very] very involve and as you kind of saw…
Rowling: [yeah]
In datum 3, there is only one both backchannels and turn which occur in the conversation. Radcliffe takes the floor by producing the
utterance you were around a lot at the beginning and early on very very involve and as you kind of saw..., but when his utterance has not finish,
Rowling does the simple utterance yeah simultaneously with part of Radcliffe ongoing talk which is known as overlap. Mostly, people do
overlap to grab the speakership from the current speaker and make she as the primary speaker. However, in this case,
Rowling‟s overlap could not see as grab the floor because she only produces a simple utterance in order
to respond Radcliffe utterance. Thus, her simple utterance yeah does not belong to turn taking strategy, it belongs to backchannels. The distinction
between overlap and backchannels which produce with overlap is that backchannels do not purloin the speaker shift. Therefore, after Rowling
produces yeah does not make her as the primary speaker immadiately. Meanwhile, in this case, by understanding the context of their
conversation, although Radcliffe utterance you were around a lot at the beginning and early on very very involve and as you kind of saw... does
not provide new information for Rowling as the listener, it does not mean
that backchannels yeah which produced by Rowling is functioned as an agreement. The context of their conversation is that both of them are
discussing about the process of making Harry Potter film; how much Rowling involves during the process of making the film, so Radcliffe
produces you were around a lot at the beginning and early on vey very involve and as you kind of saw, and Rowling produces backchannels yeah
indicates that she understands what Radcliffe talking about. Thus, because they are sharing the same knowledge, the function of backchannels yeah
which produced by Rowling is as the display of understanding content, not as an agreement.
Datum 4
Radcliffe: The contact lenses there is very small percentage of people apparently who have very uh 0,8
Rowling: ex[treme reaction] Radcliffe: [extreme reac][tion] = to ehm [contact lenses] =
Rowling: [yeah]
[You poor thing] Radcliffe: = and I was one of them. =
Rowling: = I feel really bad
The transcription above shows that there are several overlap occur in the conversation. Overlap is related to features of the turn taking system
which means that people do overlap to grab the speaker floor. In contrast, if people do overlap in order to respond about what speaker says and do
not aimed to grab the floor, then the overlap belongs to backchannels. Furthermore, the transcription above shows that Radcliffe takes his turn by
producing the contact lenses there is very small percentage of people apparently who have very. There is short pause less than a second occur in
Radcliffe utterance. Radcliffe short pause do not indicate the speaker shift because there is no TRP. Radcliffe utterance have an incomplete
grammatical, semantical, and intonational. However, in order to maintain the flow of the conversation,
Rowling as the listener needs to give a response to occupy Radcliffe short pause so that the attributable silence which interpreted as significant could
not happened. Therefore, Rowling produces the utterance extreme reaction as verbal fillers to occupy the short pause. Those verbal fillers do not serve
either as overlap or turn, but it is backchannels. White claims that backchannels cues tend mostly to occupy short pauses, usually less than a
second.
54
The argument that Rowling extreme reaction is backchannels supported by one of backchannels functions which serve as sentence
completion. In the context of the conversation, Radcliffe produces short pause because it seems like he forgets about the words that he wants to say
54
Ron White 1997, op. cit. p. 314.
and because Rowling knows the context of the discussion, she produces extreme reaction to complete Radcliffe utterance and to occupy the short
pauses. In addition, Radcliffe continue his turn immadiately while Rowling
still speaking. Radcliffe produces extreme reaction with overlap in order to grab the floor back. It proved by his following utterance to ehm contact
lenses and I was one of them. In this case, those Radcliffe utterances serve as turn. He grabs his floor back by producing the forgotten utterance
extreme reaction from his previous utterance. Meanwhile, Rowling does two overlaps yeah and you poor thing simultaneously with Radcliffe
utterance extreme reaction and contact lenses, but this overlap serve only as a reaction to what Radcliffe says rather than to grab the floor. Then, the
overlap belongs to backchannels. Each backchannels produced by Rowling functioned as continuers and supportempathy.
The other backchannels which occur in the conversation comes from Rowling utterance I feel really bad. She produces it with no gap and
overlap. She decreases TRP, the beat of silence which is the normal value of the transition space is not present. Although she does so, those
utterances do not serve as turn because Rowling produces it in order to give a support and empathy to Radcliffe bad experience about the contact
lenses.
Datum 5
Rowling: He was telling me things I needed to hear [sometimes] I‟m really liked that.
Radcliffe: [oh really,]
Rowling: °Yeah°.= Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.=
Rowling: = Yeah I miss him. Datum 5 contains that Rowling takes the first floor with the
utterance he was telling me thing I needed to hear sometimes I’m really
like that. Meanwhile, Radcliffe produces oh really with slight rising intonation when Rowling still taking the turn, known as overlap. In this
datum, overlap does not see as grabs the floor or purloin the speaker shift. Radcliffe only produces it to react toward Rowling utterance, functioned
as request for information. Therefore, for those reason, oh really produced by Radcliffe serve as backchannels. In addition, Rowling utterance yeah is
not backchannels, it is turn. Those utterances rather provide as an answer of oh really from Radcliffe than a feedback of it. Radcliffe continues the
conversation by producing his second backchannels that’s amazing.
Radcliffe produces it without no gap and overlap because he does it immadiately when Rowling‟s talk stops. Although he does so, it does not
mean that he takes the floor. Rowling choose no one as the next speaker, then Radcliffe select his self as the speaker. However, not all verbalization
serve as speaker self-select. Radcliffe utterance rather provide as his strong emotional response to a statement produced by Rowling than as a turn.
Furthermore, Rowling takes the floor through speaker self-select. She produces yeah I miss him immadiately when possible completion
occur in Radcliffe utterance. In this case, those utterance serve as turn, not backchannels, because from the beginning of the discussion, the only one
who gain the speakership is Rowling and backchannels only belong to listener who does not take up the speakership. In sum, it is no way for
backchannels occur over backchannels.
Datum 6
Rowling: It was a relief to say right there the films and I‟m over here
with the books and that‟s fine and I trust these people and I did and I do,=
Radcliffe: = and that‟s wonder[ful]
Rowling: [a:nd] you know I think and I have to
say that it was….
In datum 6, Rowling takes up the speakership by producing the utterance It was a relief to say right there t
he films and I’m over here with the books and that’s fine and I trust these people and I did and I do,.
Those utterances could be seen both grammatically and semantically complete, but the intonation is incomplete because she produces the last
utterance with slight falling intonation which indicate that she wants to continue her floor. However, Radcliffe produces the utterance
and that’s wonderful
in possible comnpletion of Rowling‟s utterance without no gap and overlap. He produces it immadiately when Rowling talk stop. In this
case, Radcliffe utterance could not see as turn because he produces it in order to make a signal of complex transaction that Rowling delivers in her
talk. It happened because as the listener, Radcliffe has to gives a cue which indicates that he is following and not objecting to what Rowling
says. In conversation analysis study, it is known as backchannels. Backchannels is a signal given by listener toward the speaker utterance.
Backchannels do not legitimate the speakership or floor because it does not purloin the speaker shift. It has been proven that after Radcliffe
produces and that’s wonderful, it does not make him as the primary
sepaker because Rowling continues her utterance by grabbing the floor back overlap by producing the utterance and you know I think and I have
to say that it was. Rowling produces her beginning utterance and simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk. Thus, it is a kind of turn
which she gains through overlap. Moreover, backchannels produced by Radcliffe t
hat’s wonderful is a kind of his empathic response to a statement produced by Rowling,
which indicate more than simple continuer, understanding or support. Radcliffe does that backchannels as a compliment to Rowling because he
amazed by what Rowling thinks . Therefore, Radcliffe‟s backchannels
that’s wonderful is functioned as strong emotional response. Besides, several types of backchannels which have the same function are wow,
great, and amazing.
Datum 7
Radcliffe: I can explain this to you in two minut es but I don‟t know
if that‟s possible because I remember I had to re read=the end of
seventh [at] fe:w time it‟s to: much the end of seventh the epilo:gue,
Rowling: [yeah] In the beginning of the transcription, Radcliffe takes up his floor by
producing a complex utterance. He produces the talk which is noticeably faster than his surrounding talk indicated by words. On the other side,
Rowling produces simple utterance yeah simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk, which is known as overlap. Overlap is a way for listener to
grab the turn from the current speaker. Furthermore, if the aim of overlap is to grab the floor, then it relates to turn taking strategy. Nevertheless,
yeah produced by Rowling do not serve as her way to grab the turn because after Rowling produces it, Radcliffe still taking up the
speakership. Therefore, in this case, those overlap belong to backchannels. Rowling produces backchannels as a response to the issue of the
discussion delivered by Radcliffe. In addition, as the important mechanism in conversation,
backchannels have some functions; for what purpose the listener do
backchannels. The function of backchannels is really related to the context of the conversation. However, by understanding the context of the
conversation, backchannels yeah used by Rowling functioned only as continuers. Rowling produces it in order to give a signal that she is
listening and allowing Radcliffe to keep talking.
Datum 8
Rowling: I saw so clearly in my mind I knew I could help I knew I genuinely could help [and] I could help them to make it right for the
readers = Radcliffe:
[yeah] Rowling: = and I felt a huge uhm protectiveness
The conversation above consists only one both turn and backchannels. Rowling takes up her turn by producing long utterance
which is the complex one. On the other hand, Radcliffe producing simple utterance yeah while Rowling still taking up the floor. Those utterance
produces simultaneously with Rowling ongoing talk, so overlap occur in this case. Nonetheless, this overlap does not belong to turn taking strategy,
but it belongs to backchannels. Radcliffe produces yeah in order to give a reaction of the complex utterance delivered by Rowling. During a
conversation, speakers, within an extended turn, still expect that their conversational partners are listening. Stenstrom also argues that
backchannels as a means of helping the complex transaction. Therefore, yeah produced by Radcliffe could not see as turn, but backchannels.
Furthermore, Radcliffe produces backchannels yeah to respond Rowling opinion about helping the readers of Harry potter book.
Backchannels which produced by listener toward the speaker judgment could be seen as an agreement, which is more than simple continuers.
Thus, Radcliffe backchannels yeah functioned as an agreement.
Datum 9
Rowling: And just physically Hagrid being so big and fatherly=and Harry being lame in his arms so that‟s why we were all was going. =
Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.
Similar with the previous datum, this datum only contain one both turn and backchannels. The turn is belong to Rowling, and backchannels
belong to Radcliffe. Rowling takes up the speakership by producing long utterance. Her utterances have grammatically, semantically, and
intonationally completes. She finishes her utterance with falling intonation on the word going. Those three characteristics of turn could legitimate
that the current speaker‟s floor is finished. In addition, Radcliffe produces the simple utterance in possible completion or TRP. He produces it
i mmadiately when possible completion occur in Rowling‟s utterance.
Radcliffe produces that’s amazing without no gap and overlap to reduce
the possible completion. Nevertheless, as long as the listener whose utterance roles as a signal to what speaker is talking about, then it is not
turn, but backchannels. Thus, that’s amazing produced by Radcliffe is
backchannels. Moreover, Stenstrom maintain that a listener is not allowed to
remain passive, nor allowed to provide silent feedback. Hence, Radcliffe produces that utterance to show to Rowling as the speaker that he still has
an interest to what Rowling says. Based on Maynard described about the functions of backchannels,
that’s amazing is a backchannels which serve to show an empathy or strong emotional response which is more than as a
continuers or agreement. In sum, if the listener produces backchannels such as wow, great, amazing, fantastic, etc, they are probably functioned
as strong emotional response.
Datum 10
Radcliffe: As the books when own, = Rowling: = mm-hm.
Radcliffe: = and you realize that = actually there we:re 0,5 suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well. =
Rowling: = mm-hm. The conversation between Radcliffe and Rowling above shows that
the flow is very goes well because the absence of overlap. In the beginning of the discussion, Radcliffe takes up the speakership by producing a
compound sentence ended with slight falling intonation which indicates that his floor has not finished yet. However, Rowling produces simple
utterance not to taking up her turn but only make a feedback which indicates that she is listening and encouraging Radcliffe to keep talking.
Thus, Rowling simple utterance mm-hm is backchannels. The one who produces backchannels in conversation do not legitimate himher as the
primary speaker, she does not taking up the speakership at that moment. It proved by the continuity of Radcliffe‟s turn by his following utterance
and you realize that = actually there we:re 0,5 suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well.
Moreover, both of them are very well maintaining the flow of their conversation. The transition between turns at talk is done smoothly.
Nevertheless, in this case, it is necessary to understand that the turn is only belong to Radcliffe as the primary speaker. Any utterance produced by
Rowling as the listener considered not as turn, but backchannels. Although Rowling produces her two utterances without no gap and overlap and
within TRP, but it is only serve as a response which functioned as continuer to what Radcliffe says. According to Hatch, during
conversations, even when it is not our turn at talk, we may nod or make noises like umhhmm, uhhuh, yeah, yerright
– backchannels feedback that
encourages the speaker to continue. These signals do not take the turn away from the speaker.
55
Datum 11
Radcliffe: It‟s almost become part of, 0,3
Rowling: the legend. = Radcliffe: = the legend of Harry [Potter] you knew all of it.
Rowling: [yeah]
In datum 11, Radcliffe begins the discussion by taking up the floor. There is a short pause occur in Radcliffe utterance less than a second. It is
a normal value in conversation. The short pause probably occurs because he is thinking about the word that he wants to deliver in order to complete
his utterance. However, to avoid a long pause in Radcliffe utterance, Rowling produces a word as verbal fillers. Verbal fillers aimed to occupy
the short pause. It is not a kind of turn because Rowling does not taking up the speakership at that moment, but it is backchannels. Rowling produces
those utterances not only as verbal fillers, but also as a sentence completion. She delivers the word the legend to complete Radcliffe
utterance because she knows about the context of the discussion. It proved by Radcliffe following utterance the legend of Harry Potter you knew all
of it in his own turn. The legend word which delivered by Rowling is the
55
Evelyn Hatch, Discourse and English Education 1
st
ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1992, p. 15.
exact word that Radcliffe means. That is why Radcliffe produces it in the beginning of his following utterance.
Furthermore, Rowling produces her second backchannels in this conversation. She produces it simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk.
The utterance yeah produced by Rowling indicates that she is following and encouraging Radcliffe to go on. Rowling produces backchannels with
overlap, but it is not seen as grabbing the floor, it is only a response. In sum, in this conversation, both of them have a good role as the speaker and
hearer. Radcliffe does the utterance to takes up the speakership as the primary speaker, and Rowling does backchannels to give a feedback as the
listener.
Datum 12
Radcliffe: I do I do sometimes think that you know if we did make a six hour Harry potter film there would be, 0,2
Rowling: there would be [an audience for it,] = Radcliffe:
[there would be an audience] = yeah = Rowling: = and they would still be complaining that
things were wr[o:ng] and they would still want director‟s cut. =
Radcliffe: [yeah] =Yeah.
Rowling: = so so let‟s not even go down that route
Datum 12 contains several turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the beginning of the conversation, Radcliffe takes up the speakership and
there is a short pause less than a second in his utterance. Radcliffe delivers the utterance by producing the word be with slight falling intonation. The
slight falling intonation which followed by a short pause, however, lead Rowling as the listener to takes up the turn because she knows the context
of the discussion. In the previous cases of the data in this research, the listener who produces the utterance to fill the short pause serves as
backchannels. Nonetheless, in this datum, the utterance aimed rather to take the turn than to fill the short pause. Then it is turn, not backchannels.
Rowling produces the utterance there would be an audience for it to take up the speakership from Radcliffe as the current speaker. Rowling gain the
speakership through speaker self-select. The proof of this argument is that the one who take up the speakership till the end of the discussion is
Rowling. Thus, there would be an audience for it is turn, not backchannels.
Moreover, after the speaker change, Radcliffe as the listener gives a feedback of his agreement by producing two utterances there would be an
audience simultaneously while Rowling utter an audience for it and yeah in TRP. Those two utterances could not see as a turn because Rowling still
taking up the speakership. Hence, those two utterances belong to backchannels. The reason that those utterances are only as backchannels
supported by the continuity of Rowling‟s turn as the primary speaker, she
produces and they would still be complaining that things were wr[o:ng] and they would still want director’s cut through the TRP.
In addition, Radcliffe produces the other feedbacks of his agreement; backchannels. Those feedbacks are yeah which produced twice
in his utterance. His first backchannels occur simultaneously with Rowling ongoing talk in order to give a signal after the complex utterance which
delivered by Rowling. His second backchannels occur within TRP, he produces it without any gap to reduce the possible completion. The
argument that those utterances belong to backchannels supported by Rowling following utterance to continues her floor. In sum, this
conversation consists of four both turn and backchannels.
Datum 13
Rowling: There was always logic to the magic euh however strange it became.=
Radcliffe: = yeah. Rowling: = and I know it‟s intriguing to go through the mouth
The conversation above shows that the speakership belongs to Rowling. She produces the utterance to take up the floor. Meanwhile,
Radcliffe produces the simple utterance yeah in possible completion when Rowling utterance has grammatically, semantically, and intonationally
complete. Radcliffe produces the utterance without any gaps, he talks
immadiately when Rowling talks stop. Nonetheless, those utterances could not see as turn which he gains from the speaker self-select. Radcliffe
delivers his utterance to give a response as an agreement toward an opinion made by Rowling as the primary speaker. The response such as
those utterances which given by Radcliffe as the listener in order to make a contribution in their conversation. Thus, Radcliffe simple utterance yeah
is not turn, it is backchannels. The difference between backchannels and turn is that backchannels do not make any changes in speakership. This
argument supported by the continuity of Rowling‟s turn as the primary speaker. She continues her previous utterance by producing
and I know it’s intriguing to go through the mouth.
Datum 14
Rowling: So we had a bit of a °discussion about that°. = Radcliffe: = okay, =
Rowling: = sometimes I will dig my heels in about the funniest things
In this part, the conversation consists two turns and one backchannels. In the beginning of the conversation, Rowling takes up the
floor by producing the utterance which grammatically, semantically, and intonationally complete. Those three characteristics could legitimate that
her floor finished and the next speaker could take the speakership.
Radcliffe produces the simple utterance okay in possible completion but he reduces TRP to deliver the utterance without any gap and overlap.
Although he does so, Radcliffe utterance could not see as turn because after he produces it, Rowling continues the floor as the primary speaker.
However, not all verbalization serve as turn through speaker self-select. Simple utterance such as yes, mm hm, uh huh produced by listener as a
response to what speaker says is not taking up the speakership. Hence, Radcliffe continuers okay is not considered as turn, but it is backchannels.
He takes his role as the listener by giving response to the issue of the discussion and allowing Rowling to continue the floor.
51
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
Kategori