they emphasize that translating must aim primarily at ‘reproducing the messages’. In reproducing the message, the grammatical and lexical adjustment must be made
by the translators. Further, Catford 1965:20 states that translation is “the replacement of
textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL”.
Finally, in line with the definitions of translation, Newmark gives the definition of translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language
in the way that the author intended the text” 1988:5. According to the explanation above, it can be concluded that translation is
the process of transferring message of a text from the source language SL into the target language TL by using grammatical and lexical adjustment in the TL.
2.2.2 The Types of Translation
There are two types of translation according to Nida and Taber. They are a formal correspondence translation and a dynamic equivalent translation 1982:
173. A formal correspondence translation is the translation in which the form of word syntax and classes of word is preserved, but the meaning is ignored. It
stresses the result of the formal restriction. While the translation in which the form is restructured different structures and lexicons to preserve the same meaning, is
called a dynamic equivalent translation. It emphasizes the equal meaning rather than the similar form of the two languages.
2.2.3 The Process of Translation
According to Nida and Taber 1982: 33-34 there are two different systems in the process of translation. The first is direct process. This process consists of
one rule to translate a text. Suryawinata and Hariyanto usually call it as linier process of translation 2003:17. That process is diagrammed as follows:
SL text X
TL text Nida and Taber, 1982: 33
From the diagram above, it is clear that in that system the translator directly rewrite the text from SL into TL. The letter X, in the middle of the
diagram, stands for any structure which may be used in the tranlation text. Another system is the system of translation which consists of more
complex process. This system comprises three stages, those are; analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. The system is diagrammed in the following figure:
Nida and Taber, 1982: 33
Analyzing the source language text is the first step to do. Nida and Taber 1982: 34 explain that in analyzing process, the source language text is analyzed
in a term of the grammatical relationship, and determining the meaningful relationship between the words and combinations of words. In this stage, the
translator tries to understand the message of SL text. After analyzing the text, then, the result of analysis is transfered into target
language text by finding the equal meaning of the text. In this process, some adjustments semantic and structural must be made by the translator. In this
stage, the writer has not arranged the words or sentences yet. Afterwards, the last step of the translation process is restructuring. The
process of restructuring focuses on grammatical and semantic adjustment. This step is done after analysing and transfering the text. It may involve the reduction,
addition, or inversion. However, to produce the good restructuring text, the translation result must be appropriate with the TL rule. The grammatical,
structural, and lexical aspects of the translation result must be natural in the target language TL. In this last stage, the writer tries to rewrite or restructure the
Target Language Text TLT
Source Language Text SLT
Restructuring Analysing
Transferring
message of SL text into TL text by using the equivalent words, structures, and idiom in the TL in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the target
language. In addition, Suryawinata in Suryawinata, Z. and Hariyanto, S. 2003:19
completes those three process of translation by adding an evaluation and revision process. In this process the result of translation text is checked with the original
text SL text. If there is incorrectness in it, the revision process is needed in order to make a perfect result of translation.
2.2.4 English Sentence Structures
