AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE BILINGUAL TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA
AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE
INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE BILINGUAL
TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University By:
MARIA DWI RATNANI WIDHI ASTUTI
C 1308507
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF NON-REGULAR PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
(2)
commit to user SURAKARTA
2010
AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE
INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE BILINGUAL
TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA
By:
MARIA DWI RATNANI WIDHI ASTUTI C 1308507
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Consultant
Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism NIP. 196305301990032001
Head of English Department of Non- Regular Program
Drs. S. Budi Waskito, MPd. NIP. 195211081983031001
(3)
commit to user
AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE
INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE BILINGUAL
TOURISM BOOKLET OF SURAKARTA
By:
MARIA DWI RATNANI WIDHI ASTUTI C 1308507
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University on November, 2010
Chairperson : Dra. Diah Kristina, M.A
(………... ) NIP.195905051986012001
Secretary : Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S., M.A.
(………... ) NIP. 197105251998022001
First Examiners : Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism
(………... ) NIP. 196305301990032001
Second Examiners : Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A
(………... ) NIP. 196708301993021001
Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Sudarno, M.A. NIP. 195303141985061001
(4)
commit to user
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Maria Dwi Ratnani W.A. NIM : C 1308507
State truthfully that the thesis entitled An Analysis on the English Translation of the Indonesian Cultural Terms in the Bilingual Tourism Booklet of Surakarta is originally compiled by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to the other people's works are written in quotation and are included within bibliography.
If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, November 2010
The Researcher
Maria Dwi Ratnani Widhi Astuti
(5)
commit to user
MOTTO
DO THE BEST, AND PRAY!
I have strength for every situation through Him who empowers me ... (Philippians 4 : 13)
Throw all your anxiety upon Him, for His concern is about you. (1 Peter 5: 7)
(6)
commit to user
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated into:
My Almighty God who empowers me, Jesus Christ...
My lovely parents and family...
My “lovers”...
(7)
commit to user
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to be thankful to the Lord of the Universe – my Lover, my everything – Jesus Christ, for His everlasting love, blessing, guidance, and strength that empowers me in all my life. I really thank to God for His blessing to finish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of Sarjana Degree. It was a challenging work for me to complete this thesis. It took a lot of energy, time, and patience. I have actually struggled to finish this thesis. However, I really realized that without the supports and encouragements from the people surround me, I might not be able to accomplish this thesis. Therefore, I would like to give my special thankful to all of people who had given valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:
1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A., for approving this thesis.
2. The Head of English Department of Non – Regular Program, Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd., for giving me admission for my thesis to examine.
3. My Academic Consultant, Mr. Agus D.P., S.S. , M. Call, for being my advisor during my time to gain Sarjana Degree through Transfer Program.
4. My Thesis Consultant, Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M. Tourism, for giving me valuable supports, care, and patience in compiling this thesis. Also, for giving me the “real example” about the struggle in life to be successful. I'm really proud to have such a lecturer like you, Mam!
5. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M. Ed, M.A., PhD, for his advice and valuable knowledge of translation.
6. All of lecturers in English Department who have given the precious knowledge during my study.
7. My raters: Mr. George, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Shane, for giving me great contributions in rating my thesis data.
8. My beloved father and mother, for giving me everlasting love, care, patience, supports, and prayers in all my days, until I could complete this thesis. Thank you so much for encouraging me to finish my thesis.
(8)
commit to user
9. My lovely brother and family, who always love and support me. 10. My beloved “future family”, the two lovers of mine.
11. All of English Department Students of 2006 and all my translation friends who give me valuable moments and supports.
12. My 'swadana transfer' friends ’08 for becoming the fighters together in the effort of accepting Sarjana Degree with me.
13. My beloved friends: Sist Niken, Elysa, Hani, Dinar, Cathy, Rina, and Ringgo, for the precious supports, love, and care in togetherness and beautiful friendship.
14. Holy Spirit, for the strength in all my days to be the better person in God.
Finally, I really realized that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I look forward for any supporting criticisms and suggestions.
Maria Dwi Ratnani Widhi Astuti
(9)
commit to user
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANT ...ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS...iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ...iv
MOTTO ...v
DEDICATION ...vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix
LIST OF TABLE ...xi
ABSTRACT ...xii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background...1
B. Problem Statement ...7
C. Research Objectives ...7
D. Research Limitation...7
E. Research Benefits...8
F. Thesis Organization...8
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Translation...10
B. Principles of Translation...11
C. Process of Translation...14
D. Types of Translation...15
E. Translation Techniques...16
1. Shift/ Transposition...17
2. Naturalisation...18
3. Transference/ Loan word (Borrowing)...19
4. Cultural equivalent...20
5. Literal Translation...20
6. Functional Equivalent...20
7. Reduction...21
8. Synonymy...21
9. Modulation...22
10. Addition...23
F. Translation Techniques in Translating Cultural Terms...23
G. Accuracy and Acceptability...25
H. Problems of Equivalence...26
I. Cultural Terms...29
J. Problems in Translating Cultural Terms...32
(10)
commit to user CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research...37
B. Data and Source of Data...38
C. Sample and Sampling Technique...39
D. Research Procedure...40
E. Techniques of Data Collection...41
F. Techniques of Analyzing Data...43
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS A. Introduction...44
B. Data Analysis...45
1. The analysis of translation techniques ...45
a. Shift / Transposition ...45
b. Addition ...46
c. Transference / Loan word (Borrowing) ...47
d. Cultural Equivalent ...48
e. Functional Equivalent ...48
f. Reduction ...49
g. Literal Translation ...50
h. Couplet (Transference plus functional equivalent)...50
2. The analysis of translation accuracy ...57
a. Accurate Translation ...62
b. Less Accurate Translation ...63
c. Inaccurate Translation ...65
d. Very Inaccurate ...66
3. The analysis of translation acceptability ...67
a. Acceptable Translation ...68
b. Less Acceptable Translation ...70
c. Unacceptable Translation ...71
C. Discussion...76
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...82
B. Suggestion ...84
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES
(11)
commit to user LIST OF THE TABLE
Table 1 : Accuracy of the Translation of Cultural Terms...41
Table 2 : Acceptability of the Translation of Cultural Terms...43
Table 3 : The Distribution of Translation Techniques...52
Table 4 : Accuracy Scale of the Translation of Cultural Terms ...58
Table 5 : Accuracy Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms ...59
Table 6 : The Classification of Translation Accuracy...67
Table 7 : Acceptability Scale of Translation of Cultural Terms...68
Table 8 : Acceptability Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms...73
Table 9 : The Classification of Translation Acceptability...76
(12)
commit to user CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
As translation is more widely used as a means to connect the gap in the inter-lingual communication, it is also related to many aspects to be concerned. One of those aspects is about the culture. When a translator is faced with cultural terms and has to look for cultural equivalents between the source language and the target language, sometimes it becomes a difficult process. The difference between the source language and the target language, and the variation in their cultures, makes the process of translating a real challenge.
It is difficult to find the cultural equivalents, since there is the fact that the target language that is spoken by people of a culture is very different from the culture of the people who speak the source language. Concerning language and translation, Newmark (1988:94) defines culture as “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means ofexpression”. It means that culture relates to art, custom, and habit of a society, in which language is used as ameans of communication.
However, Newmark (1988:95) also states that he does not regard language as a component or feature of culture”. Newmark does not include language as a part of a culture. Furthermore, the differences between cultures may cause more severecomplications for the translators than do differences in language culture. It means that the differences among cultures may cause more difficulties for the translators than the differences of languages among cultures.
(13)
commit to user
Of course, the culture influences in translation are important as well as lexical concern. Translating the culture is more difficult than translating the word itself. Larson (1984:33) argues “when a source language text is from a culture which is very different from the culture in which the receptor language is spoken, it is often difficult to translate in such a way that the results will communicate the same message”. From the above quotation, it is clear that the more different the culture, the more difficult to communicate the messages into the target language.
Furthermore, Basnett (1980:23) points out that “the translator must tackle the SL (source language) text in such a way that the TL (target language) version will correspond to the SL version…. to attempt to impose the value system of the SL culture onto the TL culture is a dangerous ground”. It means that it is important for a translator to consider not only the lexical terms on the target language, but also how the cultural aspects be seen and make the translation accurate and acceptable by the target language readers.
Cultural terms are the very sensitive matters to be translated. As we know, culture is something related to the “personality” and the “originality” of a nation, therefore, culture is different from one another. It shows prosperity and greatness of a nation. Therefore, it is difficult enough to find the equivalence of the cultural terms from one language to another. For that reason, the proper translation techniques are required to produce the quality translation, especially in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
Frequently where there is cultural focus, there is a translation problem due to the cultural ‘gap’ or ‘distance’ between the source and target language
(14)
commit to user
According to Nida (1964), the task of interlingual communication in terms of translating cultural terms is challenging. It can be said that translating cultural terms is challenging and unique to do.
As we know, every culture has different ways of communication. Even though the source language text has been translated into the target language text concerning the grammatical structure of the target language, the translation may be still unnatural. Larson (1998:470) states that as a part of culture, translation from one language to another language cannot be done adequately without having knowledge about the two cultures as well as the two language structures. Therefore, the translators should master the knowledge of the two cultures, both the target language culture and the source language culture, and be able to translate the cultural terms. Without having good knowledge of the two cultures, the translators will face many difficulties in translating the cultural terms. Even, the translators will make many errors in their translation. In addition, those errors will automatically influence the degrading quality of the translation. Therefore, it makes the process of translating the cultural terms is uneasy thing to conduct.
Cultural words can be divided into several categories. It may be classified as ecology, material culture (food terms belong to this group), social culture (work and leisure), organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and gestures and habits. These categories may be translated in different ways according to their role in the text and their aims for the target - text readers.
The book used as the source of data of this research is the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta entitled “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of
(15)
commit to user
translation of this bilingual tourism booklet is translated by the related official staff. The bilingual tourism booklet itself is interesting and challenging to analyze because it employs many Indonesian cultural terms from the various different aspects, such as food and beverages, historical terms, entertainment, religious terms, arts, and attractions. Those aspects are potentially significant to study. This bilingual tourism booklet, representing the various cultural aspects, should have a good English translation, especially to be accurate and acceptable for the target readers.
Moreover, there may be equivalents or there may not be any equivalents from Indonesian into English. For example, in the Indonesian language, there are three words padi, beras, and nasi, but in English, they name it into rice. Here are some examples from the bilingual tourism booklet of Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo:
Example 1
ST (the Indonesian cultural term): ‘gamelan’ (datum no.17) is translated into TT (English version): ‘Gamelan (a set of Javanese orchestra)’, (Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo, p.4). From the example above, gamelan is the original cultural term from Indonesia, since there is no cultural equivalent in English. In this case, the translator applies couplet (transference plus functional equivalent) technique to transfer the good message into English, to be ‘gamelan (a set of Javanese orchestra)’. By applying this technique, the target readers will imagine and understand about what gamelan is. Actually, it is difficult enough to transfer the message of this cultural term, since the message can be understood or
(16)
commit to user
Example 2
ST: ‘Karak’ (datum no.77), is translated into TT: ‘rice crackers’, (PWKS: TPS, p.44). The Indonesian cultural term ‘karak’ has hardly any cultural equivalent in English. The translator translates the term by applying functional equivalent technique into ‘rice crackers’. The translator does not employ the word ‘snack’, but the translator applies the word ‘cracker’. There should be the differences between snack and cracker. Basically, cracker is a thin, crispy, and usually salty or savory biscuit (www.wiktionary.org/wiki/crackerdry). Whereas, snack is a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main meal of the day – breakfast, lunch, or dinner – but rather to assuage a person's hunger between these meals, providing a brief supply of energy for the body. It also refers to a food item consumed between meals purely for the enjoyment of its taste (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/snack). The other definition of snack is a light meal; an item of food eaten between meals; to eat a light meal; to eat between meals (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snack). From the explanation above, it is clear that the translator should translate the term ‘karak’ into ‘a kind of snack made from spicy rice which is dried and fried’, because ‘cracker’ refers to a kind of biscuit. In fact, ‘karak’ is not a kind of biscuit, but it is a kind of snack. It usually functions as a food accompaniment in Surakarta culture in this case.
Certainly, those two examples of the Indonesian cultural terms (about foods terms) above do not have equivalents in English. In that case, the translator is highly recommended to apply couplet (transference plus functional equivalent) technique. The other example can be seen as follows:
(17)
commit to user
Example 3
ST: ‘tirakatan’ (datum no. 122) is translated into TT: ‘ascetic act’, (PWKS: TPS, p. 61). In this case, the translator used the functional equivalent technique as stated above. The translation of the term ‘tirakatan‘ into English also seems accurate and acceptable.
Translating Indonesian cultural terms into English is difficult, but challenging. This research analyzes the techniques applied in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English and the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability of the related matter. Since there are many differences in cultures and language systems between Indonesian and English, the translation techniques are selected to be studied in this research.
The application of the proper translation techniques can influence the quality of the translation whether it is going to be good or bad. Furthermore, the errors in translating cultural terms can also occur because of the mistakes in applying the translation techniques. Likewise, the equivalent messages between the source text and the target text does not guarantee the high quality of the translation.
The phenomenon above is interresting and challenging to observe because in translating the cultural terms, the translator should consider the two main things, the message conveyed by means of proper translation techniques and the quality of translation. Considering the explanation above, the researcher will conduct a research entitled AN ANALYSIS ON THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN THE
(18)
commit to user B. Problem Statement
Based on the research background stated above, the following problem statements are proposed:
1. What are the techniques applied in translating Indonesian cultural terms into English?
2. How is the translation quality in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English in terms of accuracy and acceptability?
C. Research Objectives
The objectives of the research are:
1. To describe the techniques applied in translating Indonesian cultural terms into English.
2. To explore the translation quality in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
D. Research Limitation
The main objectives of this research are to describe the techniques of translation applied and translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English. The data analyzed are in terms of words and phrases level only. The research is focused on the English translation of the Indonesian cultural terms.
Additionally, the translation quality in this case is only focused on the accuracy and acceptability of the translation product. Accuracy means how accurate the original message is conveyed into the target text, while acceptability
(19)
commit to user E. Research Benefits
It is expected that this study will be beneficial for: 1. Translators
The findings in this study is expected to be used as an input in translating a cultural –based text (Indonesian - English and vice versa) in order to have better quality by applying the good techniques in a translation process.
2. Students of English Department
This research is expected to improve the ability of the English Department students in translating a cultural–based translation text to be qualified especially in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
3. Other researchers
This research is expected to be able to provide any information in the field of translation, especially when they want to analyze similar aspects of the bilingual tourism booklet.
F. Thesis Organization
The thesis is organized as follows: Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter covers Research Background, Problem Statement, Research Limitation, Research Objectives, Research Benefits, and Thesis Organization. Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter consists of Definition of Translation, Principles of Translation, Process of Translation, Types of Translation, Translation Techniques, Translation Techniques in translating Cultural Terms, Accuracy and Acceptability, Problems
(20)
commit to user
Bilingual Tourism Booklet.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter covers Type of Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and Sampling Technique, Research Procedure, Technique of Data Collection, and Technique of Analyzing Data.
Chapter IV: Data Analysis
This chapter consists of Introduction, Data Analysis, and Discussion Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter consists of Conclusion and Suggestion Bibliography
(21)
commit to user CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
There are many definitions of translation proposed by many translation experts. According to Brislin (1976:1), translation is the general term that reffers to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target) whether the languages are in written or oral form. Catford (1965:20) emphasizes the use of technical terms in translation which are called as source language (SL) and target language (TL) where the textual material of the source language text is replaced by the equivalent textual material in target language text.
Furthermore, Nida and Taber define that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1969:11). Similarly, Bell (1991) states that translation is a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in second language. The idea above is supported by Nida and Taber statement (1974) that the best translation does not sound like a translation.
According to Bell (1991:13), the word ‘translation’ has three distinguishable meanings:
1. Translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object). 2. A translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text).
(22)
commit to user
3. Translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.
Therefore, the term ‘translation’ means both the process and the product.
In addition, Larson defines that translation is transferring the meaning of the source language text into the target language text (1998:3). In translating, Larson really concerns that the meaning of the source language should be transferred into the target language text. It is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure. Then, translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the SL text.
Simply speaking, translation is a process of transferring the message from one language (source language/ SL) to another language (target language/ TL) done by a translator. The message should be transferred from SL to TL well, so the target readers can easily understand the message, which is in context to be the same as when the original readers understand the SL text.
B. Principles of Translation
The aim of the translator in translating a text is to produce good translation. In this case, equivalence is very needed. Actually, there are some conditions that should be considered in order to produce a good translation. All of the principles of translation are emphasizing the same thing that the translators should communicate the source language text in the natural form of the receptor language.
(23)
According to Etienne Dolet in Nida (1964:15), there are some fundamental principles of translation, as follows:
1. The translator must understand perfectly the content and intention of the author whom he is translating.
2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which he is translating and an equally excellent knowledge of the language into which he is translating.
3. The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word for word, for to do so is to destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the expression.
4. The translator should employ the forms of speech in common usage.
5. Through his choice and order of words, the translator should produce a total overall effect with appropriate tone.
From the principles above, it can be seen that Dolet highlights the reproduction of the sense and suggests to avoid word-for-word translation. Furthermore, it is important to produce natural translation without ignoring the important of the equivalence of the translation. Moreover, Tytler in Bassnett (1991:63) describes three basic principles of translation :
1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work. 2. The style and manner of writing should be in the same character as that of the original.
(24)
commit to user
Those principles are related to what a translator has to do with the source text. The idea, style, and manner of writing of the source text are some aspects that should be considered in order to produce a good translation.
According to Savory (1968:50), there are some principles of translation, as follows:
1. A translation must give the words of the original. 2. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 3. A translation should be read like an original work. 4. A translation should not be read like a translation. 5. A translation should reflect the style of the original. 6. A translation should possess the style of the translator.
7. A translation should be read as a contemporary of the original. 8. A translation should be read as a comtemporary of the translator. 9. A translation may add to or omit from the original.
10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 11. A translation in verse should be in prose.
12. A translation in verse should be in verse.
It emphasizes that the message, meaning, and the content of the source language should be transferred correctly and completely into the target language in order to be understood easily by the target readers.
Besides, Kridalaksana (1985:77) states that there are some factors as the requirements for a translator to produce a good translation. It is said that a translator has to master the SL and TL, fully understands the translated material, and also
(25)
master the methods and techniques of translation. Therefore, a translator should have many skills in translating the text in order to produce a good translation.
C. Process of Translation
Translation process is an activity of a translator when doing translation. In this case, Nida (1975:80) has three steps of translation process that can be used by the translator: 1). Analysis, 2). Transferring, 3). Restructuring. The scheme can be seen as follows:
Source Language Receptor Language
Text Translation
Analysis Restructuring
Transfer
Process of Translation (Nida, 1975:80)
The process of analysis are, however, relatively complex, for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the semantic units (Nida, 1975:80).
(26)
commit to user 1. Analysis
In this case, the translator should understand the message and the meaning of the SL text based on the context, to decide the right word in traslating. Therefore, the translator must have the knowledge of the SL and TL culturally and linguistically. 2. Transfer
A translator translates the analyzed meaning of the original language into the target language.
3. Restructuring
A translator checks the transferred text or message in the target language. Therefore, it will sound natural and readable for the target reader.
D. Types of Translation
Actually, it is possible for the translator to apply more than one type of translation in translating one language to another. There are eight types of translation suggested by Newmark, with some types emphasize on the SL and the other emphasize on the TL, as follows:
SL emphasis TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Literal Translation Free Translation Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation
(27)
Newmark criticizes that equivalent effect is “illusory”. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on the SL and TL will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by applying semantic and communicative translation. He affirms that only semantic and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are accuracy and economy.
There are also other classifications of the types of translation. Larson (1998:17) classifies the two types of translation, literal and idiomatic translation. Literal translation is the form-based translation that follows the form of the SL, both in the grammatical and in the diction. Meanwhile, idiomatic translation is the meaning-based translation that attempts to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural form of the TL.
E. Translation Techniques
There are many kinds of translation techniques with the different ideas from the different translation experts. According to Hurtado Albir and Molina (2002:499), translation techniques allow us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option chosen. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions.
Actually, there is a difference between translation methods and translation techniques. The translation methods affect the whole text, but the translation techniques only affect micro-units of the text. In its correlation with the translation
(28)
commit to user
strategy is that the strategies open the way to find a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular technique. Therefore, strategies and techniques occupy different places in problem solving: strategies are part of the process, and techniques affect the result. For example, paraphrasing can be used as the strategy of translation, and it can be an amplification as the technique used in the translated text.
There are five basic characteristics of translation techniques stated by Hurtado Albir and Molina (2002:509), as follows:
• They affect the result of the translation
• They are classified by comparison with the original • They affect micro-units of the text
• They are by nature discursive and contextual • They are functional
In simple words, translation techniques are the procedures to analyze and classify the way of equivalence happens and it can be applied in whatever lingual terms. However, translation techniques are called as the realization of the decision making process, where the product can be identified on the translation result. Below are the kinds of translation techniques that are proposed by Newmark (1988: 81-91) as follows:
1. Shift/ Transposition
Shift (Catford’s term) or Transposition (Vinay and Dalbernet’s term) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL
(29)
(Newmark,1988: 85). One of the type of shift found based on the data is stucture shift. This is a shift in grammatical structure including change in word order. Struture shift occurs when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.
Here is the example of the datum that belongs to this category:
SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit (1293-1476) dan Mataram (1586-1755) masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta pusaka-pusaka lainnya.
TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era (1293-1478) and Mataram era (1586-1755) at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang (drama), dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique matters, also other valuable heirlooms. (p.3)
SL (Indonesian) : Wayang Kulit H M
TL (English) : Leather Puppet
M H
In Indonesian, the word “Wayang” must precede its modifier “Kulit”. Meanwhile, in English, the word “Leather” that functions as modifier precedes the word “Puppet” having functions as the head in the noun phrase.
2. Naturalisation
This is a kind of translation technique that succeeds the borrowing (transference) technique. According to Newmark (1988: 82), this technique succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation. Then to the normal
(30)
commit to user
morphology (word-form) of the TL, for example: computer (English) to be komputer (Indonesian).
3. Transference/ Loan word (Borrowing)
This translation techniques is commonly called borrowing. Newmark calls this technique as transference. This technique is usually applied when there is not yet an equivalent of the certain word or it is applied to appreciate the SL word /term. It is done simply by using a loan word from the SL and putting it into the TL. Generally, only cultural “object” or concept that should be transferred (Newmark, 1988:81). Here is the example of the datum related to this category:
SL: Pura Mangkunegaran (datum no. 005) menyimpan koleksi yang tak ternilai harganya. (p. 3)
TL: Pura Mangkunegaran has invaluable collections.
Borrowing (transference) can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts:
• the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first
man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as "sputniks".
• the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic
or just accepted), even though it can be translated. For example, Indonesian IT is full of terms like "soft[ware]", and Indonesian accountants talk of "overheads", even though these terms can be translated into Indonesian. • to retain some "feel" of the source language.
(31)
4. Cultural equivalent
This is a translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the cultural terms. Newmark states that this technique is applied when the SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word (Newmark,1988:83). As we know, the term that is related to cultural matters are the serious problem to find the equivalence. It also depends on translators’ competence to produce the good result of translation. Here is the example of the datum related to the category:
SL: Klenteng (datum no. 49) yang berada tepat di seberang Pasar Gede ini sudah berdiri sejak tahun 1746 M. (p. 7)
TL: The t emple is located across the Pasar Gede was built in 1746 AD. 5. Literal Translation
This techniques is applied by translating word-for word translation. Newmark prefers to call it as “through translation”. Normally, literal translation should be used only when they are already recognized terms (Newmark, 1988:85). The example is the sentence I will call you that is translated into Saya akan menelpon Anda. Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. The other example from the bilingual tourism booklet is “Raja Paku Buwono II” (datum no. 002) as the Indonesian cultural term that is translated in English into “King Paku Buwono the 2nd”.
6. Functional Equivalent
This technique is used when a SL cultural word has no TL equivalent. This is applied to cultural matters and requires the use of a culture free word (Newmark, 1988:83). This technique is the accurate way of translating a cultural word as what
(32)
commit to user The example of this category is:
SL : Wayang orang Sriwedari telah berjasa besar dalam ikut melestarikan kebudayaan bangsa, yaitu seni wayang orang, seni tari, seni busana, seni suara, serta seni karawitan (datum no. 025, p.12 )
TL : Human Wayang of Sriwedari has given a huge contribution for conservating traditional culture, such as human watang art, dabcing art, fashion art, singing art, and Javanese orchestra art.
7. Reduction
This is a technique in which the information/ message is given implicitly in the TL. In contrast, the SL information is explicit one. This technique is in contrast with amplification technique. This is rather imprecise translation techniques practiced intuitively in some cases (Newmark, 1988:90). It is to suppress a SL into item in TL.
Here is the example of this category
Sl : Gladag Langen Bogan (datum no. 055) sebuah penguat bagi sebutan Solo sebagai kota yang tak pernah tidur. (p. 34)
TL : Galaboemphazises more the so – called Solo as the city that never sleep 8. Synonymy
Newmark states that the word 'synonym' is used in the sense of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist (1988: 84). This technique is used for an SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality. The translator has to make do with it as a
(33)
compromise, in order to translate more important segments of the text and the meaning more accurately.
Example:
SL (Indonesian) : Dia adalah seorang pria sejati.
TL (English) : He is a gentleman.
From the example above, the word 'gentleman' is translated into 'pria sejati' since there is no one-to-one equivalent in the TL. In here, the translator considers that 'pria sejati' in Indonesian has the same meaning as the word 'gentleman' in English.
9. Modulation
As cited in Newmark (1988:88), Vinay and Dalbernet defines that 'modulation' is 'a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought'. The translators usually use this technique when the TL rejects literal translation.
Example:
SL (Indonesian) : Dia akan menjadi seorang bapak. TL (English) : He is going to have a child.
In this case, the translator tries to find the point of view of the word ' akan menjadi seorang bapak' to be 'is going to have a child'. Based on the literal meaning, the words 'akan menjadi seorang bapak' should be translated literally into 'is going to be a father'. However, in this case the translator translates it into the same meaning 'is going to have a child'.
(34)
commit to user 10. Addition
This technique is commonly used by using additional information. It is usually applied in cultural-based translation (Newmark, 1988: 92). Additional information in translation may take various forms:
1. within the text
2. notes at bottom of pages 3. notes at end of chapter
4. notes or glossary at end of book Example:
SL (Indonesian) : Sebuah taman rekreasi di Jl. Ir. Sutami yang terletak di tepi Bengawan Solo (datum no 034, p. 18)
TL (English) : A recreation park in Jl. Ir. Sutami which located at the side of Bengawan Solo river
In this case, the additional word 'river' in the English translation adds the clearer information about what Bengawan Solo is as the Indonesian term.
F. Translation Techniques in Translating Cultural Terms
Translating cultural terms (cultural–bound terms) is a serious matter to be concerned. Harvey (2000:2) defines culture-bound terms as the terms which "refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the SL culture". Furthermore, Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following four major techniques for translating the cultural terms (cultural-bound terms): functional equivalent, formal
(35)
equivalent or ‘linguistic equivalent’, transcription or ‘borrowing’, descriptive or self explanatory translation.
1. Functional Equivalent
This techniques are applied by using a referent in the target language (TL) culture having similar function to the source language (SL) referent. Weston (1991:23) describes it as "the ideal method of translation," while Sarcevic (1985:131) asserts that it is "misleading and should be avoided." Actually, some of the translators still applies the technique.
2. Formal Equivalent or 'linguistic equivalent'
It means a 'word-for-word' translation or literal translation.
3. Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. reproducing or, where necessary, transliterating the original term)
According to Harvey (2000:4), transcription is a translation technique where the translator borrows a word or lexical term of the SL. If the term is formally transparent or is explained in the context, it may be used alone. In other cases, particularly where no knowledge of the SL by the reader is presumed, transcription is accompanied by an explanation or a translator's note.
4. Descriptive or self-explanatory translation
Descriptive uses generic terms (not cultural-bound terms) to convey the meaning of the source text (Harvey 2000:5). It is appropriate to use in a wide variety of contexts where formal equivalence is considered insufficiently clear. In a text aimed at a specialized reader, it can be helpful to add the original SL term to avoid ambiguity.
(36)
commit to user
G. Accuracy and Acceptability a. Accuracy
According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:3), accuracy is described as follows:
“A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original. While it usually refers to preservation of the information content of the source text (ST) in the target text (TT), with an accurate translation being generally literal rather than free, its actual meaning in the context of a given translation must depend on the type of equivalence found in the translation”.
Based on the the description above, it can be concluded that accuracy in translation deals with the message or the content of the SL into the TL. A translation is considered accurate, if it can transfer the whole message from SL to TL perfectly. In simple words, the faithfulness of the SL message is still maintained in the TL. b. Acceptability
Acceptability of a text refers to the ‘natural sense’ of the translation. According to Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997:2-3), a translation that learns toward acceptability can thus be thought as fulfilling the requirement of “reading as an original” written text in the TL rather than that of “reading as the original”. Acceptability relates to the naturalness of the translated text to the target readers. It is determined by the faithfulness to the linguistics and cultural bounds of the target system. Therefore, the translator has to observe the norms of the SL and the target system before he / she translates the text. The translated text will be considered
(37)
acceptable if it is read as an original text written in TL and sounded natural for the target readers.
H. Problems of Equivalence
The aim of the translator is to produce the equivalent translation that is accurately communicating the same meaning as the SL. However, the different characteristics between the SL and the TL often create many problems for the translator. Hervey, Higgins, and Haywood claim two reasons why it is hard to produce equivalent in translation. First, the requirement that the target text (TT) should affect its recipient in the same way as the source text (ST) does (or did) its original audience raises the difficult problem on how any one particular recipient responds to a text, and of the extent to which text has constant interpretations even for the same person on two dofferent occasions. ... Second, the principle of equivalent effect presumes that the theory can cope not only with ST and SL audience, but also with the impact of a TT on its intended TL audience (1995:14).
For those reasons, Nida (1964:159) distinguishes two types of equivalence, formal and dynamic. Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself, in both the form and content. It aims to allow the readers to have a better understanding about the TL context. However, this method sometimes produces unnatural translation, that is hard to understand by the target readers.
Meanwhile, dynamic equivalent is based on the principle of equivalent effect, for instance : that the effect of the message of the TL text to the receptor language should be the same as the message effect of the SL text to the original receivers.
(38)
commit to user
However, a complete equivalence is impossible because of the cultural gap between the SL and the TL. Thus, information loss and gain in the process of translation can not be avoided.
Sometimes, the purpose of translation is to produce the same effect on the translation readers as well as the original text readers and this purpose will be achieved when the equivalence occurs between an SL and a TL text. According to Hatim (2001:28), translation equivalence may be achieved at any or all of the following levels:
1. SL and TL words having similar orthographic or phonological features (formal equivalence;
2. SL and TL words referring to the same thing in the real world (referential or denotative equivalence);
3. SL and TL words triggering the same or similar associations in the minds of speakers of the two languages (connotative equivalence);
4. SL and TL words being used in the same or similar contexts in their respective languages (text normative equivalence);
5. SL and TL words having the same effect on their respective readers (pragmatic or dynamic equivalence).
Moreover, Nababan (2003:55-60) states that there are four factors affecting problems of equivalence in translation, they are: different systems of SL and TL, semantic and stylistic complexity, translator's competence, and quality of the SL text. 1. Different systems of SL and TL.
(39)
If only all languages in this world had the same system of languages, there would be no problems in term of translation (Nababan, 2003:55). Nevertheless, in fact, there are no languages in this world having the same system of languages. Every system of languages is different in terms of syntactical, lexical, and morpheme structure. The different system of SL and TL also can be seen from the differences in terms of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
2. Semantic and stylistic complexity.
Semantic field is the most complicated one (Nababan, 2003:58). It can be understood since the meaning has the broad scope and tends to be subjective. The high level of subjectivity in term of meaning is related to the relationship about the meaning of the words with the socio-cultural aspects of the people using the language. The differences of languages and cultures will cause the serious problem for the translators, especially if they do not master the cultures of SL and TL well.
The stylistic complexity also becomes one of the factors that cause the problems in translation (Nababan, 2003:59). The literature texts, such as poetry, prose, and play, are expressed in the different style from the science texts. Because of the different culture of SL and TL, the stylistic matters of both languages are also different.
3. Translator’s competence.
A translator is the subject in the translation process, and the translator competence will affect the successfulness of a translation result or not (Nababan, 2003:59-60). The competency level of the translator in translating a text will affect the translation
(40)
commit to user
translation process easier. In contrast, a translator with low level of competence will face many kinds of translation problems, and do not know the best ways to solve those problems.
4. Quality of the SL text.
The low quality level of the SL text can affect the problems in translation process (Nababan, 2003:60). As a result, the meaning involved in the SL text can not be easily understood because of the bad quality of the SL text.
I. Cultural Terms
Newmark (1988:95-102) divided cultural terms into several categories. It may be classified as ecology, material culture (artifacts), social culture (work and leisure), organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and gestures and habits. These categories may be translated into different ways according to their role in the text and their aims for the target text readers.
1. Ecology
Geographical features can be differentiated from other cultural terms that usually value-free whether in politic or commerce. Nevertheless, their usage depends on the importance of their country and their degree of specificity. As Newmark (1988:96) stated “geographical features can be normally distinguished from other cultural terms in that they are usually value-free, politically and commercially. Nevertheless, their diffusion depends on the importance of their country of origin as well as their degree of specificity”. Many countries have local words, and these words would be translated based on their importance in the source language.
(41)
2. Material Culture
Food is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture for many countries because food has the widest variety in translation procedures. Newmark (1988:97) stated that “food is for many the most sensitive and important expression of national culture; food terms are subject to the widest variety of translation procedures”. It means material culture especially food need to be translated appropriately because it is an expression of a national culture. Someone can recommend for words with recognized equivalents and transference, plus a neutral term for the readers in general.
3. Social Culture
The translators should know the denotative and connotative meaning of every country, in order to produce an acceptable translation. Newmark (1988:98) stated that “in considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and connotation problems of translation.” Connotative meaning in each country is different; a word may have a positive connotative meaning in one culture but not in another. That is why the translator should pay attention and be careful in translating it. Furthermore, Larson (1984:131) explained that “connotative meaning is often culturally conditioned. A word, which has a positive connotation in one culture, may actually have a negative connotation in another.
4. Organizations, Customs, Activities, Procedures, Concepts
Concerning the translation of social organization terms, the translators should decide that the term is recognized and understood by the readers. In addition, the
(42)
commit to user
first, a translator should build a recognized translation and secondly the readers and take an appropriate setting should understand the translation. The translation process of cultural organization is also divided into two categories; they are formal and informal informative (colloquial) texts. In formal informative text, the translators should translate the cultural organization terms, Newmark (1988:100) stated that in a formal informative text, the name should be transferred, and a functional, culture-free equivalent given. On the contrary, Newmark (1988:100) explained that “If the informative text is informal or colloquial it may not be necessary to transfer the organization’s name”. Therefore, if the text is informal informative text, it is not necessary for the translators to translate the cultural organization.
5. Gestures and Habits
Gestures and habits are symbolic actions of a country having meaning and function. It is important for the translators to translate it appropriately because if these actions simply translated literally, it may make wrong meaning. Larson (1984:138) stated that “In every culture, there will be certain actions which will be symbolic”. Gestures and habits in the form of an action sometimes have different function in the receptor language, that is why it is sometimes difficult to translate gestures and habits. Newmark (1988:102) also added that “for gestures and habits there is a distinction between description and function which made where necessary in ambiguous case”.
(43)
J. Problems in Translating Cultural Terms
A cultural-based translation often affect the difficult problems for the translators because there is a matter called ‘cultural untranslatable’. As a result, the translation will be inaccurate. Gerver (1976) cites six types of inaccuracies in translation: a) simple omission; b) escape, or cutting off the input with simultaneous talk; c) error, or incorrect processing; d) queuing, or delaying response during heavy loads and catching up during lulls; e) filtering, or systematic omission of certain types of information; and f) approximation, or less precise renderings of information than the original contained.
According to Toury (1978:200), translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions." Related to this statement, translators are permanently faced with the problem of how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in a source text and of finding the most appropriate technique of successfully conveying these aspects in the target language. These problems may vary in scope depending on the cultural and linguistic gap between the two (or more) languages concerned (Nida, 1964:130). The important aspect is to determine how much missing background information should be provided by the translator.
The cultural problems for translation may take several forms ranging from lexical content and syntax to ideologies and ways of life in a given culture. The translator also has to decide on the importance given to certain cultural aspects and to what extent it is necessary or desirable to translate them into the TL. The notion of culture is essential to considering the implications for translation and, despite the
(44)
commit to user
appear to be inseparable. Discussing the problems of correspondence in translation, Nida confers equal importance to both linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and the TL and concludes that "differences between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure" (Nida, 1964:130). It is further explained that parallels in culture often provide a common understanding despite significant formal shifts in the translation. The cultural implications for translation are thus of significant importance as well as lexical concerns.
Newmark (1988:96) proposes two opposing methods: transference and componential analysis, when considering the translation of cultural words and notions. As Newmark mentions, transference gives "local colour," keeping cultural names and concepts. Nida's definitions of formal and dynamic equivalence (Nida, 1964:129) may also be seen to apply when considering cultural problems for translation. According to Nida, a "gloss translation" mostly typifies formal equivalence where form and content are reproduced as faithfully as possible and the TL reader is able to "understand as much as he can of the customs, manner of thought, and means of expression" of the SL context (Nida, 1964:129). Contrasting with this idea, dynamic equivalence "tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviour relevant within the context of his own culture" without insisting that he "understand the cultural patterns of the source-language context".
In this case, the writer underlines that the problems in translating cultural terms can be differentiated into many things as stated above. However, there is the basic problems in translating cultural terms, that is the problems of “no-equivalence”.
(45)
It is usual when there are no cultural equivalents from the SL into TL because there are no languages in this world having the same language systems. The researcher considers that the notion from Newmark to keep the transference method in translating cultural terms is wise to do. It is useful to appreciate the original terms of the SL. However, the researcher also considers that the transference method in translating cultural terms is highly recommended to be added with the cultural or functional equivalent as the proper way to solve the problems of translating cultural terms.
K. The Bilingual Tourism Booklet
Tourism, broadly defined, is regarded as the world's largest industry and one of the fastest - growing, accounting for over one-third of the value of total world-wide services. At the start of the new millennium, tourism has been stated as the number one industry in many countries and the fastest-growing economic sector in terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation (WTO, 2005). Tourism is a multi sector, and as a means of economic and social cultural exchange, it has many aspects and types (Mowforth & Munt, 2003). Because of its various forms, tourism researchers have been incapable of reaching either a conceptual or operational unity over a consensus definition (Mill & Morrison, 2002). Harrill & Potts (2003: 233) states, “tourism is an invisible industry, encompassing transportation, loading, and entertainment. Unfortunately, tourism is also invisible to many planners, so tourism development is often left to private developers and leisure service providers.”
(46)
commit to user
Tourism is the term given to the activity that occurs when people travel (Mill & Morrison, 2002).
Tourism can be defined as the theories and practices for being a tourist. This involves traveling and visiting places for leisure-related purposes. Tourism comprises the ideas and opinions people hold which share their decisions about going on trips, about where to go and where not to go and what to do or not to do about how to relate other tourists, locals, and service personnel. It is all the behavioral manifestations of those ideas (Leiper, 2004:44). Leiper (1990) also states that tourism system is a framework that identifies tourism as being made up of a number of components, often taken to include the tourist, the tourist generating region, the transit route region, the tourist destination and the tourism industry.
Moreover, WTO (World Tourism Organization) defines that tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism is also a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers' changing needs and desires, as the customer's satisfaction, safety, and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses. Simply speaking, tourism can be explained as a temporary travel from one place to another place with the goal not to earn money or to do business in the place visited, but to enjoy the journey based on the various needs or pleasures.
Booklet is a small book usually having a paper cover (www.thefreedictionary.com/booklet). Therefore, booklet is a book often with paper covers. There are many kinds of booklet. Tourism booklet is one example of the kind
(47)
of booklet. Tourism booklet is a small tourism book with paper covers. There are two kinds of tourism booklet; they are monolingual tourism booklet and bilingual tourism booklet. Bilingual is using or able to use two languages, especially with equal or nearly equal fluency (www.thefreedictionary.com/bilingual). Therefore, bilingual tourism booklet is the small book related to tourism field with paper covers containing two languages as the content inside of it.
The bilingual tourism booklet which was analyzed contains the prospective data about the tourism aspect, especially the Indonesian cultural terms. The title of the bilingual tourism booklet is “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo”. The tourism booklet is compiled by the Tourism and Cultural Office of Surakarta. The English translation in the bilingual booklet is also translated by the related official staff. The bilingual tourism booklet contains many kinds of beneficial tourism information, especially Indonesian cultural terms about Surakarta including related terms of historical places as well as the culinary aspects. This is the complete guiding book of the tourists when they want to find the special characteristics and other cultural attractions in Solo. The information about the complete profile of Solo can be found here. The content itself is written in two languages, Indonesian and English.
(48)
commit to user CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
This research is focused on the study of the cultural terms, the translation techniques applied, and the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability of a tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. Therefore, descriptive qualitative method is the best strategy to be applied in this research. Descriptive method involves collecting the data, analyzing data, finding the models, and drawing the conclusion based on the data without taking account into general conclusion (Hadi, 1989).
The researcher firstly collects the data from the bilingual tourism booklet. The data are about the Indonesian cultural terms and their English translation. Then, the researcher analyzes the data stated above and finds the results of the data analysis. Finally, the researcher draws the conclusion based on the data analysis.
Additionally, Cresswell (1998:10) states that qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. Therefore, the researcher will analyze about the matter of translating cultural terms in qualitative way. The researcher will build a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. It will also focus on the description (Sutopo, 2002:35). Therefore, the forms of the data collected are words, sentences, or pictures having more meaning than numbers or frequencies.
(49)
B. Data and Source of Data
The source of data of this research is the bilingual tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo published by Tourism and Cultural Office of Surakarta. The researcher decides to take the bilingual tourism booklet as the sources of data because it is interesting to study about the cultural terms in the related source of data, for the cultural terms are the significant matters to analyze. Moreover, all things about cultural matters are “difficult & serious” terms to translate, for they are “sensitive” terms and they relate to the characteristics of a nation. It is also very challenging to analyze the translation techniques of the cultural terms applied, and to analyze the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Absolutely, all things about translating cultural terms are challenging, interesting, and unique.
The data of the research are divided into two. They are the Indonesian cultural terms and their translations, and the information provided by the informants evaluating the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The informants evaluating the quality of translation of the data are called the raters. They are the foreigners. They will evaluate the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Absolutely, the raters are chosen as if they become the target readers of the related tourism booklet. With their foreigners status (not the Indonesians), they are expected to be the proper raters in evaluating the quality of the related source of data.
(50)
commit to user
C. Sample and Sampling Technique
In qualitative research, the sample is taken purposively. Sutopo (2006:46), states that the sample in qualitative research is taken selectively based on the problem statements and theoretical consideration of research. The researcher absolutely selects the sample purposively, because she uses some criteria in selecting the data. The researcher also uses sampling technique selectively concerning the theoretically concept that is used, the personal curiosity of the researcher, empirical character, etc (Sutopo, 2002:56). Therefore, the research uses the purposing sampling technique to represent the information, not the population. In the other words, the technique used by the researcher and all the samples of the research are taken purposively.
The data analyzed in this research are the cultural terms that are focused in the form of words and phrases of the bilingual tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. The data of the Indonesian cultural terms having the same form and meaning are not taken at all. For example, in page 5 there is the Indonesian cultural term “keraton”, while, in page 23 there is also the term “keraton”. Therefore, the term “keraton” is written twice in the bilingual tourism booklet. In this case, the writer will only put one example of the term “keraton” which is taken from page 5. Therefore, the data studied in this research are different from one another, not studied the same data as stated above.
The researcher assumes that the informants involved in this research represent the target readers of the related bilingual tourism booklet. The criteria for the informants or the raters are:
(51)
understand a little bit about Indonesian.
2. They have not read the related bilingual tourism booklet, so their respond, opinion, and understanding will be more natural.
3. They should have the interest in tourism and cultural matters. It is important because their interest contributes a lot to the evaluation of the related topic.
D. Research Procedure
Research procedure is aimed to be the ways of the research to become the effective direction in conducting the research. Therefore, the researcher uses the following procedure:
1. Reading the Indonesian version and its English translation from the bilingual tourism booklet entitled Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. 2. Collecting the data of the cultural terms from the related bilingual tourism
booklet.
3. Evaluating the validation of the data by two informants.
4. Giving code to each datum, for example:
Code 005/PWKS/23 means that the datum number is 5, taken from the bilingual tourism booklet Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo page 23.
Code 009/PWKS:TPS/30 means that the datum is the translation of datum number 9, taken from the related booklet page 30.
(52)
commit to user
5. Analyzing the techniques used by the translator in translating the cultural terms from Indonesian into English.
6. Making a list of the data in the form of questionairres and asking the raters to evaluate the questionairres.
7. Collecting scores given by the raters.
8. Identifying and classifying the data based on the characteristics.
9. Making statistical calculation of the classified data in accordance with the category of classification and presenting it in a form of table.
10. Analyzing the findings by relating them to the theoritical context of the study observed.
11. Drawing conclusion and giving suggestions based on the data analysis.
E. Techniques of Data Collection
The research mainly takes the data from the documents. The related documents are about the cultural terms taken from the bilingual tourism booklet Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo. There are various types of the Indonesian cultural terms in this booklet from the historical cultural terms until the culinary terms.
This research also employs criterion-based selection technique. It means that all of the samples of the research are taken by applying several criteria. The researcher only selects the data which are included into Indonesian cultural terms and their English translations. Therefore, the researcher only selects the cultural terms fitting the criteria of having the criteria as needed in this study. The informants are
(53)
selected based on some criteria, such as: they are foreigners or English native speakers, they love Indonesian culture, they do not read the bilingual tourism booklet before that can affect the naturalness in rating the data. In this case, the researcher does not limit the gender of the raters. Additionally, the questionairre is used by the researcher to find out deeper information about the data. The result of the questionairre is expected to give valuable contribution of information.
The research also applies two types of question namely the open and close-ended questions. In open-close-ended questions, the respondents or the raters are free to express their answers, while in close-ended questions, they are given the optional answers. The accuracy level of the translation will be analyzed based on the end result of the questionairres for the raters. The rating system can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1
Accuracy of the Translation of Cultural Terms
Point Definition Criteria Score
4 Accurate
The translation of cultural terms is considered accurate if the content or message of the original source text (Indonesian) in form of words and phrases is accurately conveyed to the target text (English).
4.0
3 Less accurate
The content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is conveyed to the English cultural terms (target text), although not totally.
3.0-3.9
2 Inaccurate
The content of the Indonesian cultural terms (source text) is not accurately conveyed to the target text (English) .
1.1-2.9 1 Very
inaccurate
The content of the original source text (Indonesian) is not translated at all into the target text (English), for example: it is omitted or
(54)
commit to user deleted.
Table 2
Acceptability of the Translation of Cultural Terms
Point Definition Criteria Score
3 Acceptable
The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases has natural form of the target text, sounds natural, and almost does not seem like translation.
2.4 - 3.0
2 Less acceptable
The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is closely natural, but there are some uncommon words or phrases in the translation of cultural terms that still exist.
1.7 – 2.3
1 Unacceptable
The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is translated literally from the source language that is Indonesian (sounds so unnatural). There are also the uses of unfamiliar cultural terms in the English translation.
1.0 – 1.6
F. Techniques of Analyzing Data
The collected data will be analyzed using the following steps:
1. Observing the cultural terms that are focused on words and phrases level in original language (Indonesian).
2. Comparing the original and the translation text to find out the translation techniques applied.
3. Analyzing the quality level of the translation (in terms of accuracy and acceptability) based on the comments and answers of the raters.
(55)
5. Interpreting the result of analysis and drawing conclusions based on the data analysis.
(56)
commit to user
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS
A. Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis of the data related to the translation techniques. The analysis of the data of the Indonesian cultural terms is focused on words and phrases level translated into English. The accuracy and the acceptability in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English are also analyzed in the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta. Based on the data, there are eight classifications of the translation techniques applied. Those classifications are: shift/transposition, transference or loan word (borrowing), cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, addition, reduction, literal translation, and couplet (transference plus functional equivalent).
The next part of this chapter analyzes about the accuracy of the translation. There are three raters chosen by the researcher. Those raters are the foreigners becoming English native speakers. They complete the questionnaires made by the researcher and also give the scores toward the accuracy level based on the scale of 1 - 4. This part is aimed to analyze whether the translation is accurate or not.
The last part of this chapter presents the analysis of the translation acceptability. The analysis of the data is based on the results of the questionnaires obtained from the same raters (three persons) who also rated the translation accuracy. They complete the questionnaires and give the scores of the translation based on the scale of 1-3. In completing the questionnaires, the raters are also free to write some reasons in the data where they give the related score.
(57)
commit to user 1. The analysis of the translation techniques
In the translation techniques, the researcher uses translation techniques that are proposed by Newmark. This section presents the techniques applied by the translator to translate the Indonesian cultural terms into English in the bilingual tourism booklet entitled “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo”. There are eight techniques found, there are:
a. Shift or Transposition (Structure Shift: Head – Modifier into Modifier - Head) Shift (Catford’s term) or Transposition (Vinay and Dalbernet’s term) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988: 85). The type of shift found based on the data is structure shift. This is a shift in grammatical structure including change in word order. Structure shift occurs when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.
Here is the example of the datum no. 009 that belongs to this category: SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit (1293-1476) dan Mataram (1586-1755) masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta pusaka-pusaka lainnya.
TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era (1293-1478) and Mataram era (1586-1755) at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang (drama), dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique matters, also other valuable heirlooms. (p.3)
(1)
commit to user
No Translation
Techniques
Level Of
Accuracy Data Number Total Percentage
1
Shift / Transposition
(36 Data / 28.35 %) a. Accurate 009,010,019,021 ,026,031,033,03 9,042,045,048,0 50,053,057,096, 110
17 47.22 %
b. Less accurate 001,018,024,029 ,030,036,038, 040,046,051,052 ,070,082,091,10 1,124
16 44.45 %
c. Inaccurate 116,117,127 3 8.33 %
2
Couplet (transference plus functional
equivalent) (26 Data / 20.47 %) a. Accurate 011,013,014,017 ,027,028,044,09 3,095,108,109,1 23
12 46.15 %
b. Less accurate 004,012,032,047 ,078,079,086,08 7,090,098,005,1 06,113 13 50.00%
c. Inaccurate 085 1 3.85 %
3
Transference / borrowing (22 data / 17.32
%)
a. Accurate 023 1 4.55 %
b. Less
accurate 005,015,022 3 13.64%
c. Inaccurate 059,062,063,065 ,069,071,072,07 4,080,089,097,0 99,102,107,111, 112,114,121 18 81.81% 4 Cultural Equivalent (13
Data / 10.23 %)
a. Accurate 016,037,054,056
,058, 125 6 46.15 % b. Less
accurate
049,076,083,084
,092,122,126 7 53,85 %
5
Literal Translation (10 Data / 7.88
%)
a. Accurate 035,104 2 20.00%
b. Less accurate
002,020,100,118
,119,120 6 60,00%
c. Inaccurate 064,075 2 20.00%
6
Functional equivalent (13 Data / 10.23 %)
a. Accurate 043, 088,103 3 23.08% b. Less accurate 025,061,066,067 ,068,073,077,08 1,094 9 69.23%
c. Inaccurate 060 1 7.69%
7
Addition (6 Data / 4.73
%)
Less accurate 003,006,007,008
(2)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
81
8
Reduction (1 Data / 0.79
%)
(3)
commit to user
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
This chapter presents the conclusions based on the analysis and discussion in the previous chapter. In conclusion, the result of the data analysis from 127 data totally shows that there are eight translation techniques applied by the translator of the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta. Those translation techniques are: shift or transposition (36 data or 28.35 %), couplet (transference plus functional equivalent) 26 data or 20.47 %), transference or borrowing (22 data or 17.32 %), cultural equivalent (13 data or 10.23 %), literal translation (10 data or 7.88 %), addition (6 data or 4.73 %), functional equivalent (13 data or 10.23%), and reduction (1 datum or 0.79 %). The analysis shows that the most frequently - used translation technique is shift or transposition. Besides, the most accurate technique applied is couplet (transference plus functional equivalent), -or in common words, it is called as borrowing plus explanation-, since it is proper to apply in translating cultural terms. Then, the least accurate translation is reduction since this technique should be avoided if it is not really needed.
The accuracy analysis shows that there are 41 data (32.28 %) from 127 data totally that are considered accurate. The less accurate data are 59 data (46.46 %) of 127 data totally. The inaccurate data are 27 data (21.26 %), whereas, there is no very inaccurate datum. It is clearly seen that most of the data are considered to be less accurate translation. Based on the data analysis, the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta is considered to be less accurate. It is because there are most
(4)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
83
data that are considered to be less accurate from the raters’ rating system and the researcher’s analysis.
The researcher analyzed that there are improper techniques applied by the translator in translating Indonesian cultural terms into English, such as reduction and transference (borrowing). It is not good to only apply reduction technique, since the message of the original term is not accurately conveyed from SL into TL. Additionally, it is also improper to only borrow the original term of the SL into TL, since the target readers can not understand the message accurately. In this case, the translator is highly recommended to add the explanation as the additional information of the original term borrowed (applying couplet technique which is the combination of transference with cultural or functional equivalent). The less accurate translation in the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta happens because of the lack of faithfulness of the message which is conveyed from SL into TL.
The analysis of acceptability shows that there are 68 data (53.55 %) that are regarded as acceptable translation, 37 data (29.13 %) that are regarded as less acceptable translation, and 22 data (17.32 %) that are regarded as unacceptable translation. Based on the analysis, it can be clearly seen that the translation of the Indonesian cultural terms into English is mostly acceptable, for the translation employs the natural word order and common terms from SL into TL.
The consideration of the bilingual tourism booklet to be acceptable translation is gained from the raters’ rating system and the researcher’s analysis. The translation of the Indonesian cultural terms into English in this booklet mostly employs the naturalness of the message in the target text toward the target readers. As a result, the target readers (the foreigners) are not too confused when they read
(5)
commit to user
the target text (English translation). It means that the English translation in this bilingual tourism booklet is acceptable for the target readers.
B. Suggestion
After drawing conclusions of the research, the researcher would like to propose some suggestions as follows:
1. The Translator
The researcher recommends that in translating the cultural terms, the translator should improve the translation competence. The good under-standing of both the culture of SL and TL is very needed to produce the good quality result of translation, and to avoid the dangerous errors in translation. The translator also has to be excellent in applying the proper translation techniques that can affect the quality level of translation, espe-cially in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
2. Other Researchers
The researcher suggests the other researchers to analyze deeper and better about the cultural terms, since it is very advantageous and signific-ant to analyze. The other researchers are highly recommended to be smart in analyzing the techniques and quality of the translation of cultural terms clearly. It is also recommended to other researchers to analyze the other types of cultural terms in many cultural books or sources. In addition, the other researchers are also highly recommended to apply in-depth interview of the qualitative research towards the raters in order to gain the greater and better information of the data analysis done.
(6)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id
commit to user
85
3. Students of English Department
The researcher suggests the students of English Department that love to analyze the cultural terms to learn more about the other cultural terms analysis in order to broaden the knowledge in analyzing and learn-ing about cultural terms in all aspects.