14 According to Celce-Murcia and Hilles, there are some stages in
teaching grammar:
a. Presentation, in which we introduce the grammar structure, either
inductively or deductively. There are a variety of techniques and resources that can be used during this step. Selection should be made
according to teacher strengths, student preferences, and the nature of the structure e.g., What is the structure-language-factor match?
b. Focused practice, in which the learner manipulates the structure in
question while all other variable are held constant. The purpose of this step is to allow the learner to gain control of the form without the added
pressure and distraction of trying to use the form for communication. The teacher should not proceed to the next phase until most students have
mastered at least the form of the structure.
c. Communicative Practice, in which the learner engages in
communicative activities to practice the structure being learned.
16
In addition, the following are the some stage in teaching grammar that was found by the writer from internet, there are four stage in teaching
grammar.
17
First, assess your students before you teach grammar. What are your objectives in grammar for your grade level, and where are your students in
regards to these objectives?.Second, making plan mini-lessons to address your students deficiencies with grammar. Third, teach grammar points
while you are also discussing books you are reading to the class or that students are reading themselves. Fourth, practice punctuation, proper
grammar, and capitalization with spelling sentences. Based on explanation some stage in teaching grammar above. The
writer summarize that the important stage in teaching grammar are the teacher know their students’ level, and then they make mini lesson plan to
determine the technique and the resources is used, and then they teach their students clearly and then give the students exercise.
16
Marriane Celce-Murcia . Sharon Hilles, Techniques and Resources in Teaching Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988,p.27
17
http:www.ehow.comhow_4471887_teach-grammar.html October 14
th
2011
15 Moreover, we also must know the basic principles which can guide
the teacher when they teach. Sandra Fotos in Marianne Celce-Murcia Teaching English as a second or foreign Language stated that there are
general principles in teaching grammar: a.
Grammar teaching should be planned and systematic b.
Grammar teaching should nevertheless be “rough tuned, offering learners at slightly different stage a range of opportunities to add
increments to their grammar understanding. c.
Grammar teaching may involve acceptance of classroom code switching and mother tongue use, at least with beginners.
d. Grammar teaching should be little and often, with much
redundancy and revisiting of issues. e.
Text-based, problem-solving grammar activities may be needed to develop learners active, articulated knowledge about grammar.
f. Active corrective feedback and elicitation will promote learners
active control of grammar. g.
Grammar teaching needs to be supported and embedded in meaning-oriented activities and tasks, which give immediate
opportunities for practice and use.
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In addition, Jeremy Harmer says three of the most important common errors in teaching grammar, those are:
a. Function and Form, some of the confusion about English arises
because of the mismatch between form and function. b.
Contrast with other languages.
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From the explanation above, the writer would sum up that many ways to teaching grammar depends on different levels student and the
teacher must pay attention about the general principles in teaching grammar.
B. Question-Tags
1. Definition of Question-Tags
Based on Longman Advanced Learner’s Grammar, Question-Tags are the short questions which we often attach to the end of a sentence. That
18
Celce-Murcia, Teaching English …p.275
19
Harmer, The Practice of …, p.16-17
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