A flashback is moving out of sequence to examine an event or situation that occurs before the time in which the action of the story takes place. Foreshadowing is
the presentation in a story of early situations. Characters or objects seem to have no special importance, but that in fact are later revealed to have great significances.
c. Point of View
The mediation involves both the angle vision the point from which the people, events, and other detail are viewed and the words in which story is
embodied. The viewing aspect is called the focus, and the verbal aspect the voice. Both are generally lumped together in the term point of view. The teller
of a story or novel-the voice that speaks all the words read in it is called the narrator.
20
All works of fiction are told or narrated by someone, and one of the first choices that writers make is who tells the story. This choice determines the story’s
point of view the angle or vantage point from which events are presented or described. Point of view is the position from which the details of the work are
reported or described.
21
When deciding a point of view for fiction, the writer can choose to tell the story in the first person or in the third person.
1. First-Person Narrator
In this situation the narrator is a character who uses the first person I or sometimes we to tell the story. This character may be a major character telling his or
20
Jerome Beaty, et al., The Norton Introduction To Literature New York: W.W Norton and Company, 1973, P.66
21
Judith A. Stanford, RESPONDING to LITERATURE Stories, Poems, plays, and Essay New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1992, P.39
her own story or a minor character that play only a small part or no part at all in the story events.
First-person narrator is a narrator who is also a character in the work and who uses “I” or “we” to tell story. First-person narrators can report their
own thoughts but no the thought of others. They may offer evaluations and judgment of characters and events.
22
2. Third-Person Narrator he, she, they
Writers can use third-person narrators who are not actually characters in the story these narrator falls into three categories.
The third-person point of view may be omniscient; that is, it may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of
view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limited omniscience is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no
commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as newspaper reporter does.
23
a. Omniscient
Some third-person narrators are omniscient all-knowing narrators, moving at will from one character’s mind to another. As a result, they can present events and
characters more fully than first-person narrators can. Omniscient is a narrator who knows everything and can report external actions and conversations as well as the
internal thoughts of all characters and who often provides evaluations and judgments of characters and events.
24
22
Ibid. P. 39
23
Jane Bachman G. and Karen Kuehner, FICTION New York: The Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 1976 PP.152-153
24
Judith A. Stanford, RESPONDING to LITERATURE Stories, Poems, plays, and Essay New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1992, P.39
b. Limited Omniscient
Third-person narrators have limited omniscience, focusing on only what a single major or minor characters experiences, in other words, events are limited to the
character’s perspective, and nothing is revealed that the character does not see, hear, feel, or think.
Limited omniscient is a narrator who can report external actions and conversation but who can describe the internal thoughts of only one character. A
limited omniscient narrator may offer evaluations and judgments of characters and events.
25
c. Objective
Third-person narrators can also use an objective or dramatic point of view, remaining entirely outside the character’s minds and recording the action as a camera
would. With objective narrators, events unfold the way they would in a play or movie. Narrators tell the story only by reproducing dialogue and by providing
descriptions of the action. Objective is narrator who, like a camera, shows external events and conversations but cannot look inside the minds of characters or offer
evaluations and judgments.
26
d. Theme
Your teacher may well explain a story by summarizing its theme. Some refer to the central idea, the thesis, or even the message of the story, and that is roughly what
is mean by theme; a generalization or abstraction from the story.
27
The theme of a
25
Ibid. P. 39
26
Ibid. P. 39
27
Jerome Beaty, et al., The Norton Introduction To Literature New York: W.W Norton and Company, 1973, P. 223
piece fiction is its controlling idea or is central insight. It is unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story.
28
The theme in literature is an important subject and experience of our public and
private life such as, love, friend and hope. The common experiences in life can become a theme in literature.
D. The Abnormal Psychology
Apparently the behavioral of abnormal does not get a lot of attention. Moreover, only a few people from whole get treatment in the hospital. Most of people never
looking for aid of psychologist or psychiatrist. Only a few of people have not accused guilty for a crime with reason of abnormality.
In fact, the abnormal psychology has almost influenced everyone in many manners. The pattern of abnormal psychology which concludes symptom of function
psychology or the symptom of behavior has been classified by psychiatrist as psychological disorder or some symptoms mentality which can be diagnosed,
including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, dysfunction of sexual, and also the symptom of abuse essence. To understand an abnormal behavior better, the
psychoanalyst can analyze the complex interaction between factor biology and environment situation. The psychoanalyst also looks at social and cultural aspect to
understand the symptom mentality. Abnormal psychology is one of the psychological
28
Laurence Perrine, Literature, Structure, Sound, and Sense London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984 , fifth edition, P. 90
branches which effort to understand the pattern of abnormal behavior and some manners to help the people who get the symptom mentality.
29
Neurosis syndrome reaction is one of the parts of an abnormal psychology which can explain and help people mentality.
E. Neurosis Syndrome Reactions
1. The Definition of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions
In this chapter, the writer will describe neurosis syndrome reactions and check what the theoretical perspective at the neurosis syndrome disorders is.
The term of “neurosis” was firstly founded by a British namely William Cullen 1769. At the first, he thought that neurosis was only disorder around
neurotic symptoms. Around two centuries later, Sigmund Freud suggested the source of neurosis was intrapsychic conflict. On the contrary, behaviorists
argued that the source of neurosis is faulty learning to avoid the anxiety. According to behaviorists, the point of neurosis is the lifestyle of defensive by
decreasing of purpose anxiety.
30
Moreover, According to Kartini Kartono, Neuroses is mental disorder that causes a sense of distress and deficit to the function of the people mentality.
“Psychoneuroses called neuroses, mental disorder that causes as sense of distress and deficit in functioning”
Kartono adds that neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression and other feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstance of
people’s life either internal relationships or external affairs. Neurotic generally is not
29
Jeffrey S. Nevid et al., Psikologi Abnormal Jakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama,2005, P.4
30
A. Supratiknya, Mengenal Perilaku Abnormal yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1980, PP. 36-37
sick, but hisher mentality is only disturbed by the lost of the sense of reality seen from the neurotic’s psychosis.
31
Basically neurosis is not a disease and the people who have gotten neurosis commonly called as a normal people. They only suffer mentally as symptom of
conflict in their life and cannot be handled. Neurosis can cause by external and internal cases. The dangerous threatment which has continued is the one of neurosis.
Such as the longest war threatment.
32
The react neurosis, who had suffered it, they usually anxious of something, the existence of anxiety, full of complaint or problem.
33
The writer can make analogy that Neurosis is characterized by anxiety, depression, feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proposition of the circumstances of
person’s life. Neurosis is serious failures to adjust, so what the meaning of neurosis is exactly. Neurosis is a psychological symptom which has been marked by some
treatments and anxieties because of difficulty of conflict and phobia. Most psychological theories of neuroses stress the importance of parents-child relationship
and early life experiences as contributing influences in the development of personality flaws that predispose the child to neurotic behavior in later years. This
symptom appears because the people use mechanism of defenses excessively. Basically, neurosis includes some several of patterns, such as anxiety disorders,
compulsive-obsessive disorders, and Phobic disorders.
31
Kartini Kartono, patology social 3 Jakarta:CV. Rajawali, 1997, P.67
32
Sarlito W. and Sarwono, Pengantar Umum Psikologi Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 2003, P.124
33
Clifford T.Morgan and Richard A., King, Introduction to psychology Tokyo:McGrow-Hill, 1956, P. 406
2. Kinds of Neurosis Syndrome Reactions viewed from theory of Alfred Adler
As the writer has read, Alfred Adler is an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of the school of individual psychology. In collaboration
with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freuds colleagues, Adler is among the co- founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society. He is the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality.
Adlers book, Über den nervösen Charakter The Neurotic Character defines his earlier key ideas. He argues that human personality can be explained teleological,
separate strands dominated by the guiding purpose of the individuals unconscious self ideal to convert feelings of inferiority to superiority or rather completeness. The
desires of themselves ideally are countered by social and ethical demands. If the corrective factors are disregarded and the individual over-compensated, then an
inferiority complex will occur fostering the danger of the individual becoming egocentric and aggressive or worse.
Adler said that neuroses has an important certain social problem, this case neuroses including dependence of people means that they are sensitive people who
always try to protect themselves and rely on other people. Their energy is not much and depends to other people. When they had suppressed, they will open their mindset
