a. Translation Based On Levels
Translation in terms of levels can be categorized into two categories Catford, 1965: 21.They are related to the levels of language involved in translation
itself, which are presented as follows. 1
Total translation Total translation is translation in which all parts of the source expressions
text are transferred into target expressions text. In this kind of translation, the source expressions grammar and lexis are transferred into target
expressions grammar and lexis equivalently. 2
Restricted translation In restricted translation, there is replacement of the source expressions text
adapted to target expressions text equivalently.
b. Translation Based On Ranks
According to Catford 1965: 21, translations in terms of ranks can be categorized according to the rank in grammatical patterns. They are
presented as follows. 1
Free translation A free translation always uses random style in translating or it can be said
that the translator here is given a freedom in translating a text such as changing the rank class into higher or lower class as enjoyable as the
translator wants. 2
Word-for-word translation
This kind of translation generally means that the translator must translate the source expressions text word by word into the target expressions; on
the other hand, it can be said that it is a kind of word-rank translation because it includes each morpheme on source expressions to each
morpheme in target expressions equivalently. 3
Literal translation This kind of translation is also said as word-for-word translation, but it
often makes changes in making equivalent with target expressions’ grammar.
Translation is not only used in books, other written texts, or expressions but is also used in film subtitle. This is known as Audio Visual Translation
AVT. Translation is needed here to make the audience know the message or the meaning of the speech which is said in a foreign language. Janecova
2012: 1 states that in the last decade, audiovisual translation has become an attractive area of research and practice in the academic environment in many
countries. This makes audiovisual translation is considered as one of the most common forms of translation encountered in people’s everyday lives, not
only via television but also via internet and many new forms of advertising.
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