MODALIZATION AND MODULATION EXPRESSIONS OF THE ENGLISH-BAHASA INDONESIA IN GUY RITCHIE’S SHERLOCK HOLMES: A GAME OF SHADOWS MOVIE TEXTS.

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Study Program

Written By:

HILMA AULIA TEJAWATI 09211144014

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Study Program

Written By:

HILMA AULIA TEJAWATI 09211144014

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

2016

MOTTOS

You can do anything only if you believe in yourself.

- Anonymous

Happiness can be found even in the darkest of times, if one only

remembers to turn on the light.

- Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore

Judge nothing, you will be happy, forgive everything you will

be happier, love everything you will be happiest.

- Anonymous

DEDICATIONS

This thesis is especially dedicated to my beloved Ibu and Bapak for

their never ending support, unconditional love, and prayer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahi Roobbil’aalamin , all praise be to Allah SWT, the

Almighty for all blessings and grace without which I would have never completed this thesis. I realize that I would not be able to complete this thesis without contribution, guidance, patience, and support of the following people. Thus, I would like to express my gratitude to:

1. my beloved parents, Ibu Wiwik and Bapak Prawoto, and my brother, Halim, who always give me love, supports, and prayers that can encourage me to finish this thesis;

2. Bapak Drs. Asruddin B Tou, M. A as my first supervisor and Bapak

Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum as my second supervisor, who have shared their valuable time, knowledge, and guidance with all the patience and wisdom during the process of accomplishing this thesis; 3. Ms. Nandy Intan Kurnia, S.S., M.Hum. as my academic consultant for

giving me academic advices every semester;

4. all lecturers of the English Education Department, for giving me knowledge and guidance during my academic years;

5. almarhumah mamah Ana and papah Joko, for the supports, advice, and

guidance;

6. my cousin Tika nur aini who always give me supports during my difficult time, love and encouragements;

7. my unbiological brothers and sister, member of ex-kontrakan demangan 09, Tanin, Wee, Acil, Ibnu, Aris, Shindu, Om suko, Didon, Dicky,

Alwi, and Asep, for the supports, bullying, advice, friendship, and encouragements;

8. my close friends on the same struggle: Rosma, Rissa, Dita, and Zukki who always supports me and helps me during my academic years, Katrin and Lia who already graduated, for never ending supports to me;

9. Bahagia Bersama team, Rico, Etha, Anggun, Edo, Vinn, Emmilia,

Astri, Uchii, Apan, Nia and others who always supports me and remind me to finish my thesis;

10. The seaman, for the encouragements, supports, and for being my mood booster;

11. Pupud and Galuh for the supports and help me finish this thesis;

12. all people who have helped and supported me whose name I cannot mention one by one.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I am looking forward to constructive criticisms for the betterment of this thesis.

Yogyakarta, August 18th, 2016

Hilma Aulia Tejawati

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL ... ii

RATIFICATION... iii

PERNYATAAN... iv

MOTTOS ...v

DEDICATION... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ...1

B. Reseacrh Focus ...3

C. Research Objectives ...4

D. Research Significance...5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Theoretical Review...6

1. Translation ...6

a. Notions of Translation ...8

b. Types of Translation ...8

c. Process of Translation...9

2. Meaning Equivalence ...10

3. System of Mood Grammar ...12

a. Modality...13

b. Modality in Bahasa Indonesia...20

4. Subtitling ...25

5. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows ...27

B. Conceptual Framework ...28

C. Analitycal Construct...39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Type ...41

B. Data and Data Sources ...41

C. Data Collection Techniques ...42

D. Research Instruments ...42

E. Data Analysis Techniques ...44

F.Trusworthiness...44

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings...46

B. Discussion ...54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...73

B. Suggestion ...74

REFERENCES ...76

APPENDICES ...77

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES A. Figures

Figure 01. Process of Translation ...9

Figure 02. Modality System ...14

Figure 03. Analytical Construct ...40

B. Tables Table 01. Speech Function and Speech Role ...13

Table 02. The Degree of Probability... 15

Table 03. The Degree of usuality ... 16

Table 04. The Degree of Obligation ... 18

Table 05. The Degree of Inclination ... 19

Table 06. Three ‘values’ ... 20

Table 07. Modalitas Intensional Realizations... 21

Table 08. Modalitas Epistemik Realizations ... 22

Table 09. Modalitas Deontik Realizations ... 23

Table 10. Modalitas Dinamik Realizations ... 24

Table 11. Types and Degrees of Modality ... 25

Table 12. The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Text ... 43

Table 13 The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation Realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Texts. ... 47

Table 14. The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English movie texts as the Source Text ... 48

Table 15. The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia movie texts as the Target Text ... 50

Table 16. The Degree of the Interpersonal Meaning Equivalence of the Modalization and Modulation Realizations ... 52

MODALIZATION AND MODULATION EXPRESSIONS OF THE

ENGLISH-BAHASA INDONESIA IN GUY RITCHIE’S

SHERLOCK HOLMES: A GAME OF SHADOWS MOVIE TEXTS

By:

Hilma Aulia Tejawati 09211144014 ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to analyze the modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A game of

Shadows.The objectives of this research are To describe the realization of

English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts in terms of modalization and modulation expressions and analyze the extent of the interpersonal meaning equivalence to their expressions.

The research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected manually from the DVD of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. The data in this research were clause units which containing modalization or modulation expressions. This study is conducted by some procedures. First, the researcher watched the movie. Second, the researcher listened to the dialogues of English in the movie to make English transcript as text 1. Third, the researcher made a transcript of Bahasa Indonesia movie text by type down the text below the screen as the text 2. The last, classified and analyzed the expressions of the data in terms of modalization and modulation in both texts using the data sheets.

The results of this research show that the modalization or modulation expressions are mostly realized into modalization and modulation expressions in Bahasa Indonesia. As the source text, the English text consists of realized form 205 cases. In the Bahasa Indonesia text, the realized form achieved 180 cases and the unrealized form achieved 25 cases. From 193 data, there are 184 of the data in this research belong to equivalent (fully equivalent is 113 data and partly equivalent is 71 data). This finding indicates that the translation of modalization and modulation expressions in Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is acceptable for Indonesian viewers.

Keywords: modality, modalization, modulation, realized, unrealized, meaning equivalent.

A. Research Background

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Communication is a part of human’s life. To share their ideas, opinions, knowledge, experience, and information, people use language. By using language, they do some kinds of communication activity. Problems may occur when people speak to other people who have different culture and language. It needs a media to deliver a message in one language to another language, so that the message can be well understood. The act of ranslation is needed for the solution.

Translation has played an important role in human being’s activity since it helps people to share their ideas to other people, who have different cultural or linguistic background. In written contexts, for example, translation is an activity of transferring source language (SL) texts to equivalent target language (TL) texts in order to reproduce texts in the same or in different languages and thus making them available to wider readers. This activity may involve one or more languages. Therefore, it is very important to master both the source and target language well.

The activity of translation does not only occur in the printed media such as books, magazines, newspaper, but also in the electronic media such as television, radio, and mobile phone. Nowadays, translation in the electronic media is getting more and more popular. One of them is in the movies or film. This is often called audiovisual translation (AV Translation).

Many kinds of information are transferred through audio-visual media. It means that translation of audio-visual is essentially needed. So far, subtitling is known as the technique of audio-visual translation. Subtitling is needed to transfer the dialogue into different languages by using text below the screen. Subtitling deliver the messages of audio-visual media such as movies or TV programs to the target viewer in their languages, so the viewers can understand the message of the movies or TV programs.

In particular, movie grows to be a favorite program for many people, because they can understand the plot or thing in an easier and more enertaining and interesting way than other programs. Movie becomes very popular and catches people’s attention in different ways, because it develops to be a higly influential and extremely powerful medium for transferring values, ideas, and information.

Movie often applies subtitling techniques, it represent a good translation from the original language text, English into target text, in this case Bahasa Indonesia. When the characters in the movie doing conversation with others character they express interpersonal meaning which can be related to mood grammar. They exchange information and it means that they are arguing about wether something is or is not. The characters use many kinds of expressions to share their ideas, opinions, advices, etc. When they use these kinds of expression, they are using the aspect of modality. Furthermore, when they show some expressions of usuality, obligation, or an imperative statement, they are using modalization and modulation which are part of mood grammar.

The grammatical realization of modalization and modulation expressions may vary from one movie text to another, including Sherlock Holmes:

A Game of Shadows movie text. The researcher takes the movie because problems

are revealed in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts of Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows. The problems are related to the modality that actually belongs

to mood grammar.

Besides problems that revealed in the movie text, Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows movie give us enormous pleasure since the movie is not only

telling about a story, but also showing us the beautiful background of the city of London in the past. It is also interesting to see how Holmes reveals mistery and resolves the case. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British- American action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie. It is a sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, based on the character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney.

B. Research Focus

There are more problems related to the modality which are revealed in the English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts.

However, at first, modality actually belongs to mood grammar. Mood grammar represents to the interpersonal meaning in language.

Modality has two types: Modalization and Modulation. Generally, when a movie text is translated in another language the problem of modality is occured when the terms of modalization and modulation get broader or narrower

meaning than before modalization can be applied by people to argue the probability and ususality in their conversation, and when they do command or give an offer about something to others trough their communication, they have represented obligation and inclination as modulation. The researcher found some problems of modalization and modulation expressions on the subject Sherlock

Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts.

In this study, the researcher tended to realize a deep and sharp analysis, so she limited the modalization and modulation expressions occuring in the sentences of the English-Bahasa Indonesia as the focus. After the explanation above, the researcher formulated some problems of modalization and modulation expression of the subject English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows movie texts as follows.

1. How are the Modalization and Modulation Expressions in Sherlock

Holmes: A Game of Shadows English movie texts realized in the

Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts ? 2. To what extent do the expressions in question represent their

interpersonal meaning equivalence? C. Research Objectives

The objectives of the research are:

1. to describe the realization of English-Bahasa Indonesia Sherlock

Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts in terms of modalization and

2. to analyze the extent of the interpersonal meaning equivalence to their expressions.

D. Research Significance

The result of this research will give some significance as written below: 1. this study may give contribution for students in English Department,

especially for those who are interested in translation especially in terms of modalization and modulation. The study of modality needs more attention beacuse of its importance and its complexity, especially in the form of translating movie text;

2. this study can be a reference for students who are going to conduct research in the same field;

3. hopefully, the research finding will be useful on finding a motivation for the other researchers to conduct other researches concerning subtitling process analysis.

A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

a. Notions of Translation

Translation is a process of translating text from a language to another to make people understand the information of the text without necessarily learning the source language first. Translation has various definitions depending on the experts who give such a definition.

Practically every definitions of translation emphasize how one particular language deals with other languages. More specifically, it solves the problem of diversity among languages. Nida in Machali (1998:1) describes that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Looking at the definitions above, it can be said that translation is a process to transfer the same message from a SL to a TL with the closest natural meaning.

Moreover, Munday (2001:5) says that the term translation refers to the general subject field, the product and the process. Translation as a product is the text that has been translated. It centers on translation product produced by translator. Translation as a process focuses on the act of producing the translation. It focuses on the translator‟s _{activity to translate. It deals with the role of translator} in transferring meaning and message. Additionally, the process of translation

between two different languages involves the activity of translator conveying message of source text in the source language into target text in different language or the target language.

Translating is not only about transferring languages but also about cultures. “Translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into another, it is now rightly seen as a process of negotiation between texts and between cultures, a process during which all kinds of transactions take place mediated by the figure of the translator.” (Bassnett, 2002: 6). Similarly, on their book, A Companion to Translation Study, Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau (2007: 23) describe translation is not only about language but also culture, for the two are inseparable. A translator needs to know the language as well as the culture of the country of the information or text from that he would like to translate.

The cultural aspect is very important in translation because culture is embedded in language. Mostly, the information that people would like to transfer are in texts, whether it is from books, articles, brochures, or anything else. From texts, linguistic acts take place in a context and texts are created in a continuum or one series.

The culture in translation studies reflects the culture in other disciplines, which is an unavoidable result of the need for greater intercultural awareness in the world. It gives people a chance to understand more about the complexities of textual transfer, about what happens to texts as they move into new contexts, and the rapidly changing patterns of cultural interaction in the world where people inhabit.

Lastly, the definition of translation in general dictionary, is defined as: (1) the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language (2) a text of work that has been changed from one language into another

(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). However, all of those definitions of

translation above which is say that translation must deal with two or more different languages can be categorized into, according to Jakobson in Bassnett, (2002:23), interlingual translation that will be explained in the following discussion

b. Types of Translation

Roman Jakobson in his seminar paper ‘On linguistic aspects of

translation’ (cited in Bassnett 2002:23), distinguishes three types of translation:

1) Intralingual Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.

2) Interlingual Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.

3) Intersemiotic Translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems

Firstly, intralingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It occurs when an expression or text are rephrased in the same language in order to explain or clarify something said or written. In addition, interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages, for example, English into Bahasa Indonesia. Thirdly, intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of

signs of non-verbal signs. It occurs when written text was translated, for example, into music, film, or painting.

c. Process of Translation

Process of translation is an activity of a person (translator) when doing translation. Nida has three steps of translation process that can be used by a translator: 1) analysis, 2) transferring, and 3) restructuring (1975: 80). The scheme can be seen below:

Source Language

Receptor Language

Text Translation

Analysis Transfer Restructuring

Figure 01. Process of Translation (Nida, 1975: 80)

Nida states, “the process of analysis is, however, relatively complex, for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the semantic units.” (1975:80). Each step can be explained as follows:

1) Analysis : In this phase, the translator must be understand the content or the message, and the meaning of the source language text based on the context, to decide the right word in translating. Therefore, the translator must have the knowledge of both sources.

2) Transfer : In this phase, a translator translates the analyzed meaning of the original language into the target language.

3) Restructuring : A translator checks the transferred text or the message in the target language. Therefore, it will looks natural and readable for the target reader.

Alexander Fraser Tytler (in Bassnett, 2002: 69) in his The Principles of

Translation as the first systematic study in English of the translation processes

sets up three basic principles.

1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.

2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.

3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

2. Meaning Equivalence

A key concept in translation is equivalence and this helps establish our approach to translation. Equivalence centers on the processes interacting between the original Source text and Target Text.

The comparison of a translation text from different languages needs to be equivalent to the SL. Translation is about to transfer a text from SL to TL with the same exact meaning with the same or different form. A translator needs to translate a text accurately, that is why equivalence is needed.

Munday (2001:37) states that for the message to be equivalent in ST and TT, the code-units will be different since they belong to two different sign systems or languages, which partition reality differently. Every language has their own system or form on grammatical, so the equivalent message in ST and TT will be different.

For Tytler (in Venutti, 1995:68), the aim of translation is the production of an equivalent effect that transcends linguistic and cultural differences:

I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.

The “merit” or advantage of the foreign text, and the defects of attempts to reproduce it in translation, are accessible to all, because, in so far as reason and good sense afford a criterion, the opinion of all intelligent readers will probably be

uniform.

Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely

formal equivalence (respondence) and dynamic equivalence. Formal

correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience.

In his definition of translation equivalence, Popovič _{(in Bassnett,} 2002:33) distinguishes four types:

1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.

2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the elements

of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of grammar, which

Popovič sees as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.

3) Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning‟.

4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape. 3. System Mood of Grammar

When two people exchange information, the language they use to each other is the part of interpersonal meaning. In this study, the interpersonal meaning deals with the system mood of grammar. Sinar (2002:45) says that the interpersonal meaning of language (clause) in its function as an exchange, in which clauses of exchange representing the speech role relationship, is realized by the mood system of language (clause).

A clause refers to propositions when it is used to exchange information. This speech function can be realized by questions and statements. Afterwards, when a clause is used to exchange goods and services, it refers to proposal. This speech function can be realized by offering expressions. Below is the table of speech function and speech role.

Table 01: Speech Function and Speech Role

Role in exchange

Commodity exchange

Good and services information

(i) giving

„offer‟

Would you like this teapot?

„statement‟

He’s giving her teapot.

(ii) demanding „

command‟

Give me the teapot!

„question‟

What is he giving her?

Source: Halliday and Mathiessen (2004:107)

Halliday (1985:68) states that the most primary types of speech role when people interact one another are: (i) giving and (ii) demanding through exchanging of expressions of utterances, that can be (1) goods and services and (2) information. These two variables define the four primary speech functions of

offer, command, statement, and question. When people exchange information, the

language they use to one another is the part of interpersonal meaning, which is doing function of language.

a. Modality

Webster (1981:1451) states modality is the quality of being modal, or the qualification of logical propositions according to which they are distinguished as asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content.

According to Bell (1991:146), modality is a part of the mood system, which provides option for expressing opinions on the probability of proposition being true and its frequency.

Halliday (1985:335) states that modality refers to the area of meaning that lies between yes or no. the intermediate ground between positive and negative polarity. Halliday also states that modality is the speaker‟s judgment of the

probabilities, usualities, or the obligations involved in what the people saying. In our everyday communication, some statements or utterances cannot be expressed by just „yes‟ or „no‟. There degrees between „yes‟ or„no‟.

1. modalization i probability (may be)

(indicative type) ii usuality (sometimes)

modality

2. modulation i obligation (is wanted to)

(imperative type) ii inclination (wants to)

Figure 02. Modality System (Halliday 1985:335) 1) Modalization

Halliday (1985:86) states that modalization is one part of the grammatical area of modality. It has to do with the different ways in which language users can intrude on his/her message expressing attitudes and judgments of various kinds. When modality is used to argue about the probability or frequency of propositions, it is referred as modalization.

Modalization is part of modality which is used to argue about the probability or frequency of propositions. The clause is in the form of proposition.

A proposition is something that can be argued in particular way. When there is an information exchange, it means arguing whether something IS or IS NOT.

Modalization is always expressing the implicit judgment of the speaker because it is the way the speaker getting into the text expressing a judgment about certainty, likelihood, or frequency of something happening or being. The expressions of modalization can cover mood adjunct and modal auxiliaries. Modalization involves the expression of probability and usuality. Modalization involves the expressions of (i) probability and (ii) usuallity. Eggins (1994:179) argues that probability is where the speaker expresses judgments as to the likelihood or porbability of something happening or being. Usuality is where the speaker expresses judgments as to the frequency with which something happen.

a) Probability

It occurs when there is an expression of judgments to the likelihood or probability of something happens. Eggins (1997:100) ranges the degrees of probability from “high” which means almost certain to “low” that means very

uncertain it can be. It can be illustrated as follows.

Table 02: The Degree of Probability

Expression Degree

He eats two apples. positive polarity

He must definetely eats two apples. modalized: high probability He may perhaps eats two apples. modalized: medium probability

He might possibly eats two apples. modalized: low probability Source: Eggins (1997:100)

b) Usuality

It occurs when there is an expression of judgments to the frequency of something happens. Eggins (1997: 102) ranges the degree of usuality from “high” that means always done to “low” which means never done or almost never done.

It can be illustrated as follows.

Table 03: The Degree of Usuallity

Expression Degree

He plays badminton. positive polarity

He always plays badminton. modalized: high usuallity He usually plays badminton. modalized: medium usuallity He sometimes plays badminton. modalized: low usuallity Source: Eggins (1997:102)

Both probability and usuallity can be expressed in some three ways:

I. By a finite modal operator in the verbal group

That will be my car.

II. By a modal adjunct of probability or usuallity

That is probably my car.

III. By both together

2) Modulation

Halliday (1985:86) calls modulation as the way speakers express their judgment or attitudes about actions and events. When people exchange goods and services in their communication activity, the clauses takes the form of proposal.

Semantically, modulation has meaning of command, although it may be grammatically declarative structure clause. Modulation is not always represented by command structure clause. As a part of interpersonal realization, modulation always has something to do with demanding direction, advice, permission, undertaking, or capability.

Modulation is an expression of asking, direction or expression of our willingness to get somebody to do something. These can be represented into asking for someone, offering declarative statement, advice statement, or even direct imperative statement. Modulation has two types:

a) Obligation

It occurs when the speaker gives a command about something to another that must be done. Eggins (1997:102) ranges the degree of obligation from unmodulated positive statements to unmodulated negative statement. It can be illustrated as follows.

Table 04: The Degree of Obligation

Expression Degree

Do it. unmodulated: positive

You must do it.

modulated:high obligation: directive It is required that you do it.

you are required to do it. You will do it.

modulated: medium obligation: advice You are supposed to do it.

It is expected that you do it. You may do it.

modulated: low obligation: permission You are allowed to do it.

It is permitted that you do it.

Don‟t do it. unmodulated:negative

Source: Eggins (1997:102)

b) Inclination

It represents the speaker who has a tendency in doing something from his or her own feeling. Eggins (1997:102) traces inclination through the intermediate stages of conviction (high modulated), attitude (medium), and undertaking(low).

Table 05: The Degree of Inclination

Expression Degree

I will study biology next year. unmodulated: positive I‟m _{determined to study biology next}

year. inclination: high modulated: conviction

I‟m keen to study biology next year.

inclination: medium modulation: attitude

It‟s a pleasure for me to study _biology next year.

I‟m willing to study biology next year.

inclination: low modulation: undertaking

It‟s _{a commitment for me to study} biology next year.

I won‟t study biology next year. unmodulated: negative Source: Eggins (1997:102)

Both inclination and obligation can be expressed in either of two ways:

I. By a finite modal operator

You should obey the rules.

II. By an expansion of the predicator

(i) Typically by a passive verb, you’re supposed to obey the rules.

(ii) Typically by an adjective, i’m anxious to help.

The degree of value of modalization and modulation can be divided into three calssification. Those are high, medium, and low. Below is the table of degrees/values of modality.

Table 06: Three ‘values’

Degrees Probability Usuality Obligation Inclination

high certain required required determined

medium probable usually supposed keen

low possible sometimes allowed willing

Source: Halliday and Mathiessen (2004:620) b. Modality in Bahasa Indonesia

The term of modality also found in the grammatical of Bahasa

Indonesia.According to Hasan Alwi (1990), in Bahasa Indonesia, modality in the

dialogues consists of four kinds. They are modalitas intensional, modalitas

epistemik, modalitas deontic, and modalitas dinamik.

1) Modalitas Intensional (Intentional Modality)

In this kind, modality has the meaning of feelings, willingness, hope for future, a tendency, the need for future time, offering dialogues, and asking dialogues. Alwi propose intentional modality as follow:

Table 07: Modalitas Intensional realizations

No. Makna Pengungkap Modalitas

1

‘keinginan’

a. kadar ‘keinginan’

ingin

menginginkan menghendaki

mengingini berhasrat

mendambakan berkeinginan

b. kadar ‘kemauan’

mau hendak akan

c. kadar ‘maksud’

mau hendak akan bermaksud

d. kadar ‘keakanan’

mau hendak akan

2 _{‘harapan’}

harap

semoga berdoa harapkan

doakan

mengharapkan mendoakan

mengharap mudah-mudahan

berharap moga-moga

hendaknya

3

‘ajakan’dan ‘pembiaran’

a. ‘ajakan’

ajak mari(lah)

mengajak ayo(lah)

imbau mengimbau

b. ‘pembiaran’ biar(lah)

biarkan(lah)

4 _‘p

ermintaan’

sudilah silahkan

sukalah coba

saya mohon tolong

saya minta mohon

Source: Hasan Alwi (1990:318)

According to Hasan Alwi (1990:105), the differences among ingin,

hendak, mau, akan are:

I. Ingin is asserting „keinginan’than „keakanan’

II. Hendak is asserting „keinginan’,‘keakanan’, and ‘maksud’. Besides,

the difference between hendak and mau is that hendak ususally used in writing while mau usually used in oral.

III. Mau is asserting ‘kemauan’ and ‘keakanan’

2) Modalitas Epistemik (Epistemic Modality)

This kind of modality offers possibility, future condition, showing requirement condition, showing certain condition. In showing requirement condition, means something must be done accurately. In showing certain condition, it contains the meaning of reliability and certainty.

According to Coates in Hasan Alwi (1990:117), epistemic modality is an assumption or judgment of the speaker to the possibilities which describe certainty and uncertainty to the thruth or presumption. Alwi enlist the words in epistemic modality as follows:

Table 08: Modalitas Epistemik realizations

No. Makna Pengungkap Modalitas

1.

‘kemungkinan’ dapat

bisa boleh mungkin barangkali dapat saja bisa saja boleh saja bisa jadi bisa-bisa 2.

‘keteramalan’ akan

saya pikir saya kira saya rasa saya duga dikira diduga konon sepertinya agaknya tampaknya nampaknya rasanya kelihatannya diperkirakan kabarnya kayaknya rasa-rasanya 3. ‘keharusan’ harus mesti wajib perlu patut seharusnya semestinya sebaiknya sepantasnya seyogyanya selayaknya

sepatutnya patut-patutnya pantas-pantasnya 4. ‘kepastian’ pasti tentu tentunya tentu saja

sudah barang tentu niscaya

saya yakin saya percaya saya merasa pasti saya memastikan dipasrikan

Source: Hasan Alwi (1990:319) 3) Modalitas Deontik (Deontic Modality)

This kind of modality offers permission, allowance, showing something must be done. Something must be done because there is instruction to do it. On the contrary, deontic modality also means that something may not be done or in the form of prohibition order. Hasan Alwi listed deontic realizations as follows:

Table 09: Modalitas Deontik realizations

No. Makna Pengungkap Modalitas

1. ‘izin’ boleh

dapat bisa perkenankan memperkenankan diperkenankan izinkan mengizinkan diizinkan perbolehkan memperbolehkan diperbolehkan

2. ‘perintah’ wajib

mesti harus haruskan mengharuskan diharuskan perintahkan memerintahkan diperintahkan larang melarang dilarang tidak boleh jangan

No. Makna Pengungkap Modalitas

1. ‘kemampuan’ dapat

bisa

mampu sanggup

4) Modalitas Dinamik (Dynamic Modality)

This kind of modality offers the meaning of capability in doing something. It means that someone has capability to do the instruction or showing the ability. Alwi propose a dynamic realizations as follows:

Table 10: Modalitas Dinamik realizations, Hasan Alwi (1990:320)

Source: Hasan Alwi (1990:320)

Referring to Halliday (1994), Saragih (2001: 79) defines modality as the views, personal opinions, attitudes or comments to the speaker‟s exposure experience that conveyed in the interaction. Saragih (2001:80) states that based on its type, modality can be divided into modalisasi (modalization) and modulasi

(modulation).

1) Modalisasi (Modalization)

Modalisasi (modalization) is an opinion or personal considerations of

the speaker on the proposition of the expressing or asking information. Saragih added that modalisasi consists of:

a) Probabilitas (Probability)

b) Keseringan (Usuality)

Modulasi (modulation) is an opinion or personal consideration of proposals of the offering or requesting the goods and services. Saragih added that

modulasi consists of:

a) Keharusan (Obligation)

b) Kecenderungan (Inclination)

Table 11: Types and Degrees of Modality

Modalitas (Modality) Degrees

Modalisasi (modalization) Modulasi (Modulation)

Probabilitas

(Probability)

Keseringan

(Usuality)

Keharusan

(Obligation)

Kecenderungan

(Inclination)

tinggi

(high)

pasti selalu wajib ditetapkan

menengah

(medium)

mungkin bisa diharapkan mau

rendah

(low)

barangkali

kadang-kadang

boleh ingin

Source: Saragih (2001)

Based on the opinion of experts above, it can be concluded that the emodality, basically, consists of two parts that are modalization and modulation. Modalization consists of probability and usuality, modulation consists of obligation and inclination.

4. Subtitling

The concept of subtitling is defined in Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2001:244) as “subtitles, sometimes referred to as caption, are transcriptions of film or TV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen. Subtitles usually consist of one or two lines of average maximum length of 35

characters. As a rule, subtitles are placed at the bottom of the picture and are either centered or left-aligned.”

Compared to dubbing, subtitling is a simpler and cheaper method in learning of language transfer. There are many techniques or strategies of inserting subtitles onto the film developed by scholars. The aim of studying that strategies or techniques is to help the translator identify which appropriate strategies to employ the informational content in subtitling more effectively.

Gottlieb‟s _{(in Ghaemi and Benyamin 2010: 42) translation strategies for} subtitling films are as follows:

1) Expansion is used when the original text requires an explanation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language. 2) Paraphrase is resorted to in cases where the phraseology of the original

cannot be reconstructed in the same syntactic way in the target language.

3) Transfer refers to the strategy of translating the source text completely and accurately.

4) Imitation maintains the same forms, typically with names of people and places.

5) Transcription is used in those cases where a term is unusual even in the source text, for example, the use of a third language or nonsense language.

6) Dislocation is adopted when the original employs some sort of special effect, e.g., a silly song in a cartoon film where the translation of the effect is more important than the content.

7) Condensation would seem to be the typical strategy used, that is, the shortening of the text in the least obtrusive way possible.

8) Decimation is an extreme form of condensation where perhaps for reasons of discourse speed, even potentially important elements are omitted.

9) Deletion refers to the total elimination of parts of a text.

10) Resignation describes the strategy adopted when no translation solution can be found and meaning is inevitably lost.

As a result, when it comes on translating in subtitling, the translator needs to concern about which subtitling strategies that he/she used, in order to keep the meaning effect in the subtitle translation. But the subtitles cannot predictable whether the meaning effect tends to be preserved or lost in subtitles. It depends on the strategies that translator used.

5. Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Movie

Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American

action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey and Dan Lin. It is a sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock

Holmes, based on the character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The

screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney. Robert Downey, Jr. and Jude Law reprise their roles as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John

Watson and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza and Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty.

Sherlock Holmes is investigating terrorist attacks in London alone since his old partner Dr. John Watson will get married a few days later with Mary. His investigations point to Professor James Moriarty as the person responsible for the explosions. Moriarty warns that he considers the Watsons a legitimate target for his retaliation against the detective, Holmes must save them and get John involved in one last case. When Dr. Watson and Mary are attacked in the train while traveling for their honeymoon in Brighton, Holmes delivers Mary to the protection of his brother Mycroft. After that, they join the Roma lady Madam Simza Heron's quest to find her missing brother, Renee, who may be the key to defeating Moriarty. Soon Holmes and Dr. Watson disclose that Professor Moriarty has bought arms and ammunition factories and is trying to start a war in Europe killing political leaders and politicians. Now Sherlock and Watson have to stop Moriarty and his dangerous associate, the skilled former Colonel Sebastian Moran to avoid the imminent war.

B. Conceptual Framework

This study applied the Systemic Functional Linguistics developed by Halliday (1994). The conception of modalization and modulation analysis is fulfilled by the theory of modality. Halliday classifies semantic, lexigo grammar, and phonology or graphology as the three levels of language. Semantic is a system of meaning which consist of ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and

textual meaning. Lexico grammar deals with word system which are included grammar and lexis. Phonology or graphology deals with sounding and writing.

The analysis of features and representation of modalization and modulation expressions is identified from the realization of the English dialogue that change to graphic and Bahasa Indonesia movie subtitle. The realization deals with lexico grammar which is classified into realized and unrealized form. The realized form occur when modalization and modulation expressions in the English taxt as the source text are represented into Bahasa Indonesia subtitle as the translated text. In this case, the process of shifting in which two sentences on the English text are translated into one sentence in Bahasa Indonesia text may occur. On the other hand, unrealized forms occur when modalization and modulation expressions in the English text are not represented in Bahasa Indonesia text.

In the analysis, three levels of realized form are stratified. They are

high, medium, and low. The explanation about each degree will be discussed as

follows:

1. Realized Expreesion

This occurs when the modalization or modulation expressions in the English text as the phonic channel is represented in the Bahasa Indonesia as the graphic channel. In this case relating to the degree of high, medium, and low, either explicating or even implicitly, it is occurs when an expression in a sentence is implied by the previous or next sentences. The degree of high, medium, and low of those expressions will be explained below.

1) Probability

It shows when someone states a condition or something that will happen in future. Probability degree is divided into three levels. Those are high, medium, and low. The explanation will be discussed below.

a) High Degree

It occurs when someone who conveys or tries to convince something or condition that will be happened certainly. Therefore he or she expresses probability on the high degree. It can be represented by words certainly, must be,

believe, definetely, can’t, couldn’t, and of course. In Bahasa Indonesia, it can be

represented by pasti, tentu, niscaya, tentunya, tak salah lagi, percaya, tidak bisa,

and yakin.

Example:

ST: It must be your bag.

TT: Ini pasti tasmu.

b) Medium degree

It occurs when someone expresses something in the range of yes or no. It is usually used when he or she conveys his or her opinion. It can be used by the words will, probably, seem, think, will be, and words that realize probability in medium degree. While in Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by kira-kira, belum tentu, pikir, tampaknya, agaknya, rupanya, konon, sepertinya,

Example:

ST: It seems that he can‟t do it.

TT: Kelihatannya, dia tidak bisa melakukannya.

c) Low degree

It shows someone expression who has a little or weak certainly in his or her statement. The word may be, guess, perhaps, might, can, and possibly can be one of representations. In Bahsa Indonesia it can be represented by kalau-kalau, barangkali, bisa jadi, mungkin, kemungkinan, dapat, bisa, bisa saja, boleh,

rasanya, duga, kalau saja.

Example:

ST: I guess Jody come to ruin Indah‟s birthday party.

TT: Kurasa, Jody datang untuk merusak pesta ulang tahun Indah.

2) Usuallity

It occurs when someone expresses something that he or she does most of the time or something routines. Usuallity can divided into three levels, high, medium, and low. The explanation about each degree can be seen below.

a) High degree

It expresses something that is done or felt by someone almost all the time. In other word, this activity becomes his or her routine activity, the word

always and every can be some of representations. In Bahasa Indonesia can be represented by setiap, and selalu.

Example:

ST: I wake up at 5 o‟clock every morning.

TT: Saya bangun jam 5 setiap pagi.

b) Medium degree

It occurs when someone quite routine in doing his or her activity. The words usually, often, and frequently can be some of the representations. The words seringkali, biasanya, and berkala is the representations in Bahasa

Indonesia.

Example:

ST: Deni usually come to the caffe when he is bored.

TT: Deni biasanya datang ke kafe saat merasa bosan.

c) Low degree

It is used when someone expresses or feels something that almost he or she does not do. It is often indicated by sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely,

or never. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be represted by kadang, terkadang, sesekali,

jarang, pernah, tidak pernah.

ST: I never read this book.

TT: Saya tidak pernah membaca buku ini.

b. Modulation 1) Obligation

It can be used to ask someone to do something for us, ask permission, give an advice, demanding, and direction. Obligation is divided in three degrees. The explanation about the degrees can be seen below.

a) High degree

It occurs when someone asks someone else to do something as a necessity. It is indicated by need to, must, have to, ought to, obligate to, required to are the example of words that realize obligation in high degree. The words

harus, wajib, mesti, perlu, mau tak mau, jangan are the representations in Bahasa

Indonesia.

Example:

ST: You have to finish your study.

TT: Kamu harus menyelesaikan sekolahmu.

b) Medium degree

It is used when someone asks someone else to do something in more flexible statement than the first one. It can indicate by would, should, shall, will,

Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by seharusnya, semestinya, diminta, ayo,

mari, maukah, sudikah, akankah, disuruh.

Example:

ST: Let‟s find other hotels.

TT: Ayo kita cari hotel lain.

c) Low degree

It shows the obligation expression that can indicate by weak statement. It represented by may, might, can, could, allowed to, allow are the example of words that realize obligation in low degree. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by diizinkan and mengizinkan.

Example:

ST: You are allowed to go to the beach.

TT: Kamu diperbolehkan pergi ke pantai.

2) Inclination

Commonly, it occurs when someone has a desire to do something for others. It means the expressions of willingness and capability. Inclination is divided into three degrees, those are high, medium, and low. Below are the explanation of the degrees.

It is the condition when someone tries to do something for someone else, seems like necessity. It is indicated by using determined to and need to are some words that realize inclination in high degree. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be representted by bertekad, harus, hendak, mesti.

Example:

ST: I‟mdetermined to finish my thesis this year.

TT: Aku harus menyelesaikan skripsiku tahun ini.

b) Medium degree

It shows the inclination expressions more flexible than the first one. It is can be indicate by want to, keen, hope, pray, and wish. Ingin, kepingin, maksud,

bermaksud, berkemauan, berniat, semoga, mudah-mudahan are some words that

represented inclination in Bahasa Indonesia.

Example:

ST: I wish, I can be the winner.

TT: Aku berharap bisa menjadi pemenang.

c) Low degree

It shows someone‟s desire in a weak statement. It is indicated by

can,

and willing. In Bahasa Indonesia it can be represented by bisa and dapat.

ST: I can be your friend.

TT: Aku bisa menjadi temanmu.

2. Unrealized Expression

There are several causes of unrealized expressions, first, it occurs when the modalization or modulation expressions in the source text as the phonic channel is not represented in the target text as the graphic channel. Second, there is no modalization and modulation in the source text, but they have the realization in the target text. For the last, there is realization in the source text, but in the target text is not considered. In this case the source text is English text as the phonic channel that changed into graphic channel, and the target text is Bahasa

Indonesia as the graphic channel.

Example:

ST: I always take care of you.

TT: Selama ini aku sudah merawatmu.

On the example above, there is realization of modalization i.e usuality in the source text, on the high degree. But in the target text the translator does not translate the clause I always related to usuality expression. So, it can be concluded that there is unrealized expression.

According to the statement above, it can be concluded that modalization and modulation expressions from English text as the phonic channel into Bahasa Indonesia text as the graphic channel were analyzed in realized and unrealized form.

The meaning equivalence of modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie text is related to semantic, especially the interpersonal meaning. In addition, the target text must convey the meaning completely from the degree of equivalence with the source text, in term of reference, context, and content. In this case, the meaning can be equivalent or non equivalent. The researcher processes the analysis of each sentence and possibly inter-sentence or clause in order to know the interpersonal meaning equivalence, explicitly and implicitly.

i. Fully equivalent meaning

It occurs when the modalization and modulation expressions in the English text as the phonic channel are the same as Bahasa Indonesia text as the graphic channel completely and explicitly in the content of information. It also can be transferred implicitly if an expression in a sentence has represented in previous or next sentences. On the other hand, it occurs when two sentences in English text are translated into once sentence in Bahasa Indonesia and vice versa.

Example:

ST: I thought you are my friend.

TT: Kupikir kamu temanku.

ii. Partly equivalent meaning

It occurs when those expressions in the English text as the phonic channel not completely or partly translated into Bahasa Indonesia text as the

graphic channel in content of information. For instance, some information inthe English text may not be found in Bahasa Indonesia text.

Example:

ST: I think you must decide.

TT: Harus Hana yang memutuskan.

b. Non equivalent Meaning i. Different meaning

It occurs when the target text have different meaning from the Source Text. All or almost information contents of the expressions in source text in this case English text (phonic channel) are represented in the words Bahasa Indonesia

that have different meaning.

Example:

ST: You may eat lots of pancake.

TT: Kamu tidak harus makan panekuk.

ii. Completely no meaning

It occurs when all the information in source text is not found or there is no meaning in Bahasa Indonesia text. It happens when the expressions in the English text are unrealized in Bahasa Indonesia text.

ST: Oh Dear, how poor you are.

TT: -

C. Analytical Construct

The aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of modalization and modulation expressions in the sentences of the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie text of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Firstly, the researcher identified the realization of modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia texts and considered them as a research data. Then, she recorded them in the data analysis table and she made the analysis viewed from the interpersonal meaning, with respect to the degree of meaning equivalence, either equivalent meaning or non-equivalent meaning.

Finally, the reseacher would take the inferences from the result of realization and meaning equivalence of modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts of Sherlock Holmes: A game of

Translation

Lingual Translation Non-Lingual Translation Lingual and Non-Lingual

Intralingual Interlingual Intersemiotic

Multilingual Bilingual

Simultaneous Non-Simultaneous

Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows English Movie Texts

Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

Bahasa Indonesia Movie Texts

Phonology/Graphology Lexicogrammar ‘writing’ _Semantics

Realizations

Realized Expressions Unrealized Expressions

Ideational _{Interpersonal Textual}

Mood

Modality

Modalization Expressions Modulation Expressions

Meaning Degree equivalent

Fully Equivalent

Equivalent

Partly Equivalent

Different meaning

No-equivalent

No meaning

Valuing

A. Research Type

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

Content analysis was a research technique for making replicate and valid infers from data to their content. It was aimed at providing a sophisticated description or illustration of a phenomenon. The phenomena that were described in this research were the modality expressions of English-Bahasa Indonesia movie subtitle entitled Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and their impact on the degree of equivalence of it.

This study would be a descriptive-qualitative research, because it provide natural data, whereas, the researcher did not apply any experiment. In analyzing the data realting to the context of modalization and modulation expressions in the subtitling text, she applied a context analysis method.

B. Data and Data Sources

The object of this research was a movie entitled Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows. The movie was a form of audiovisual. In this study, the data of

the research would be taken from the dialogue or utterances, which was in English and their Indonesian translation or subtitle focusing on the modality expressions. The data in this research were clause units containing modality expressions. The movie form was DVD Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows consisting of one disc. Since the object was movie entitled Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows,

the sources of the data was English text (phonic channel) and Indonesian text (graphic channel).

C. Data Collection Techniques

The process of data collecting in this research used the content analysis technique. In using this technique, the researcher took all data that support the research questions. In the meantime, the chosen data led to the focus of the research. In collecting the related data, the researcher was listening, watching, reading, and note taking. The researcher observed the object by listening and watching the dialog or utterance of the movie, and reading the Indonesian subtitle

of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows carefully and comprehensively. Then by

note taking, the modality expressions found in the movie was collected into the data sheet.

D. Research Instruments

The primary instrument of this research was the researcher herself. The researcher was involved in all process of the research observation, analysis, and interpreting data. The secondary instrument of this research were original DVD

Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, laptop, dicitionaries, and data sheet that

was used to note the modality expressions that found in movie of Sherlock

Table 12: The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Texts.

No. English-Bahasa Indonesia texts

Realized Expressions Unre a lized E x pr e ss io n s _{Interpersonal} Meaning Equivalence The degree of

Modalization Modulation

Probability Usuallity Obligation Inclination

F ul ly P a r tly Di ff e r ent M e a ni n g No M e a ni n g hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w hig h m edi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w 1. English Bahasa Indonesia 2. 3. Percentage Total 43

E. Data Analysis Techniques

In analyzing the data, the researcher firstly revealed the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts in the one form, where she changed English as the phonic text to be graphic text the same as Bahasa Indonesia text into data sheets. Then she made a classification of the English-Bahasa Indonesia movie texts in order to find the realization of features and representations of modalization and modulation expressions that occurred in the process of translation. Then, she classified and identified the meaning equivalence of the English-Bahasa Inodnesia movie texts relating to interpersonal meaning, especially those expressions.

F. Trustworthiness

This research applied credibility and dependability to obtain trustworthiness of the data. First, credibility was used to ensure the correctness of the data. In achieving the degree of credibility, the reseacher performed deep and detail obsevation of the data. Credibility was also obtained by conducting triangulation. Moleong (2001: 128) states, triangulation was a technique for checking the trustworthiness of data by using something outside the data to verify the data or to compare them. There are four types of triangulation: by source, by method, by expert, and by theory. In this study, source and theory triangualtion were applied. The sources were Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts and its Indonesian subtitling. The theories which were applied to conform the data is the theories from experts of translation studies and modality.

In the criteria of dependability, it concerned about reliability of the data of the research. The data findings of this research were triangulated by a bachelor of English literature study program and a student of English literature study program, then, the sources outside the data to verify or to compare the data. In this occasion she looked for the Englissh texts of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of

Shadows movie texts in the form of graphic channel that available at the site

(http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk), in order to cross-check and confirm this research data as well as posssible. Then, the result of triangulated data findings were consulted and discussed with the supervisors.

A. Findings

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher examined three problems in this study. The first problem is how the English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows

movie texts are realized in terms of modalization and modulation expressions. The second problem is to what extent the realizations in question represent their interpersonal meaning equivalence.

1. Description of the English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows movie texts that are realized in terms of modalization and modulation expressions.

According to the data that are taken in the form of sentence, it is found that the modalization and modulation expressions in the English-Bahasa Indonesia of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows movie texts are translated into realized and unrealized forms. Realized form means that the expressions in the source text represented into the target text relating to the type and the degrees. The realized form can be realized in the same type and degree, the same type but different degree, the different type but same degree, and in the different type and degree. On the other hand, unrealized form can be made when the expressions in the source text are not revealed into the target text. Below is the table that shows the result of realized and unrealized forms of the Sherlock Holmes: A Game of

Shadows movie texts represented in its Bahasa Indonesia subtitle.

Table 13: The Analysis of the Modalization and Modulation Realization that are Revealed of the English-Bahasa Indonesia Texts.

No. Expressions Number Percentage

Englist text

Realized 205 100 %

Total 205 100 %

Bahasa Indonesia text

Realized 180 88%

Unrealized 25 12%

Total 205 100 %

From 193 sentences as the data that researcher analyze, it is found 205 cases or 100% realized expressions in the English text as the source text. While in

the Bahasa Indonesia text as the target text, the cases realized 180 cases or 88%.

There are 25 cases or 12% remain unrealized forms.

a. The Realizations of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English Text as the Source Text

The modalization and modulation expressions in the source text are realized 205 cases. The expressions could appear in the same type and degree of high, medium, and low, in the same type but different degrees, in the different types but in the same degree, and in the different types and different degrees. Modalization divided into two part, those are probability and usuality, while modulation has inclination and obligation as its parts. The realization of the modaization and modulation expressions will be illustrated in the table below.

Table 14: The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the English Movie Texts as the Source Text

No Expressions The degree of Number Percent age Number Percen tage 1. M od al iz a tion Probability

High 27 13.2%

108 52.6%

medium 60 29.3%

Low 21 10.3%

Usuality

High 2 1.3%

16 8.1%

Medium 0 0%

Low 14 6.8%

2. M o du lation Inclination

High 9 4.4%

49 23.8%

Medium 23 11.2%

Low 17 8.2%

Obligation

High 15 7.3%

32 15.5%

Medium 8 3.9%

Low 9 4.3%

Total 205 100%

As the result in the table above, there are 205 cases modalization and modulation expressions that realized in the source text. In modalization, there are 108 expressions or 52.6% of probability and 16 expressions or 8.1% of usuality. In modulation, there are 49 expressions or 23.8% of inclination and 32 expressions or 15.5% of obligation.

The table indicates that the most frequent number of the realized form is achieved by modalization expression. It is supported by the occurrences of probability expression with 108 expressions or 52.6%. It consists of 27

expressions or 13.2% in high degree, 60 expressions or 29.3% in medium degree, 21 expressions or 10.3% in low degree. The result means that the characters said many sentences in probability expression especially in medium degree. Probability shows the prediction and presumption of the characters. Besides, the occurrences in usuality expression are 16 expressions or 8.2%. It consists of 2 expressions or 1.4% in high degree, 0 expressions or 0% in medium degree, 14 expressions or 6.8% in low degree. It means that usuality expression especially in high degree, is the lowest number of the realized form in the source text.

The inclination expression dominates the sentences expressed modulation in the source text. It has 9 expressions or 4.3% in high degree, 23 expressions or 11.22% in medium degree, 17 expressions or 8.2% in low degree. Inclination shows that the willingness of the characters in the movie mostly is in medium statement. Besides, obligation has 15 expressions or 7.3% in high degree, 8 expressions or 3.9% in medium degree, 9 expressions or 4.3% in low degree. Obligation usually presents a command, giving advice, and asking for permissions from others.

b. The Realizations of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the

Bahasa Indonesia Text as the Target Text

In this occasion, the English movie texts of the Sherlock Holmes: A

Game of Shadows are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. As the previous data, the

modalization and modulation expressions realized in the target text in four ways mentioned before. Probability and usuality are the parts of modalization, while inclination and obligation are the parts of modulation. Most of the expressions in

the source text are realized into the target text and some of the expressions are unrealized. The realization of the modaization and modulation expressions will be illustrated in the table below.

Table 15: The Realization of Modalization and Modulation Expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia Movie Texts as the Target Text

No Expressions The degree of Number Percent age Number Percen tage 1. M od al iz at ion Probability

High 25 12.2%

94 45.8%

medium 48 23.4%

Low 21 10.2%

Usuality

High 2 1.4%

15 7.7%

Medium 0 0

Low 13 6.3%

2. M o du lation Inclination

High 9 4.3%

43 20.8%

Medium 21 10.2%

Low 13 6.3%

Obligation

High 14 6.8%

29 13.5%

Medium 5 2.4%

Low 9 4.3%

Realized 180 87.8%

Unrealized 25 12.2%

Total 205 100%

The table shows that the modalization and modulation expressions that realized in the target text are 180 expressions or 87.8% from 205 expressions. As the source text, the most frequent number of the realized form is achieved by modalization expression. It is supported by the occurrences of probability

No. English-Bahasa Indonesia texts Realized Expressions Unre a lized E x pr e ss io n s _{Interpersonal} Meaning Equivalence The degree of

Modalization Modulation

Probability Usuallity Obligation Inclination

F ul ly P a r tly Di ff e r en t M e a ni n g No M e a ni n g hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w 181.

You should get that shoulder looked at. √

√

Kau mestinya lihat bahumu. √

182.

I believe it's just been substantially reduced, King to rook two. _√

√

Aku yakin akan mulai berkurang, raja ke benteng Dua. √

183.

The equations of motion, which you will find in my book. The energy

that is required to release these explosions . √

√

Persamaan gerak, yang akan kau temukan di bukuku. Energi yang

dibutuhkan untuk melepas ledakan ini. √

184.

With an empire so enormous, even you must keep a record of it

somewhere. √

√

Dengan kekayaan yang begitu besar bahkan kau harus simpan

catatannya di suatu tempat. √

185.

How could a man as meticulous as you, own such a book,

And yet completely neglect the Flowers in his own window box? √

√

Bagaimana mungkin pria secermat dirimu punya buku seperti itu,

sementara mengabaikan bunga di pot dekat jendelanya sendiri? √

186.

You'll be making an anonymous donation to the widows and orphans of

war fund. √

No. English-Bahasa Indonesia texts

Realized Expressions

Unre

a

lized

E

x

pr

e

ss

io

n

s _{Interpersonal}

Meaning Equivalence The degree of

Modalization Modulation

Probability Usuallity Obligation Inclination

F

ul

ly

P

a

r

tly

Di

ff

e

r

ent

M

e

a

ni

n

g

No

M

e

a

ni

n

g

hig

h

medi

u

m

lo

w

hig

h

medi

u

m

lo

w

hig

h

medi

u

m

lo

w

hig

h

medi

u

m

lo

w

187.

Will be my pleasure. √

√ √

Dengan senang hati. -

188.

I shall endevor to find the most creative of endings for the doctor, and

his wife. √ _√

Akan kucari cara paling kreatif bagi akhir sang Dokter dan istrinya. √

189.

You really think you are the only one who can play this game? √

√

Menurutmu hanya kau yang bisa permainan ini? √

190.

Now, allow me to reply. √

√

Sekarang, biar kubalas. √

191.

I shall ever regard him as the best. _√

√

Akan terus kuanggap sebagai yang terbaik. √

192.

You should probably pack. √

√

Kau harus segera kemasi barang-barangmu. _√

No. English-Bahasa Indonesia texts Realized Expressions Unre a lized E x pr e ss io n s _{Interpersonal} Meaning Equivalence The degree of

Modalization Modulation

Probability Usuallity Obligation Inclination

F ul ly P a r tly Di ff e r ent M e a ni n g No M e a ni n g hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w hig h medi u m lo w 193.

Yes, it will be fun. _√

√

Ya, akan menyenangkan. _√

English Realized forms

13 .2 % 29 .3 % 10 .3 % 1. 3 % 0 % 6. 8 % 7. 3 % 3. 9 % 4. 3 % 4. 4 % 11 .2 % 8. 2 % ₀

%

1

1

3 71 9 0

52.6% 8.1% 23.8% 15.5%

108 16 32 49

205 0

100%

Bahasa Indonesia Realized forms

12 .2 % 23 .4 % 10 .2 % 1. 4 % 0 % 6. 3 % 6. 8 % 2. 4 % 4. 3 % 4. 3 % 10 .2 % 6. 3 % 12 .2

94 15 29 43

25 180

205 87.8%

12 193 .2

%

100% 100%

Appendix 2.

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya Nama : Putri Apriliana S. S

NIM : -

Universitas : Universitas Sanata Dharma Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

menyatakan bahwa dengan sesungguhnya saya telah melakukan triangulasi data sehubungan dengan karya tulis (skripsi) yang telah dilakukan oleh mahasiswa:

Nama : Hilma Aulia Tejawati NIM : 09211144014

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : MODALIZATION AND MODULATION EXPRESSIONS IN THE ENGLISH-BAHASA INDONESIA SHERLOCK HOLMES: A GAME OF

SHADOWS MOVIE TEXTS

Demikianlah surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk dapat digunakan sesuai dengan keperluan.

Yogyakarta, 18 Agustus 2016 Yang membuat pernyataan,

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya Nama : Dita Ayu Firlyani

NIM : 09211144036

Universitas : Universitas Sanata Dharma Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

menyatakan bahwa dengan sesungguhnya saya telah melakukan triangulasi data sehubungan dengan karya tulis (skripsi) yang telah dilakukan oleh mahasiswa:

Nama : Hilma Aulia Tejawati NIM : 09211144014

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : MODALIZATION AND MODULATION EXPRESSIONS IN THE ENGLISH-BAHASA INDONESIA SHERLOCK HOLMES: A GAME OF

SHADOWS MOVIE TEXTS

Demikianlah surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya untuk dapat digunakan sesuai dengan keperluan.

Yogyakarta, 18 Agustus 2014 Yang membuat pernyataan,

Dita Ayu Firlyani NIM 09211144036