The use of IQ as a base of a success is broken by a new theory called Multiple Intelligences by Howard Gardner. Gardner as cited by Richard and
Rogers 2001: 116 is the director of Project Zero at Harvard Graduate School of Education. In this project, he proposed a view of natural human talents which is
known as “Multiple Intelligences Model”. In his book Frames of Mind 1983, Gardner described a list of seven intelligences. The first two linguistic and
logical-mathematical are the ones that have been typically valued in school; the
next three musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and spatial are associated with arts; and the final two interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences are what he called as
‘personal intelligences’. Subsequently in Intelligence Reframed 1999, he added two intelligences. Those are naturalist and existential intelligences.
b. The Seven Intelligences
There are seven intelligences discussed in this study. The definition of each is described as follows.
1 Linguistic intelligence is the ability of using words or language in special or
creative ways to remember list or process. It involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use
language to accomplish certain goals Gardner, 1999. It means that linguistic intelligence closely related to listening, speaking, reading and writing activity
Armstrong, 2000. According to Campbell and Dickinson 1996: 4, people who have high degree of this intelligence are able to listen effectively what
has been said, read effectively what has been read, speak effectively to a variety of audiences, and write effectively to understand grammar, spelling,
and punctuation. Lawyers, speakers, writers, poets are among the people with high linguistic intelligence.
2 Logical-mathematical intelligence is the capacity to analyze problems
logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically Gardner, 1999. The people who have high degree of this
intelligence are familiar with the concept of quantity, time, and cause and effect. They also think mathematically by gathering evidence, making
hypothesis, formulating models, and building strong arguments Campbell and Dickinson, 1996: 5. Doctors, engineers, programmers, scientists, accountants
are among the people with high logical-mathematical intelligence. 3
Musical intelligence is the skill in the performance, composition and appreciation of musical patterns Gardner, 1999. It means that an individual
with high musical intelligence has high participation in musical activities such as playing instruments, singing, and composing. According to Campbell and
Dickinson 1996: 135, people who have high musical intelligence will enjoy listening music and respond variety of sounds including human voice,
environmental sound and music. They also develop the ability to sing or play an instrument alone or with others. Singers, composers, pianist, guitarist are
among the people with high musical intelligence. 4
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the potential of using one’s whole body or part of the body like the hand or the mouth to solve problems or fashion
products Gardner, 1999. It means that she or he uses the body movement to express ideas or feelings. People who have degree of this intelligence like to
explore the environment and objects through touch and movements. They also enjoy learning experiences such as participating in role play, games, or
physical exercises Campbell and Dickinson, 1996: 68. Surgeons, mechanics, dancers, athletes are among the people with high body-kinesthetic
intelligence. 5
Spatial intelligence is the potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space such as navigators and pilots as well as the patterns of more
confined areas such as sculptors, surgeons, chess players, graphic artists, or architect Gardner, 1999. People who have high degree of this intelligence
enjoy learning by seeing and observing. They also use visual image to get information or otherwise reproduce objects in visible forms Campbell and
Dickinson, 1996: 97. 6
Interpersonal intelligence is person’s capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and, consequently, to work
effectively with others Gardner, 1999. It means that this intelligence asks people to be able to build a good cooperation with others and have a good
relationship with the society. According to Campbell and Dickinson 1996: 160, people who have high degree of this intelligence are interested to have
interaction with others. They can easily perceive feelings, thoughts, motivations, behaviours, and lifestyles of others. They also communicate
effectively in both verbal and nonverbal ways. 7
Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to understand oneself, to have an effective working model of oneself including one’s own desires, fears, and
capacities; and to use such information effectively in regulating one’s own life Gardner, 1999. In other words, it is an ability to know who he or she is.
According to Campbell and Dickinson 1996: 196, 231, there are some characteristics possessed by people who have high degree of this intelligence
such as like to attempt to understand inner experience. They also like work individually.
c. Teaching English through Multiple Intelligences
