surrounding instrumental milieu for the realization of each individual’s perfectible potentials Cronan 129.
2.1.4 Theory of Need for Achievement
People always have their goals of life and they do everything to achieve them. The question is why they do everything to reach their dreams or their goals
of life. In other words, what motive that supports one’s achievement. According to McClelland achievement is a more generic term that can be applied to achieving
the goals for any motive 249. McClelland defines motive of achievement as “performing in terms standard of excellent or, simply, as desire to be successful”
99. In addition, according to Murray need for achievement is a desire or tendency to overcome obstacles, to exercise power, to strive to do something
difficult as well and as quickly as possible Beck 317. People tend to perform better only when an achievement incentive is
present in the situation. It is one in which a person gets satisfaction from doing something better for its own sake, or to show that he or she is more capable of
doing something. Therefore, what should be involved in the achievement motive is doing something better for its own sake, for the intrinsic satisfaction of doing
something better McClelland 228-229. In order to know whether they are doing better, they prefer situations in which they have personal responsibility for the
outcome and that give them feedback on how well they are doing McClelland 595.
16 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
According to Raynor most performances in life are perceived as part of some overall framework and as steps on the way to a goal. He said that
Individuals high need for achievement ought to work harder at a task that they perceived as important for future success than at a task of lesser importance
McClelland 500-501. In addition, Atkinson achievement motivation model explains that success
in an immediate step is necessary to earn the opportunity to move on the next step McClelland 501. It is called contingent paths. In accordance to that, Raynor
explains that if on such paths the probability of success declines from step to step, subjects high in need for achievement work much harder than those low in need
for achievement. Since subjects high in need for achievement believe their success is due to ability, they will continue to work harder even as the task gets more and
more difficult. Therefore, the importance of the goal, like the contingent path variable, interacts with the achievement motive to influence what the subjects do
McClelland 503. Subjects high in need for achievement would prefer being personally
responsible for a performance result, because only under such conditions could they feel satisfaction from doing something better McClelland 246. Doing
something better often implies doing it differently from before. It may involve finding a different, shorter, or more efficient path to a goal. It follows that
individuals high in need for achievement should be more restless and avoid routine. They should be more innovative. They should be more likely to seek out
information to find better ways of doing things McClelland 249. 17
2.2 Theoretical Framework
The theory of moral-philosophical approach is used as a tool to describe and analyze perfection as the content of Jonathan’s learning process to reach his
achievement of being perfect in flying. To get a deep understanding, the writer uses theory of perfection to analyze Jonathan’s ambition to be perfect in flying.
Therefore, this theory is used to help to figure out what kind of Jonathan’s perfection is in the novelette.
By knowing the content of Jonathan’s learning process to reach his achievement of being perfect in flying that is perfection, it gives the writer a
strong base to begin to study and analyze what and how Jonathan learns to reach his being able to be perfect in flying as his achievement of his life. To do so, the
writer uses theory of psychological approach to describe, analyze and interpret the influence of learning in perfection affects one’s achievement. In order to find the
motive of learning and need for achievement that is to be perfect in flying, the writer also uses theory of learning and theory of need for achievement as a tool to
analyze and answer the second research question of this study that is how learning in perfection affects one’s achievement as reflected in the character of Jonathan
Livingston Seagull. 18
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