Indicatior used to signal appropriate starting time for a farm activity Land Preparation

5 5. Temperature change in the past 10 years 5.1. Perceived temperature change 2009 2005 1999 Perception Freq Freq Freq Small Farmer Warmer 43 37,4 16 13,9 6 5,2 Cooler 5 4,3 3 2,6 4 3,5 No change Not Extreme 60 52,2 84 73,0 86 74,8 Do not know 4 3,5 9 7,8 15 13,0 Other explanation 3 2,6 3 2,6 4 3,5 TOTAL 115 100,0 115 100,0 115 100,0 Large Farmer Warmer 90 48,6 32 17,3 20 10,8 Cooler 11 5,9 16 8,6 7 3,8 No change Not Extreme 69 37,3 121 65,4 127 68,6 Do not know 9 4,9 13 7,0 26 14,1 Other explanation 6 3,2 3 1,6 5 2,7 TOTAL 185 100,0 185 100,0 185 100,0 Overall Warmer 133 44,3 48 16,0 26 8,7 Cooler 16 5,3 19 6,3 11 3,7 No change Not Extreme 129 43,0 205 68,3 213 71,0 Do not know 13 4,3 22 7,3 41 13,7 Other explanation 9 3,0 6 2,0 9 3,0 TOTAL 300 100,0 300 100,0 300 100,0 5.2. Activities undertaken to adapt to temperature changes Small Farmer Large Farmer Overall Adaptation Freq Freq Freq 1. Change rice variety planted 30 26,1 63 22,7 93 31,0 2. Plant shading crop 21 18,3 16 5,9 37 12,3 3. Use energy saving technology 3 2,6 3 2,2 6 2,0 4. Use organic cultivation 0,0 3 2,2 3 1,0 5. Irrigate with more water and frequency 12 10,4 13 0,5 25 8,3 6. Change planting time 8 7,0 20 0,5 28 9,3 7. Plant other crops 1 0,9 2 17,3 3 1,0 8. Change from farming to animal husbandry 0,0 1 0,5 1 0,3 9. No adaptation undertaken 40 34,8 64 48,1 104 34,7 TOTAL 115 100,0 185 100,0 300 100,0 6 6. Rainfall change in the past 10 years 6.1. Perceived rainfall change 2009 2005 1999 Perception Freq Freq Freq Small Farmer More 20 17,4 6 5,2 6 5,2 Less 32 27,8 13 11,3 7 6,1 No change Not extreme 53 46,1 89 77,4 86 74,8 Do not know 8 7,0 5 4,3 11 9,6 Other explanation 2 1,7 2 1,7 5 4,3 TOTAL 115 100,0 115 100,0 115 100,0 Large Farmer More 25 13,5 19 10,3 16 8,6 Less 74 40,0 36 19,5 23 12,4 No change Not extreme 62 33,5 106 57,3 122 65,9 Do not know 18 9,7 17 9,2 18 9,7 Other explanation 6 3,2 7 3,8 6 3,2 TOTAL 185 100,0 185 100,0 185 100,0 Overall More 45 15,0 25 8,3 22 7,3 Less 106 35,3 49 16,3 30 10,0 No change Not extreme 115 38,3 195 65,0 208 69,3 Do not know 26 8,7 22 7,3 29 9,7 Other explanation 8 2,7 9 3,0 11 3,7 TOTAL 300 100,0 300 100,0 300 100,0 6.2. Activites undertaken to adapt to rainfall changes Small Farmer Large Farmer Overall Adaptation Freq Freq Freq Freq 1. Change rice variety planted 20 17,4 42 22,7 73 24,3 2. Plant shading plant 32 27,8 11 5,9 19 6,3 3. Use energy saving technology 53 46,1 4 2,2 4 1,3 4. Use organic cultivation 8 7,0 4 2,2 6 2,0 5. Irrigate with less water and frequency 2 1,7 1 0,5 6 2,0 6. Change planting time 0,0 1 0,5 1 0,3 7. Plant other crops 0,0 32 17,3 52 17,3 8. Change from farming to animal husbandry 0,0 1 0,5 4 1,3 9. No adaptation undertaken 0,0 89 48,1 135 45,0 TOTAL 115 100,0 185 100,0 300 100,0