Food Security Status : income and food expenditure 2009 Source of water for farming

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3. Source of water for farming

2009 2005 1999 Water Source Freq Freq Freq Small Farmer Dam 63 54,8 63 54,8 63 54,8 River 38 33,0 38 33,0 38 33,0 Well 0,0 0,0 0,0 Spring 0,0 0,0 0,0 Pond 0,0 0,0 0,0 Other 14 12,2 14 12,2 14 12,2 TOTAL 115 100,0 115 100,0 115 100,0 Large Farmer Dam 145 78,4 146 78,9 143 77,3 River 16 8,6 12 6,5 11 5,9 Well 1 0,5 3 1,6 1 0,5 Spring 1 0,5 1 0,5 1 0,5 Pond 0,0 0,0 0,0 Other 22 11,9 23 12,4 29 15,7 TOTAL 185 100,0 185 100,0 185 100,0 Overall Dam 185 61,7 185 61,7 184 61,3 River 76 25,3 76 25,3 78 26,0 Well 4 1,3 4 1,3 3 1,0 Spring 0,0 0,0 0,0 Pond 0,0 0,0 0,0 Other 35 11,7 35 11,7 35 11,7 TOTAL 300 100,0 300 100,0 300 100,0 4

4. Indicatior used to signal appropriate starting time for a farm activity Land Preparation

Planting Harvest Reference Freq Freq Freq Small Farmer Sign from Nature 14 12,2 15 13,0 18 15,7 Habit 28 24,3 27 23,5 27 23,5 Agreement among farmers 53 46,1 50 43,5 46 40,0 Info from Extension Agent 20 17,4 20 17,4 19 16,5 Other 0,0 3 2,6 5 4,3 TOTAL 115 100,0 115 100,0 115 100,0 Large Farmer Sign from Nature 28 15,1 27 14,6 52 28,1 Habit 52 28,1 54 29,2 40 21,6 Agreement among farmers 85 45,9 58 31,4 39 21,1 Info from Extension Agent 19 10,3 21 11,4 21 11,4 Other 1 0,5 25 13,5 33 17,8 TOTAL 185 100,0 185 100,0 185 100,0 Overall Sign from Nature 42 14,0 42 14,0 70 23,3 Habit 80 26,7 81 27,0 67 22,3 Agreement among farmers 138 46,0 108 36,0 85 28,3 Info from Extension Agent 39 13,0 41 13,7 40 13,3 Other 1 0,3 28 9,3 38 12,7 TOTAL 300 100,0 300 100,0 300 100,0 5 5. Temperature change in the past 10 years 5.1. Perceived temperature change 2009 2005 1999 Perception Freq Freq Freq Small Farmer Warmer 43 37,4 16 13,9 6 5,2 Cooler 5 4,3 3 2,6 4 3,5 No change Not Extreme 60 52,2 84 73,0 86 74,8 Do not know 4 3,5 9 7,8 15 13,0 Other explanation 3 2,6 3 2,6 4 3,5 TOTAL 115 100,0 115 100,0 115 100,0 Large Farmer Warmer 90 48,6 32 17,3 20 10,8 Cooler 11 5,9 16 8,6 7 3,8 No change Not Extreme 69 37,3 121 65,4 127 68,6 Do not know 9 4,9 13 7,0 26 14,1 Other explanation 6 3,2 3 1,6 5 2,7 TOTAL 185 100,0 185 100,0 185 100,0 Overall Warmer 133 44,3 48 16,0 26 8,7 Cooler 16 5,3 19 6,3 11 3,7 No change Not Extreme 129 43,0 205 68,3 213 71,0 Do not know 13 4,3 22 7,3 41 13,7 Other explanation 9 3,0 6 2,0 9 3,0 TOTAL 300 100,0 300 100,0 300 100,0 5.2. Activities undertaken to adapt to temperature changes Small Farmer Large Farmer Overall Adaptation Freq Freq Freq 1. Change rice variety planted 30 26,1 63 22,7 93 31,0 2. Plant shading crop 21 18,3 16 5,9 37 12,3 3. Use energy saving technology 3 2,6 3 2,2 6 2,0 4. Use organic cultivation 0,0 3 2,2 3 1,0 5. Irrigate with more water and frequency 12 10,4 13 0,5 25 8,3 6. Change planting time 8 7,0 20 0,5 28 9,3 7. Plant other crops 1 0,9 2 17,3 3 1,0 8. Change from farming to animal husbandry 0,0 1 0,5 1 0,3 9. No adaptation undertaken 40 34,8 64 48,1 104 34,7 TOTAL 115 100,0 185 100,0 300 100,0