10
A shotreverse shot is where the camera focus upon a face, either head-on or to one side, and then to cut to either what they can see or to a shot peering over
their shoulder Butler, 2005: 25. The 30
o
Rule is used to ensure that there is a sufficient differences in shots.
To maintain a continuous space, the camera is limited as to where its next shot can come from Butler, 2005: 27.
C. Review of Related Backgrounds: The Tradition of Bullfighting
In the early days of bullfighting in Spain, the performance was not bloody and gory as it was thought would be. In the early 8
th
century, bullfighting was merely a show of strength between young men. The show was taunting and
disturbing the bull until it charged towards the men and they would simply leap or somersault over it. Over time, this act of display of bravery developed further by
adding men on horseback to distract the bull. Cape and sword were introduced later as a completion to the classical Spanish bullfighting.
In the 18
th
century during the reign of King Philip V, bullfighting was denounced barbaric and for anyone, especially royals, took part at this practice
was threatened with excommunication Moore, 2009. This decree, however, did not stop the public to continue the practice.
Bullfighting had always been connected with the human condition. Life, death, desperation, valour, success, and despair were some of the words closely
related to bullfighting. All of these words were expressions of what a matador experienced when he fought a thousand-pound beast in the arena or
corrida
. Bullfighting consisted of three acts. First, the bull is measured from
strength, movement, and mood by a matador. When the bull exhausted itself, a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
lancer on horseback distracted the beast and stabbed its neck and shoulder, rendering it weak. If succeeded, the bull only focused on the lancer while the
matador plunged six coloured barbed rods called
banderillas
into the bull’s shoulder. The bull suffered from injuries and lowered its ground. The last act is
called
tercio de muerte
or in English means death. The matador used red cape and sword to di
splay the grace of bullfighting while decreasing the bull’s stamina. Crowds watching this elegant display would shout
olé
for every movement the matador and the bull made. Finally, the matador ended the bull’s life with one stab
into the heart. It may seem exhilarating for the audience, but for the matadors it is not
just an entertainment. Bullfighting cripples one out of four matadors during their careers and one out of ten dies Swarupa, 2013.
Even though its origin was from Spain, bullfighting in Mexico is indifferent from its origin birthplace. Bullfighting in Mexico was introduced by
Spanish conquerors back then.
D. Theoretical Framework
The present study is conducted to analyse the masculinity in a film entitled
The Book of Life
by Jorge Gutierrez. The focuses of this study are on the masculine characteristics of Manolo, Joaquin, and Carlos as well as its
identification related with Pleck’s Male Sex Role Identity and bullfighting in
The Book of Life
. Several questions are made to guide the flow of this study. The first question is what are the masculine characteristics that Manolo, Joaquin, and
Carlos have in Jorge Gutierrez’s
The Book of Life
and the second question is how do the masculine characteristics particularly on
Pleck’s Male Sex Role Identity PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
