Transitivity System in Editorial Texts of the Jakarta Post

TRANSITIVITY SYSTEM IN TWO EDITORIAL TEXTS OF THE JAKARTA POST

A THESIS

BY

DEVI FIVILIANA REG. NO. 100705101

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

TRANSITIVITY SYSTEM IN TWO EDITORIAL TEXTS OF THE JAKARTA POST

A THESIS BY

DEVI FIVILIANA REG. NO. 100705101

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D

NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001 Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.

NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Friday July 18th, 2014

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

NIP.19511013 197603 1 001 Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M. A. Ph. D ………..

Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D ………..

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP ………..

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I AM DEVI FIVILIANA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXPECT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PPERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : DEVI FIVILIANA

TITLE OF THESIS : TRANSITIVITY SYSTEM IN TWO EDITORIAL TEXTS OF JAKARTA POST

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVALIABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for blessing and giving me His mercy, health, opportunity, and ability from the time I started writing this paper until I was able to complete it.

I would like to thank to Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, and the Head of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D for giving all facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis. A great thanks is dedicated to my best supervisor, Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A , Ph.D and my Co-Supervisor, Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum. for their willingness to share time and patience in guiding and correcting and supervising this thesis. Also thank to all staff in English Department and Faculty of Cultural Studies for helping me in administration especially bang Mistam.

My highest appreciation and greatest attitude to my beloved parents is

dedicated to my beloved parents, my father, Sonak Beresman Repinson Marjahan Marpaung and my mother, Suwarni, my beloved Uda, Darman Marpaung, my inanguda, Maria Sihite, my namboru, Bou Danniel, Bou Kristian, Bou Dorminta, Bou Mindo, Bou Melly, Bou Nelly, Bou Grace, my bude, Ende Lastri, Ende Lampung, who have given me supports of mental or material, advices, cares, and always pray for me in order to get my best. To my beloved sister, Silvi Serawati Marpaung, Rahel Hariaty, Hesekiel Marpaung, Della, Nissi, Anri, Abigail and my beloved cousin, Gracia Anastasya thanks for your motivations, support, and cares that you have given me during my study. My specially thank is dedicated to my beloved friend, Hendri Puji Kristiawan.

In this occasion, I would like thank to my best friends from English Department 2010 Uli Simanungkalit, Elhainun Situmeang, Nazlia, Mitha, Hariadi Saputra, Denny, Wina, Ayu Imelda and the others friend from class A and B that could not be mentioned one by one, on the attention and support to me, thank for all of you.

Furthermore, I would like to express my great thanks to my best friends, Novelia Simanjuntak, Desari Simanjuntak, Novicentrin Sinaga who always give me support and the person who really understand me, Stephanie Joice Panjaitan who

really really fussy, Petrus Suryo Kuncoro, Liwan Sihite and my junior, Anastasia Bernadette thank you for your kindness and attention.

The special thank is dedicated to my beloved room-mate, Stephanie M. Yohanna Siallagan and thank to my beloved friends of ASPUTUS (Asrama Putri USU), my sisters, Kak Lindrayana Manik, Kak Nearly Gultom, Kak Dina Silalahi, kak Betty Manurung, Kak Anne Irene Lase, Kak eirene Napitupulu, Kak Feni Sihite, Kak Monica Kaban, Kak Repi Limbong, Kak Cory Sihombing, Kak Shinta Agnesia, Kak Delvina Sinaga, my beloved friends, Rani P. Tambunan, Romian T. Rumapea, Pesta Ria Hutahaean, Nita Silitonga, Ivo Novita Silalahi, Sastri Tambunan, Bernadetta Simbolon, Ocha (Geby Napitupulu). Last but not least, I would like to thank to all commitee of “Christmas Celebration Faculty of Cultural Studies 2013” especially the head of the committee, Debora Pakhpahan, Graciella Dominica Purba (emak), Angel Panjaitan (cici cina), Dona Karokaro, Friztian, Materaikan Laoli, Cinio Sinaga, Niel Maruli, David, Hormat Sihotang, Ucup, Joko.

For all of member LPMI (Lembaga Pelayanan Mahasiswa Indonesia), especially for Kak Eka Manao, Kak Roro, Kak Rika, Bang Alpen, Bang Iyut, bang Honda, Bang Jonry, Ranto, Devis, Wahyu, Imelda, and my Nias mission trip team, Maslan Sinaga, Anta Dika, Dian, Kak Dina.

Finally, I realized that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticisms and advices are highly appreciated.

May God bless us.

Medan, July 2014 The writer,

DEVI FIVILIANA Reg. No. 100705101

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “Transitivity Processes, Participants, and Circumstances in Two Editorial Texts of The Jakarta Post” ini merupakan suatu kajian linguistik yang membahas tentang tata bahasa dalam suatu text yang terdapat dalam text editorial yang dipublikasikan dalam koran Jakarta Post. Jakarta Post adalah koran Nasional yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang membahas tentang dunia, olahraga, pendidikan, editorial dll. Kedua text tersebut diterbitkan pada 15 Februari 2013 No. Serial 285 volum 30 yang terdiri dari 28 halaman yang terdapat dalam halaman 6 dan 4 Februari 2013 Volum 30 No.serial 139 yang terdiri dari 40 halaman dan terdapat pada halaman 6. Data yang dikaji dalam skripsi ini berupa clausa-clausa yang terdapat dalam kedua text editorial tersebut. Data tersebut dianalisis untuk menemukan jenis-jenis dan tipe yang paling dominan di dalam sistem transitivity yang terdiri dari proses, partisipan, dan circumstance. Dari kajian yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa Proses Material (73%) adalah process yang paling dominan diikuti oleh Proses Relational (15,8%), kemudian Proses Verbal (6,5%), dan proses Mental (4,7%). Sedangkan didalam partisipan yang paling dominan adalah Goal (39%), diikuti oleh Aktor (30%), Attribute (8%), Carrier (6,4%), Token dan Value (3%), yang terakhir Phenomenon dan Verbiage (2%). Di dalam circumstance yang paling dominan adalah Circumstance Time (32%), Circumstance Place (29%), Circumstnace Cause (21%), Circumstance Accompaniment (7%), Circumtance Contingency (4%) dan yang terakhir Cirucmstance Manner dan Circumstance Angle (1%).

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “Transitivity Processes, Participants, and Circumstances in Two Editorial Texts of The Jakarta Post” is a linguistic analysis that discusses about grammatical in a text of editorial text which published in Jakrata Post. Jakarta Post is one of the National Nespaper by using English which explain about the world, sport, education, editorial, etc. Both of the texs are 15th, February 2013 with serial No. 285 and volume 30 with 28 pages in page 6 and 4th, February 2013 with serial No.285 and volemu 30 with 40 pages in page 6. The data of this analysis are all of clause in both of editorial texts. The data were analysed to find out the system Transitivity and the most dominant of Processes, Participants and Circumstances. Base on this research the most dominant process is Material Process (73%), followed by Relational process (15,8%), , Verbal process (6,5 %), Mental process (4,7 %). Goal (39%) is the most dominant participant in two editorial text of Japarta post, Actor (30%) is the pre-dominant participant, next Attribute (8%), after that Carrier (6,4%), follow Token and Value (3%) and the last, Senser, Phenomenon, and Verbiage (2%). Circumstance time (32%) is the most dominat circumstance, the pre-dominant circumstance, circumstance place (29%), next circumstance cause (21%), after that circumstance accompaniment (7%), follow circumstance role and circumstance contingency (4%), the last, circumstance manner and circumstance angle (1%).

TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

ABSTRAK ... ix

ABSTRACT ... x

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ……….… 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ………... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ………. 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ………... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ………... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoritical Frame Work ... 6

2.1.1 An Overview of Discource Analysis ... 6

2.1.3 Metafuction of Language ... 9

2.2. Transitivity ... 11

2.2.1. Circumtances ... 12

2.2.2 Processes ... 14

2.3 Relevant Studies ... 25

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Approach ... 27

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 28

3.3 Collecting Data... 29

3.4 Data Analysis Technique ... 29

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis ... 33

4.1.1 Material Processes ... 33

4.1.2 Mental Processes ... 34

4.1.3 Verbal Processes ... 35

4.1.4 Relational Processes ... 36

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion... ... 47

5.2 Suggestion ………. 48

REFERENCES …...………. 49

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “Transitivity Processes, Participants, and Circumstances in Two Editorial Texts of The Jakarta Post” is a linguistic analysis that discusses about grammatical in a text of editorial text which published in Jakrata Post. Jakarta Post is one of the National Nespaper by using English which explain about the world, sport, education, editorial, etc. Both of the texs are 15th, February 2013 with serial No. 285 and volume 30 with 28 pages in page 6 and 4th, February 2013 with serial No.285 and volemu 30 with 40 pages in page 6. The data of this analysis are all of clause in both of editorial texts. The data were analysed to find out the system Transitivity and the most dominant of Processes, Participants and Circumstances. Base on this research the most dominant process is Material Process (73%), followed by Relational process (15,8%), , Verbal process (6,5 %), Mental process (4,7 %). Goal (39%) is the most dominant participant in two editorial text of Japarta post, Actor (30%) is the pre-dominant participant, next Attribute (8%), after that Carrier (6,4%), follow Token and Value (3%) and the last, Senser, Phenomenon, and Verbiage (2%). Circumstance time (32%) is the most dominat circumstance, the pre-dominant circumstance, circumstance place (29%), next circumstance cause (21%), after that circumstance accompaniment (7%), follow circumstance role and circumstance contingency (4%), the last, circumstance manner and circumstance angle (1%).

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study

Everybody needs information. We can get infromation easily in the short time and directly from the other city and country. We can get an information from mass media. Mass media are media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience. Mass media are separated into three kinds, they are: Broadcast media such as radio, television, and recorded music, Print media such as newspaper, magazine, and book, and Internet media such as e-mail, website, and blogs. Newspaper is the object of this analysis. In Indonesia, there are so many kinds of newspaper like Sinar Indonesia Baru, Seputar Indonesia (SINDO), Kompas, Jakarta Post, Times etc, and the writer chooses Jakarta Post as a data in her research for the analysis.

Jakarta Post is one of the best newspapers in Indonesia which use English. Many information is provided by the Jakarta Post such as headline, opinion, national, business, Jakarta and paper edition, however, it lacks of a news about around the World, Sport, Archipelago, Editorial, Lifestyle, etc. In this thesis, two articles of editorial are used as data for analysis that found in Jakarta Post. Editorial is a special page dedicated to the writer for giving opinion. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial in the

Editorial has been closely related to written language. It uses language as a tool of expression the writer’s feeling, emotion, thought for communication. It communicates and shares specific information by writing the journalists

experiences, feeling, and information. Newspaper consists of texts. The texts are combination of the range of words, sentences which have a meaning. Halliday (1985: xvii) says, “A text is a semantic unit, not a grammatical one. But meanings are realized through wordings; and without a theory of wording—that is, a grammar—there is no way of making explicit one’s interpretation of the meaning of a text.” Sentences and words are not so sharply set off one another; they are no different in kind—both are units in the grammar. Language is kind of Linguistics. How language is put together and how it works are systemized in grammar or rules for forming words and making sentences. Through grammar of a language someone understands how text work and the structure of sentences.

Furthermore, Halliday (1985: xiv) views a language is interpreted as a system of meanings, accompanied by forms through which the meanings can be realized. Language consist of three levels, they are : Phonology (talking about the sound of language), Lexicogrammatical (talking about the construction of making sentences) and discourse (talking about the unity of clause to imagine the meaning).

Language of text has three functions or it is called as metafunction of language (Gerot & Wignell, 1994: 12), they are: Ideational Function, Interpersonal Function, and Textual Function.

From the view of Interpersonal Function, a text serves as a media for individuals. The language is used to interact with opeople, to build and maintain relationships with them, to please them, and influence their behavior, get help or sympathy for them. It is realized by The Mood System.

From Textual Function view, it is explained that text is as a system organizes messages in unified manner so that chunks of massages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place. That realized by Theme System of Language.

In ideational function, text is used to talk about our experience, to describe, states and the entities involved. Language serves as a coding system which deals with the relation between man and nature. The Ideational function consists of logical and experiential function. The experiential function is realized by the transitivity system. Transitivity is normally understood as the grammatical feature which indicates if a verb takes a direct object.

In relation to this research, the analysis of the editorials uses the system of transitivity covering the Process, Participants and Circumstances. With different participant types for different process types will be found in the two articles of editorial that taken from the Jakarta Post newspaper. In the concept of transitivity found in Halliday’s Introduction of Functional Grammar, The Process consist of Material Processes (Processes of doing); Mental Processes (processes of sensing); Verbal Processes (processes of saying); Behavioural Processes (processes of physiological and psychological behaviour); Existential Processes (represents that something exist and happen). The participants are directly involved in the process such as who does says, is, exists, behaves or senses. Participants are also centrally involved in the process by being affected by it, the one that is done to, sensed, etc. While circumstances are typical adjuncts. They answer such questions as when, where, why, how, how many and as what.

Processes, participants and circumstances are the three elements of transitivity which analysing in this research. In this research is analysing the

transitivity system because the elements of transitivity can held a clauses. As we known that Transitivity is analysed at clause level.

Text is a range of clauses. Every clause has message for the readers. As it is known that text is semantic unit which has a massage in every clause. Through processes, participants and circumstances of clauses someone understands how text work and the structure of sentences. Processes, participants and circumstance try to get the meaning or message of the text to deliver the readers in the editorial texts of Jakarta Post as a source. Every element of transitivity has different function. Processes have function that tell us about the activity of the participant in clauses. Processes are center of transitivity. Processes are realized by verbs to show the activity and to know what the participants doing of the clauses, such as: doing, sensing, physiological and psycological behaviour, saying, being and having. The processes also can hepl us to get the message or meaning in every clause around abuot the activies of participants. But not all of the clause have a processes. In minor clause has not a processes, such as: “Hi! Good afternoon! (greeting), oh, So high! (exclamations).”

Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happening, feeling and beings. Participants follow the Processes of the clause. In every Processes have different participants. The function of Participants is to know who doing the activities in the clause.

In this research is analysed about transitivity system in editorial text to know that the activities participant in every clause and to make easy for the reader to catch the message from the text. The readers can know what the writer is going to say in their writing in the editorial text.

1.2Problem of The Study

1. What types of transitivity system are found in two editorial texts?

2. What is the most dominant type of process, participant and circumstance used in the two editorial text of Jakarta Post?

1.3Objective of the Study

The objectives of this thesis are:

1. To analyse the transitivity processes, participants and circumstances that found in two editorial article of Jakarta Post.

2. To describe the most dominant type of process that used in the two editorial texts of Jakarta Post relation to the finding of experiential.

1.4Scope of Study

This thesis is only concerned with the Ideational function. In the ideational function there is a function which is called experiential. Experiential is realized by transitivity process. Transitivity system is a presentation of meaning in a clause. The analysis is focused on the transitivity process which consists of Processes: Material Process, Mental Process, Verbal Process, Relational Process, Behavioral Process, and Existential Process; Participants and Circumstances: Time (tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? ), Place (tells where and is probed by where? How far? ), Manner (tells how about means, quality, and comparison), Cause (tells why about reason, purpose, and behalf), Accompaniment (tells with (out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?), Role (tells what as and is

probed by as what?) and Matter (tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by what about?) found in two editorial articles of Jakarta Post.

1.5Significance of the Study

The significances which will be expected from this thesis are as follows: 1. To give information about the structure of the text of the editorials

2. To give information about the process, participants and circumstances of experiential realized transitivity process such as : Proses : Material Process, Mental Process, Relational Process, Verbal Process, Behavioral Process and Existential Process.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1Theoretical Frame work

2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis studies language in context.The scope of discourse analysis is wide because discourse analyzes units of languages not only in text but also in spoken for example speech, interview, conversation, etc. We as listeners and readers try to understand every single meaning of the word. In reaching these, the speaker or the writer will try to find the best way in choosing words to link them each other so that the reader or the listener easy to understand.

Discourse analysis deals with everything that has something to do with a set of language or communication activities, either inthe form of spoken or written text. Concerning with discourse, there are many writers who define about discourse.

Discourse is a study related to text and language. Discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction. In addition to all our verbal encounters we daily consume hundreds of written and printed words such as newspapers articles, letters, stories, recipes, instruction, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets pushed through the door, and so on. We usually expect them to be coherent, meaningful communications in which the words and/or sentences are linked to one another in a fashion that corresponds to conventional formula, just as we do with speech. Therefore discourse analysis are equally interested in organization of write interaction.”

2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) is a theory about language as a resource for making meaning based on a context of situation and a context of culture. SFL was developed by Halliday (1985, 1999), a professor of linguistics from university of Sidney, Australia. This theory is based on Firth’s system structure theory. Firth (1935, 1950, 1951) developed Malinowski’s concepts of context of situation and context of culture. His works were subsequently developed by Halliday, whose theory of language-in- context is generally known as systemic functional linguistic (SFL). The interesting development of systemic functional linguistics theory in Malinowski and Firth’s time was the attention paid to the study of the inter-relatedness of language and context in theory and practice. Modeling language-in- context theoretically, describing and applying the model in question in various areas of human activity have been the trademark of Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT). SFLT works on language-in- context are available in a great variety of forms such as books and journals. It is also used to explore different ways of interpreting things theoretically such as text, cohesion, coherence, discourse, context, situation, culture and other phenomena. In General Systemic Functional Grammar Theory (GSFLT), the ‘S’ for ‘Systemic’ implies that the theory pays attention to the systemic relations and their probabilities in a system network of relations and choices starting from general to specific features which are paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the systems of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The ‘F’ for ‘Functional’ implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the system in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or

meanings that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ‘L’ for ‘Linguistics’ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called “Linguistics”. It is a language-based on theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language.

SFLT can be used for analyzing text as a form of discourse. The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis : one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken and written in modern English. The text that is analyzed, including literary, ethnographic, educational, pedagogical and so on.

It is obvious that when analyzed text, the grammar becomes prominent thing to describe how language works. Therefore, grammar and meaning are closely related. Grammar becomes a study of how meanings are built up through the use of words when language acts are performed as the expression of meaning. The way how language works involves the idea that a language consists of a set of systems, each of which offers the speakers ( or writer ) a choice of ways expressing meanings because the forms of the language that is used by a speaker represents meanings.

In using language to express meaning, a speaker has a linguistic choice that allows him/her to change the order of groups of words or in other words, the speaker is given allowance to use many ways of language use, for example: when a speaker intents to know the time, she/he may use his/her own expressions the language offers such as:

(1) What’s the journey?

(2) What the journey is it, please?

(3) Would you mind telling the journey, please? (4) Tell me the journey, please !

(5) I’d like to know the journey.

Those are different form of expressions. The first and second one are interrogative forms, the third is requesting form. The fourth one is imperative form while the last one is declarative form. Most of linguistics choices a speaker makes are unconscious. He/she never makes a conscious choice among the available language forms. He/she had chosen the best form to express or to convey the meaning. Halliday (1985: xxvii) a system network is a theory of language as a choice. It represents a language, or any part of language, as a resource for making meaning by choosing.

It is clear that grammar and meaning (semantic) are related each other either in spoken or written language. SFLT believes that such a kind of relation is one of realization. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of texts can help us to find out why some texts are more effective than other texts at communicating information. Text analysis is advantageous in giving us a better understanding of the nature of language use in English in many fields.

SFLT puts a great interest in the relation between language and context. If a text can be understood by the speakers or writers, there is a great deal about the context in which the text occurs can be revealed. Therefore, SFLT has been described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores how people use language in different context, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system.

2.1.3 Metafunction of Language

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional. In general, metafunctions of language is major function of language to give the

message which has good formulation. Metafunctions of language consist of three major functional components, they are : The Ideational Function, The Interpersonal Function, and The Textual Function.

2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function

The ideational function relates to the inner and outer worlds of reality, it is “language about something”. Whenever one reflects on the external world of phenomena or the internal world of one’s consciousness, the representation of that reflection would take the form of ‘content’. This form of content is called the experiential meaning.

i. Experential Meaning

Focusing the language on the clause level with respect to the notion of clause as representation. Clause as a representation means that one function of the clause is as representation of experience of both external realities (i.e. reality outside oneself) and internal reality (reality inside oneself). The experiential or representational function of language (clause) is realized by the transitivity system of language. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in one’s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity system of language, is interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states, and relations.

The what-is-going-on process falls into various processes. Halliday has identified the encoding processes of the realities under discussion, and he has also linguistically (grammatically) classified the various process types : (1) material, (2) mental, (3) relational, and he classified other processes into three subsidiary process types : (1) behavioral, (2) verbal, and (3) existential.

ii. Logical Function.

The logical function is meaning which is in the semantics of functional relationships between the clauses that form the logic of natural language.

2.2 TRANSITIVITY

Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. Transitivity is normally understood as the grammatical feature which indicates if a verb takes a direct object.When we look at the experiential metafunctions, we are looking at the grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such is:

When people talk about what a word or sentence means, it is kind of meaning they have in mind. Meaning in this sense is related to content or idea. So, here the clause that functions as the representation of processes explores by transitivity system. A fundamental property of language is that it enables human beings to build a mental picture of reality, to make sense of their experience of what goes on around them and inside them. The clause is the most significant grammatical unit, in this case because it is the clause that functions as the representation of processes. Transitivity analysis offers a description of one of the structural strands of the clause. Transitivity specifies the different types of process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed.

According to Halliday (1985: 101) There are three semantic categories which explain in general way about how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. They are :

• The process it self

• Participants in the process

• Circumstances associated with the process

These provide the frame of reference for interpreting experience of what goes on.

2.2.1

Circumstances answer such question as when, where, why, how, how many and as what. Halliday (2004: 262) his classified into:

Circumstances

1) Time (temporal): tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? Example: Faisal goes to her girl friend house every Saturday night. 2.) Place (spatial): tells where and is probed by where? How far?

Example: Indra goes to her girl friend house every Saturday night. 3.) Manner: tells how. Circumstance of Manner has divided to 3 kinds, they are:

• Means: tells by what means and is probed by what with. Example: John goes by bicycle.

• Quality: tells how and is probed by how? Example: Ryan loved her madly, deeply, truly!

• Comparison: tells like what and is probed by what like? Example: Pesta was jumping around like a monkey on a roof. 4.) Cause: tells why. Cause has three kinds, they are:

• Reason: tells what cause the Process and is probed by why? Or how? Example: the sheep died of thirst.

• Purpose: tells the purpose and is probed by what for? Example: Stephanie went to market for new pencil.

• Behalf: tells for whose sake and is probed for whom? Example: Sastri went to the market for his mother.

5.) Accompaniment: tells with(out) who or what and is probed by who or what else?

Example: Rani left work without his briefcase.

6.) Matter: tells about what or with reference to what and probed by what about? Example: This book is talking about functional grammar.

7.) Role: tells what as and is probed by as what? Example: Silvi lived a quite life as a beekeeper.

8.) Contingency : circumstances of contingency specify an element on which the actualization of the process depends. Contingency has three kinds, they are:

• Conditional have to obtain in order for the process to be actualized; they have the sense of ‘it’. They are expressed by propositional phrases with complex preposition in case of, in the event of, on condition of.

Example: Andi get back to the bedroom and change clothes in case of

bloodstains.

• Concession circumstantial construe frustrated cause, with the sense of

‘although’; they are expressed by prepositional phrases with the prepositions despite, in spite of, or regardless.

Example: In spite of its beacon, many ships have been wrecked on this rocky coast.

• Default circumstantial have the sense of negative condition- ‘if not, unless’; they are expressed by prepositional phrases with the complex prepositions in the absence of, in default.

Example: In the absence of any prior agreement between the parties as to the rate of salvage payable, the amount is assessed, as a rule, by the Admiralty Court.

9.) Angle is related either to (i) the Sayer of a ‘verbal’ clause, with the sense of ‘as…says’ or (ii) to the Senser of a ‘mental’ clause, with the sense of ‘as…thinks’. We can call type (i) ‘source’ since it is used to represent the source information.

Example: According to the phlogistic theory, the part remaining after a substance was burned was simply the original substance deprived of phlogiston.

We can call (ii) ‘viewpoint’ since it is used to represent the information given by the clause from somebody’s viewpoint, such as: to, in the view/opinion of, from the stand point of.

Example: To Marry it seemed unlikely, they’re guilty in the eyes of the law.

2.2.2

Gerot and Wignel (1994: 54) processes are central of Transitivity. Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feeling, and beings. We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represent through the use of language. They center on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what “goings-on” and suggest many

different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participant in varying circumstances. While participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings feeling and beings.

Processes can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process types identified by Halliday in Gerot and Wignel (1994 : 54), they are:

1). Material doing bodily, physically, materially

2). Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorilly

3). Relational being equal to, or some attribute of

4). Verbal saying lingually, signaling

5). Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically

6). Existential existing there exist

Processes are realized by verbs. Traditional verbs have been defined as ‘doing words’. But as the above lists indicates, some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express states of being or having. There are different orders of doings and beings. For example, to write a funny story, to tell a funny story, and to hear a funny story are three different orders of meaning.

According the statement above, the examples:

1.) Material Sammy went up the hill.

2.) Mental Sammy realises the difficulties.

3.) Behavioural Sammy snores loudly.

4.)Verbal Sammy says ‘‘don’t eat a lot!’’

5.) Relational Sammy is my favorite singer. 6.)Existential There’s a rabbit in the garden.

The tripartite interpretation of processes is what lies behind the grammatical distinction of word classes into verbs, nouns, and the rest, a pettern that in some form or other is probably universal among human languages. We can express this as Halliday (1985: 102):

Type of element: Typically realized by: (i). Process

(ii). Participant (iii). Circumstance

Verbal group Nominal group

Adverbial group or prepositional phrase

The concept of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories which explain in the most general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures.

In the following sections we shall explore the different types of process that are built in to the semantics of English, and the particular kinds of participant role that are systematically associated with each.

1.) Material Processess

Material processes are Processes of material doing. Halliday (1985: 103) material processes are processes of ‘doing’. They express the nation that some entity ‘does’ something—which may be done ‘to’ some other entity. So clauses with a Material Process obligatorily have a doing (Process) and a doer (Participant).

The lion run

Participant process

Pesta wrote a letter

The entity who or which does something is called “the actor”. Halliday (1985: 102) says, “the actor is the’ logical Subject’ of older terminology, and means the one that does the deed.

Example: The mouse ran up the clock. In the sentence, ‘the mouse’ is a subject or participant who does something.

A logical element is a function in transitivity structure. The traditional view of transitivity in western linguistics is as follows.

i.) Every process has an Actor.

ii.) Some processes, but not all, also have a second participant, which we shall call GOAL.

The goal is the entity which may be done to.

Example:

The lion run

Participant

Process An actor

Pesta wrote a letter

Participant

Process

Participant

An Actor The Goal

According to Halliday (1985: 104) There are two varieties of Material Processes, they are:

• Creative type

In the creative type, the Goal is brought about by the Process.

Example:

The leader Dissolved the commitee

Actor Process: Material Goal

Pesta Wrote a letter

Actor Process: material Goal

• Dispositive type

In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings.

Example:

His boss Dismissed Andi

Actor Process: material Goal

My father Resigned

Actor Process: material

Material Processes ‘take’ both the active voice and the passive. The active voice is a happening rather a doing: the probe is not what did actor do? But what happen to actor? The passive form is used, we can probe for an explicit actor—we can ask who by?

Example:Active Voice

Petter Sent the letter

Passive Voice

The letter was sent by Petter

Goal Process: material Actor

2.) Mental Processess

Mental Processes is process of sensing. Gerot and Wignel (1994: 58) Mental Processes are ones of sensing such as: feeling, thinking, perceiving. Halliday (1985:111) Mental Processes, on the other hand, are processes of feeling, thinking and seeing. Mental Processes has three types, they are:

a. Affective or reactive (feeling) b. Cognitive (thinking)

c. Perceptive (perceiving through the five senses.)

Gerot and Wignel (1994: 58) says, “Mental Processes are mental, convert kinds of goings-on.”Mental processes is diffferent from Material Processes ones in much as much the letter are physical, moving and overt doing. And the participant in Mental is not much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing – having feelings, perceiving or thinking.

The participant roles in Mental Processes are:

• Senser

The senser is by definition a conscious being, for only those who are consious can feel, think and see.

• Phenomenon

The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, though or seen.

Example:

The clause with Senser and Phenomenon.

Silvi likes banana

Senser Mental: affect Phenomenon

Senser only:

The active and passive form in Mental Process: (Active)

(Passive)

3.) Behavioural Processes

According to Halliday (1985 : 128) Behavioural Processes are Processes of physiological and psychological behovioural, like breathing, dreaming, smiling, laughing, etc.

Indra doesn’t like doll

Participant: Senser Process: Mental Participant: Phenomenon

Novi understood

Senser Mental: Cognitive

Nerly likes banana

Senser Mental: affect Phenomenon

Banana is liked by Nerly

There in one obligatory Participant: the Behaver. The Behaver is a conscious being but the Process is one of doing, not sensing. But sometimes involve a ‘behavior’.

Example:

Indra weeps for me

Behaver Process: behavioural Circum: cause

The lion roars loudly

Behaver Process: behavioural Circum: manner

4.) Verbal Processes

Verbal Processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically signaling. Halliday (1985: 129) Verbal Processes are processes of saying. A things which need not to be a conscious being (signal source) is called The Sayer. Gerot and Wignell (1994: 62) There are three participants in Verbal Processes, they are:

• Receiver: the one to whom the verbalization isaddressed

• Target: one acted upon verbally (insulted, complimented, etc.)

• Range/ Verbiage: a name for the verbalization itself.

Examples:

Silvi Told Anna a rude joke

Sayer Verbal Target Verbiage

I am always praising Him

5.) Relational Processes

Relational processes are those of being. They can be classified according to whether they are being used to identify some thing or to assign a quality to something.

In Relational Processes has three kinds, they are:

• Identifying Processes

Processes which establish an identity are called Identifying Processes. In Identifying Processes the Participant roles are Token and Value. Token = which stands for what is being defined. Value = which defined.

• Attributive Processes

Processes which assign a quality are called Attributive Processes.In Attributive the participant roles are Carrier and Attribute. Attribute is quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier (X carriers the attribute) and carrier (X is a member of the class “a”).

Example:

Attributive Processes

Identifying Processes

Mian may be the best games player

Token Identifying Value

Ivo is a good games player

There are three developments of the two sub type of relational process (Halliday, 1985: 112):

• Intensive (x is a)

• Circumstantial (x is at a)

• Possessive (x has a)

Gerot and Wignel (1994: 68) show the option of relational process as the following:

Examples:

Cytoplasm Is sort of a jelly-like material

Carrier Attributive: intensive Attribute

Fish Have fish fin

Carrier Attributive: possessive Attribute

My home Is inside the city

Carrier Attrib: circumstantial Attribute

Atom is the nucleus of the cell

Token Identifying: intensive Value

Attributive: carrier, attribute Indentifying: token, value

Relational Process

Intensive Possessive Circumstantial

All cells Contain cytoplasm Token Identifying: possessive Value

Albumen Surrounds the yolk

Token Identifying: circumstantial Value

6.) Existential Processes

Existential processes are processes of existence. Halliday (1985: 130) says, “Existential Processes are represent that something exist or happens.” ‘There’ has no representational function; it is required because of the need for a Subject in English. Existential processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘arise’, and the Extent can be a phenomenon of any kind. If in an Existential clause containing a Circumstantial element the Circumstantial element is Thematic, the word ‘there’ may be omitted.

Examples:

There’s a baby dog in the yard

Existential Existent Circumstance: place

On the matinee jacket Was a blood-stain

Circumstance: place Existential Existent

On the wall There hangs a photo

Circums: place Existential Existent

There’s a man at the door

2.3 Relevant Study

1 Nova Indriyani (2004) in her thesis “Transitivity process in worldview’s

articles of nesweek.” She explained about the types of transitivity process

occurred in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek. Newsweek is an

international newsmagazine which is published weekly by NEWSWEEK, Inc., 251 west 57th street, New York. Her problems in her thesis are what types of transitivity process occurred in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek and what is the most dominant type of transitivity process which become the characteristic in the worldview’s articles of Newsweek. This thesis has same problem with Nove’s thesis but we have different object of data. She used documentation method for collecting the data and analyzed the data by using descriptive method (Arikunto,2006:239). She analyzed the thesis by Halliday’s theory. Her result of the thesis are Material process (67,43%) is the most dominant found in worldview’s articles of Newsweek followed by Relational process(19,40%), Mental process(6,25%), Verbal process(3,94%), Existential process(2,63%),and the lowest is Behavioral process(0,32%). The writer and Nova Indriyani have same theory, method and probelems. But both of us have diferrences. She analyzed by using descriptive method (Arikunto,2006:239), and this research analyzed by using descriptive method by Miles and Huberman. Both of us have different result, in Nova’s thesis found Material process (67,43%) is the most dominant found in worldview’s articles of Newsweek followed by Relational process(19,40%), Mental process(6,25%), Verbal process(3,94%), Existential process(2,63%),and the lowest is Behavioral process(0,32%). But in this research is found 4 processes out of six,

they are Material processes (73 %) is the most dominant found in two editorial texts of Jakarta Post, followed by Relational process (15,8%), , Verbal process (6,5 %), Mental process (4,7 %). In Nova’s thesis, she has only looked for the most dominant processes, but in this research has looked for the most dominant of processes, participant and circumstance. Nova’s thesis helps this research to identified the process and clasified the process.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1Research Approach

This research is done by using qualitative research. Qualitative research is designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. Descriptive Qualitative is the suitable method for analyzing this thesis. Descriptive Qualitative method is used for giving description of the transitivity process. They are directed towards determining the real situation, as it exists at the time of the study. The data is gotten by collecting the texts and books in library which have been related to the topic. The sources text of this thesis are two article of editorial found in Jakarta Post. The writer is not only use the qualitative method but the writer combine the qualitative method and library research. In qualitative method, we can present summary, hard selection, classified in one of large system, not only that, but also qualitative can change the data into number or arrange. Huberman in Rohidi (1992: 17) says that the number and word are going to explain the number working together in the analysis. In order to find out the most dominant type of transitivity that used in the Editorial articles of Jakarta Post, the writer applies Bungin’s formula (2005:172);

N = Percentage of each types of transitivity

Fx = total number of types of transitivity.

All of data that the writer analyzed are called by population. Population is the total object in the research in order that the two editorial text of Jakarta Post were called by Population.

3.2Data and Source of Data

The object of the study in this thesis are two editorial articles. It is known that editorial is a special page dedicated to the writer for giving opinion. It reflects the majority vote of the editorial board, the governing body of the newspaper made up of editors and business managers. It is usually unsigned. Much in the same manner of a lawyer, editorial writers build on an argument and try to persuade readers to think the same way they do. Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking, and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue. In essence, an editorial is an opinionated news story. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial in the opinion. The source of research data is Jakarta Post, published in February 15th, 2013 with volume 30 and with serial No. 285 consists of twenty-eight pages in page six (6) and February 4th,2013 with volume 30 and with serial No. 139 which consist of forty pages in page six (6). The data of analysis are the clauses found in both of the editorial texts of Jakarta Post consists of 108 clauses.

3.3Collecting Data

Data collecting method is divided into observation, interview, questionary, and documentation. The writer applied documentation method in her analysis. The writer collected the data based on documents. Data collecting method by documentation takes data that got from documents. In this research the documents are two editorial

texts of Jakarta Post. This research is used two editorial texts of Jakarta Post because from the both of source this research has found 108 clauses. That is a siut counts for analysing into the three classified in Transitivity, Processes, Participant and Circumstances.

This research chose two editorial articles found in Jakarta Post by random. First, the writer sought the topic of editorial article in the newspaper that is the Jakarta Post by random then selected the most interesting tittles in the newspaper. This research uses editorial articles because as we know that editorial articles is special place for the writer to express their feeling, thinking and opinion, try to persuade readers to think the same way they do. Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote critical thinking, and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue.

3.4Data Analysis Technique

This research identified all clauses in two editorial articles found in Jakarta Post. In this thesis, all of sentences divided into clauses, identified and classified the processes based on transitivity theory by coloum. And the last, the research found out the most dominant processes that used in the two editorial text of Jakarta Post. Finally this research reported the data by coloum and make a conclusion.

Miles & Huberman (1994:10) state that they define analysis as consisting of three concurrent flows of activity: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification

The first step is reducing the data which will be analyzed. The analyst should select which data is necessary to analyze and which one is not. According to Milles & Huberman, data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,

abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcription. The first step is reducing by selecting the clause which is necessary to analyze and which one is not, in two editorial text of Jakarta Post.

The second step is displaying the data. After the reducing the data which will be analyzed, the analyst has to display the data inspecific form whether it is table, matrices, graphs, charts, or networks. All are design to assemble, compact from so that the analyst can see what is happening and either draw justified conclusion or move on to the next step of analysis the display suggests may be useful (1994:11). After reducing the data by selecting the clause which necessary to analyze, the second step is displaying the data. In the second step, the clause has selected, should be identified and clasified based on Halliday’s theory.

The last step is drawing a conclusion. According to Milles & Huberman (1994:11), conclusion is also verified as a analyst proceeds. The meaning emerging from the data have to be tested for their plausibility, their sturdiness, their ”confirmability” – that is, their validity. In the last step, the research should make a conclusion. In this research, the conclusion is showed by coloumn and number.

The three steps can be represented in the following figure (Milles & Huberman, 1994: 12)

Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

Data reduction

Data display Data

In above figure, the three types of analysis activity and the activity of data collection itself from an interactive, cyclical process. The coding of data, for example (data reduction), leads to new ideas on what should go into matrix (data display), entering the data requires further data reduction. As the matrix fills up, preliminary conclusions are drawn but they lead to the decision, for example to add another column to the matrix to test the conclusion. In this view, qualitative data analysis is a continuous, iterative enterprise. Issues of data reduction, of display and of conclusion drawing/verification come into figure successively as analysis episode follow each other (Milles & Huberman, 1994:12)

Based on component of Milles and Huberman’s theory, for the frist step in this research is collecting the data by documentation. The writer is select the best topic in editorial articles of Jakarta Post. After that, the clause should be reducting, select the cluase which is necessary to analyze and which one is not. The next step, the writer, identified and classified the clause based on Halliday’s theory. The last step, the writer make a conclusion.

Because of the writer chooses distribution frequency in calculating the data. Converting to percentage by using this formula from Bungin (2005:171-172)

� =��

� � 100 %

n = Percentage of the use of code-mixing

Fx = Frequency of the use of code-mixing

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 ANALYSIS

All of clauses has found in two editorial articles should be identified and classified the processes based on experiential realized by transitivity theory. This research found four processes from six processes. In this chapter only provided some analysis of the clauses. Next, the examples of analysis are:

A. MATERIAL PROCESSES a.) Creative type

In the creative type, the Goal is brought about by the Process. The process is physical process of doing.

(1.) Source 1, Paragraph 1, Clause 5

(2.)Source 1, Paragraph 6, clause 35

(3.)Source 2, Paragraph 1,Clause 3

to acts of terrorism in the country

Material: Creative Goal Cirm. Place

Who Worked under Santoso,

- Material - Goal

after three months of due diligence, to cancel their plan

b.) Dispositive type

In the dispositive type, we have doings and happenings. The process is not physical process of doing, such as: dissolved, dismissed.

(1.)Source 1 , Paragraph 6, Clause 33

(2.)Source 1, Paragraph 8, Clause 49

(3.)Source 1, Paragraph 9, Clause 55

B. MENTAL PROCESSES

Halliday (1985:111) Mental Processes, on the other hand, are processes of feeling, thinking and seeing. Mental hs three kinds, Cognitive, Affective and Perceptive.

(1.)Source 2 , Paragraph 1, Clause 2

It has been uncovered

Actor Material

Learning from the global terror network al-Qaeda,

It will come as no surprise

- Actor Material Goal

heroin production soared each year.

Actor Material Cirm. Time

after AirAsia and its Indonesian partner PT Fersindo Nusaperkasa

decided last Ocotber,

(2.)Source 2, Paragraph 12, Clause 35

(3.)Source 1, Paragraph 2, Clause 10

C. VERBAL PROCESSES

Verbal processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically signaling.

(1.) Source 1, Paragraph 4, Clause 24

(2.)Source 2, Paragraph 2, Clause 5

(3.)Source 1, Paragraph 9, Clause 58

The media and several intelligence agencies also reported

Sayer - Verbal

The top priority for the government

Now must be to ensure the interests of consumers

(ticket holders)

Senser Cirm. Time Mental: cognition phenomenon

had long been aware of the key issue of terrorism funding,

Mental: cognition Phenomenon

to ask foreign government

Verbal Receiver

Even though AirAsia chief executive

officer Tony Fernandes formally

cited “different

corporate culture” Cirm.

Contingency: conession

D. RELATIONAL PROCESSES

(1.)Source 2, Paragraph 5, Clause 12

(2.)Source 2, Paragraph 9, Cluase 23

(3.) Source 1, Paragraph 4, Clause 26

included on the list of world

terrorist groups and vice versa

as part of the international

cooperation

in the fight against

terrorism

Identifying Value Cirm: Role Cirm: Place

Undertaking such a big deal in the hope of obtaning a contract from the government

to become one of the

designated carriers

for Indonesian haj pilgrims simply

Carrier Attributive Attribute Cirm.Cause:

Behalf

while airline businesses need a huge outlay of capital and

high technology

4.2FINDINGS

In the editoral text of Jakarta Post pusblished in February 15th, 2013 volume 30 serial number 285 with twenty-eight pages finds 64 clauses. The type of Processes found in the text can be seen in the table below:

Table 4.2.1Processes type of the first source text

No. Processes Type TOTAL

1. Material Processes 52 clauses

2. Mental Processes 3 clauses

3. Verbal Processes 5 clauses

4. Ralational Processes 4 clauses

5. Existential Processes -

6. Behavioural Processes -

Total 64 clauses

In the editoral texts of Jakarta Post pusblished in February 4th,2013 volume 30 serial number 139, with forty pages finds 44 clauses. The type of Processes found in the text can be seen in the table below:

Table 4.2.2 Processes Type of the second source text

No. Processes Type TOTAL

1. Material Processes 27 clauses

2. Mental Processes 2 clauses

3. Verbal Processes 2 clauses

5. Existential Processes -

6. Behavioural Processes -

Total 44 clauses

Total clauses from the both of articles editorial consists of 108 clauses, they are that the Material processes gained 79 processes, the Relational processes gained 17 processes, the the Verbal Processes gained 7 process gained 5 processes, and the last, Mental Processes.

Based on the analyzed, the writer can find the percentage of transitivity verbs by using Bungin’s formula. Such as follows:

N = fx / n x 100%

N = Percentage of each types of transitivity

Fx = total number of types of transitivity.

Base on the data that the writer got in this thesis,

• n = 107, 107 clauses

• fx material processes : 52 + 27 = 79

• fx mental processes : 3 + 2 = 5

• fx relational processes: 4 + 13 = 17

• fx verbal processes : 5 + 2 = 7

 Percentage of the Material processes : N = fx / n x 100%

N = 79/108 x 100%

 Percentage of relational processes : N = fx/n x 100%

N = 17/108 x 100%

N = 15,8 %

 Percentage of mental processes : N = fx/n x 100%

N = 9/108 x 100%

N = 4,7 %

 Percentage of verbal processes : N = fx/n x 100%

N = 7/108 x 100%

N = 6,5%

Table 4.2.3 : Types of Transitivity processes found in editorial text of Jakarta Post

No. Processes Type TOTAL %

1. Material Processes 74 73 %

2. Relational Processes 19 15,8 %

3. Mental Processes 8 4,7 %

4. Verbal Processes 7 6,5 %

5. Behavioral Processes 0 0 %

6. Existential Processes 0 0 %

TOTAL 108 100 %

From the findings above, it can be concluded that the most dominant processes found in this thesis is Material Processes and followed by Relational Processes and Verbal Processes, and the last Mental Procesess. In this research is also found the participants can be seen in the table bellow:

Table 4.2.4 Participant type in both of source text

Based on the analyzed, the writer can find the percentage of transitivity verbs by using Bungin’s formula. Such as follows:

• Percentage of Actor (participant): N = fx / n x 100%

N = 47/157 x 100% N = 30 %

• Percentage of Goal :

No Processes Type Participants TOTAL

(Source 1)

TOTAL (Source 2)

1. MATERIAL PROCESSES ACTOR 29 18

GOAL 41 21

2. MENTAL PROCESSES SENSER 1 2

PHENOMENON 2 1

3. VERBAL PROCESSES

SAYER 3 2

RECEIVER 1 0

TARGET 0 0

VERBIAGE 1 2

4. RALATIONA

L PROCESS

ATTRIBUTIVE PROCESSES

CARRIER 2 8

ATTRIBUTTE 1 11

IDENTIFYING PROCESSES

TOKEN 1 4

VALUE 3 3

TOTAL 85 72

N = fx / n x 100% N = 62/157 x 100 % N = 39 %

• Percentage of Senser: N = fx / n x 100% N = 3/157 x 100% N = 2 %

• Percentage of Phenomenon:

N = fx / n x 100% N = 3/157 x 100% N = 2 %

• Percentage of Sayer: N = fx / n x 100% N= 5/157 x 100% N = 3 %

• Percentage of Verbiage: N = fx / n x 100% N = 3/157 x 100% N = 2%

• Pecentage of Receiver: N = fx / n x 100% N = 1/157 x 100% N= 0,6 %

N = fx / n x 100% N = 10/157 x 100% N = 6,4 %

• Percentage of Attribute: N = fx / n x 100% N = 12/157 x 100% N = 8%

• Percentage of Token: N = fx / n x 100% N = 5/157 x 100% N = 3%

• Percentage of Value: N = fx / n x 100% N = 6/157 x 100% N = 4 %

Table 4.2.5 Percentage of Participant Type.

No. PARTICIPANTS TYPE TOTAL %

1.

MATERIAL PROCESSES

ACTOR 47 30%

GOAL 62 39%

2.

MENTAL PROCESSES

SENSER 3 2%

PHENOMENON 3 2%

3.

VERBAL PROCESSES

SAYER 5 3%

VERBIAGE 3 2%

TARGET 0 0%

4.

RELATIONAL PROCESSES

ATTRIBUTIVE PROCESSES

CARRIER 10 6,4%

ATTRIBUTE 12 8%

IDENTIFYING PROCESSES

TOKEN 5 3%

VALUE 6 4%

TOTAL 157 100%

From the table above, we know that the most dominat participnt in both of editorial texts is Goal (participant of Material Processes), after that Actor, follow Attribute and in this research that is not found Target (participant of Verbal Processes). In this research is not only found Processes and Participant which most dominant but also the circumstances. The circumstances are found in this research can be seen in the table bellow:

Table 4.2.6. Circumstances type are found in two editorial text of Jakarta Post.

No. CIRCUMSTANCES TYPE

TOTAL (Source 1)

TOTAL (Source 2)

TOTAL

1. Circumstime Time 14 9 23

2. Circumstance Place 10 11 21

3. Circumstance Manner 2 0 2

4. Circumstance Cause 5 10 15

6. Circumstance Matter 0 0 0

7. Circumstance Role 2 1 3

8. Circumstance Angle 1 0 1

9. Circumstance Contingency 1 2 3

TOTAL 38 34 72

According this research, circumstance Matter is not found in the both of editorial texts. Based on the analyzed, the writer can find the percentage of transitivity verbs by using Bungin’s formula. Such as follows:

• Percentage of circumstance time N = fx / n x 100%

N= 23/72 x 100% N = 32%

• Percentage of circumstance place N = fx / n x 100%

N = 21/71 x 100% N = 29%

• Percentage of circumstance manner N = fx / n x 100%

N = 2/72 x 100% N = 2%

• Percentage of circumstance cause N = fx / n x 100%

N = fx / n x 100% N = 15/72 x 100% N = 21%

• Percentage of circumstance accompaniment N = fx / n x 100%

N = 5/72 x 100% N = 7%

• Percentage of circumstance role N = fx / n x 100%

N = 3/72 x 100% N = 4%

• Percentage of circumstance contingency N = fx / n x 100%

N = 3/72 x 100% N = 4%

• Percentage of circumstance angle N = fx / n x 100%

N = 1/72 x 100% N = 1%

Table 4.2.7. Circumstance type of two editorial texts of Jakarta Posts

No. Circumstances Type TOTAL %

1. CIRCUMSTANCE TIME 23 32%

2. CIRCUMSTANCE PLACE 21 29%

3. CIRCUMSTANCE MANNER 2 2%

4. CIRCUMSTANCE CAUSE 15 21%

5.

CIRCUMSTANCE ACCOMPANIMENT

5 7%

6. CIRCUMSTANCE ROLE 3 4%

7.

CIRCUMSTANCE CONTINGENCY

3 4%

8. CIRCUMSTANCE ANGLE 1 1%

TOTAL 72 100%

According to the data above, the most dominat of circumstances type is circumstance time, the second circumstance place, next circumstance cause, after that circumstance accompaniment, next circumtance role and circumstance contingency, the sixth circumstance manner, follow circumstance angle and the last circumstance matter. In this research is not found the circumstance matter.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After describing the transitivity process and analyzing them, the writer comes into some conclusions, as follows:

1. This reaserch is found 4 processes out of six processes, they are Material Processes, Mental Processes, Verbal Processes, and Relationanl Processes. In this research is not completed by Behavioural Processes and Existential Processes. This reaserch is not completed by Target (participant of Verbal Processes). This research has found Goal, Actor, Senser, Phenomenon, Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver, Token, Value, Attribute, Carrier. This research has found 8 circumstance out of 9 circumstances. This research is not completed by circumstance matter.

2. Material processes (73 %) is the most dominant found in two editorial texts of Jakarta Post, followed by Relational process (15,8%), , Verbal process (6,5 %), Mental process (4,7 %). Goal (39%) is the most dominant participant in two editorial text of Japarta post, Actor (30%) is the pre-dominant participant, next Attribute (8%), after that Carrier (6,4%), follow Token and Value (3%) and the last, Senser, Phenomenon, and Verbiage (2%). Circumstance time (32%) is the most dominat circumstance, the pre-dominant circumstance, circumstance place (29%), next circumstance cause (21%), after that circumstance accompaniment (7%), follow circumstance role and

circumstance contingency (4%), the last, circumstance manner and circumstance angle (1%).

5.2 Suggestions

1. The writer suggests the readers especially learners concerning language to do deeper study and research about experiential realized by transitivity systems in order to get a better in understanding of transitivity.

2. The writer hopes the students can gain the knowledge from many sources

whether they are text books or research articles. Finally, it is expected that the future research can do the analysis other aspects of Lexicogrammar, for instance, experiential which realized by transitivity 1qprocess, participant and circumstances.

REFERENCES

Bungin, H. M. Burhan. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Kencana

Prenada Media Group.

Djajasudarma, Fatimah. Metode Linguistik Ancangan Metode Penelitian Dan

Kajian. 1993. Bandung: Eresco.

Enggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics.

London: Continum International Publishing Group.

Gerot & Wiignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney:

Southwood Press.

Paul Gee, James. 1999. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and

Method. China: Taylor and Francis Limited.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 1st ed. London: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd ed. New

York: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. New

York: Edward Arnold.

Jannedy, Stefanie et.al (Ed). 1994. Language File Materials For An Introduction

Press.

Miles,Matthew B & Huberman. 1992. Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: UI-press.

Miles & Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA :

SAGE publition

Mulyana. 2005. Kajian Wacana Teori, Metode & Aplikasi Prinsip – Prinsip

Analisi Wacana. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.

Robin. 1964. General Linguistics An Introduction Survey. London: Longman

Group Ltd.

Silvana, T. S. 2002. AnIntroduction To A Systemic Functional Linguistic –

Oriented Discourse Analysis. Singapore: Deezed Consult Singapore.

Sumarlan et.al. 2004. Analisi Wacana Iklan Lagu Puisi Cerpen Novel Drama.

Bandung: . Pakar Raya.

Webster, Jonathan J (Ed). 2002. Linguistic Studies Of Text And Discourse. 2nd ed.

First Source text:

Jakarta Post published in February 15th, 2013. Vol. 30 No.285. Twenty-eight pages

Fighting Rich Terrorists

1. The National Police’s crackdown on al-Qaeda linked Jamaah Islamiyah (JI) as the party reponsible for a series of deadly bomb attacks targeting foreign interests within the last decade has in fact not marked an end to acts of terrorism in the country. Terrorist cells have continued to seek and reveice funding to carry out recuitment, training and eventually carnage, albeit on a lower scale. (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) (7.) (8.)

2. The country’s law enforces had long been aware of the key issue of terrorism funding, but it took them one year to finally win the House of Representatives’ approval of a bill on terrorism financial. The bill, unanimously passed on Tuesday, authorizes government institutions, including the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK), to track down and cut the sources of funding for terrorisr activities, both domestically and overseas.

The National Police’s crackdown on al-Qaeda Jamaaah Islamiyah (JI)

linked Jamaaah Islamiyah

(JI)

Actor Material Goal

as the party responsible for a series of deadly bomb attacks

Carrier Attributive attributte

targeting foreign interests within the last decade

Material Goal Circumstance time

has in fact not marked an end

Material Goal

to acts of terrorism in the country

Material Goal Cirm. Place

Terrorism cells have to continue to seek

Actor Material

to carry out recruitment, training and

eventually carnage,

albeit on a lower scale.

Material Goal Circ. Contingency

And receive funding

(9.) (10.) (11.) (12.) (13.) (14.) (15.) (16.)

3. It will complement the draconian antiterrorism law passed in 2006 and the anti-money laundering legislation endorsed in 2003. When the bill comes into effect, PPATK will be responsible for freezing bank accounts and confiscating assets related to terrorism and terrorist organizations in cooperation with law enforcement agencies and financial service providers. (17.)

(18.)

(19.)

The country’s law Enforces

Actor Material

had long been aware of the key issue of terrorism funding,

Mental Phenomenon

But It took them one year

- Token Identifying Value Cirm. time

to finally win the House of Representatives’ approval of

a bill on terrorism financial.

Material Goal

The bill unanimously passed on Tuesday

Actor - Material Cirm. Time

authorizes government institutions

Mental: Cognition` Phenomenon

including the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center

(PPATK), Identifying Value

to track down and cut the sources of

funding

for terrorist activities, both domestically and overseas.

Material - Material Goal Circ: cause: purpose

It will complement the draconian antiterrorism law

Actor Material Goal

passed in 2006

Material Circ: time

and the anti-money laundering legislation endorsed in 2003

Second Source Text :

Jakarta Post published in February 4th, 2013 vol. 30 No. 139, forty pages.

1. The public’s trust in Batavia Air began to decline after Malaysian AirAsia and its Indonesian partner PT Fersindo Nusaperkasa decided last Ocotber, after three months of due diligence, to cancel their plan to acquire the budget airline for US$80 million, as initially agreed in their memorandum of understanding (MoU) in July.

(1.)

(2.)

(3.)

(4.)

2. Even though AirAsia chief executive officer Tony Fernandes formally cited “different corporate culture” to be the reason behind the cancellation, the market perseption of Batavia Air, One of Indonesia’s biggest low-cost carriers, had since then been quite negative, thereby adversely affecting its sales.

(5.)

(6.)

(7.)

The public’s trust in Batavia began to decline

Actor Cirm. Place Material

after AirAsia and its Indonesian partner PT Fersindo Nusaperkasa

decided last Ocotber,

- Senser Mental Cirm. Time

After three months of due diligence, to cancel their plan

- Cirm. Time Material Goal

to acquire the budget airline

for US$80 million,

as initially agreed

in their memorandum

of

understanding (MoU)

in July.

Material Goal Cirm.

Cause: Purpose

Cirm. Role

Cirm. Place Cirm.

Time

Even though AirAsia chief executive

officer Tony Fernandes formally

cited “different

corporate culture” Cirm.

Contingency: conession

Sayer Verbal Verbiage

to be the reason behind the cancellation,

Attributive Attribute Cirm. Cause

the market perseption of Batavia Air, One of Indonesia’s biggest low-cost carriers,

had since then been

quite negative,

thereby adversely

affecting its sales.

3. As such, the Jakarta Commercial Court’s verdict last Wednesday declaring Batavia Air bankrupt for defaulting on US$4.6 million debts to the US International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC) was simply another nail in the coffin.

(8.)

(9.)

4. Batavia Air’s fatal mistake was the management’s desicion in 2010 to lease two AirbusA330s from ILFC for three years without the support of a credible marketing study.

(10.)

(11.)

5. Undertaking such a big deal in the hope of obtaning a contract from the government to become one of the designated carriers for Indonesian haj pilgrims simply did not make any business sense.

(12.)

(13.)

6. Batavia Air’s bankruptcy also shows us how fierce the competition within the fully liberated airline industry has been. The industry now has more than 15 scheduled carriers.

(14.) as such,

the Jakarta Commercial Court’s verdict

last

Wednesday

declaring Batavia Air bankrupt

for

defaulting on

US$4.6 million debts

to the US International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC)

- Sayer Cirm. Time Verbal Verbiage Cirm.

Cause: purpose

Cirm. Place

was simply another nail in the coffin.

Attributive - Attribute Cirm. Place

Batavia Air’s fatal mistake

was the management’s

desicion

in 2010

Carrier Attributive Attribute Cirm.

Time to lease two

AirbusA330s

from ILFC for three

years

without the support of a credible marketing study.

Material Goal Cirm. Place Cirm. Time Cirm. Accompaniment

Undertaking such a big deal in the hope of obtaning a contract from the government

to become one of the

designated carriers

for Indonesian haj pilgrims simply

Carrier Attributive Attribute Cirm.Cause

did not make any business sense.

Material Goal

Batavia Air’s bankruptcy also shows us

(15.)

(16.)

7. The number of air travelers within the country has increased by more than 18 percent annually over the past seven yaers to reach 66 million last year, on the back of steady economic growth and low fares provided by budget carriers.

(17.)

(18.)

(19.)

8. The emergence of many budget airline has made air travel affordable to on an increasingly large number of people, further fueling growth in air travel across the world’s largest archipelago.

(20.)

(21.)

9. However, the profit margin is quite small, while airline businesses need a huge outlay of capital and high technology and are labor intensive in nature. For this reason, topcaliber management is needed to make airlines competitive in the market.

(22.)

(23.)

(24.)

How fierce the competition within the

fully

liberated airline industry has been.

- Actor Material Goal Material

The industry now has more than 15 scheduled carriers.

Token Cirm. Time Identifying Value

The number of air travelers

within the country

has increased

more than 18 percent

annually over the past seven yaers

Token Cirm. Place Identifying Value Cirm. Time

to reach 66 million last year, on the back of steady economic growth

Material Goal Cirm. Time Cirm. Matter

And low fares provided by budget carriers

- Goal Material Actor

The emergence of many budget airline

has made air travel affordable

to on an increasingly large number of people,

Actor Material Goal Cirm. Cause: Purpose

Further fueling growth in air travel Across the world’s largest archipelago.

- Actor Cirm. Place Material Goal

However, the profit margin is quite small,

- Carrier Attributive Attribute

while airline businesses need a huge outlay of capital and high

technology

- Carrier Attributive Attribute

and are labor intensive in nature.

(25.)

10.In an industry that produces a highly perishable product-passanger seat is wasted once a plane take off – producers can easily resort to a price war. When a plane take off with empty seat, the product (passenger seat or freight space) is spoiled. Hence, the carrier can either get a dollar or nothing because the high fixed costs make the marginal cost of adding passangers almost negligible.

(26.)

(27.)

(28.)

(29.)

(30.)

(31.)

(32.)

11.Worse still, the price of fuel which is wildly volatile accounts for one third of airline operating costs, while air transportation infrastructure in the country, including pilots, is extremely inadequate, further adding to the costs.

(33.)

(34.)

12.The top priority for the government now must be to ensure the interests of consumers (ticket holders) are fully protected in the process of Batavia Air’s

For this reason, topcaliber management

is needed to make

airlines competitive

in the market.

Cirm. Cause Actor Material Goal Cirm. Place

In an industry that produces a highly perishable

Cirm. Place - Material Goal

product-passanger seat is wasted once plane take off

Actor Material Goal

Producers can easily resort to a price war.

Actor Material Goal

When a plane take off with empty seat,

- Actor Material Cirm. Accompaniment

the product (passenger seat or freight space) is spoiled.

Actor Material

Hence the carrier can either get a dollar or nothing

- Actor Material Goal

Because the high fixed costs

make the marginal cost of

adding passangers

almost negligible.

- Actor Material Goal Cirm. Time

Worse still,

the price of fuel

which is wildly volatile accounts

for one third of airline operating costs,

- Carrier - Attributive Attribute Cirm. Cause: purpose

While air transportation infrastructure in the country

including pilots

is extremely

inadequate

further adding to the costs.

(35.)

(36.)

13.Despite this bankcruptcy, the outlook of the airline industry in the country remains rosy. The potential market of air travel is huge and as the economy grows and more people can afford air transportation the market will continue to expand.

(37.)

(38.)

(39.)

(40.)

(41.)

14.Nevertheless, the government should carefully manage the deregulation of the airline industry to gear up domestic carriers for fience competition from neighboring countries, especially in facing the open-sky in the ASEAN region in 2016, because budget airlines have also sprounted up in other ASEAN countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. (42.)

(43.)

The top priority for the government

now must be to

ensure

the interests of consumers (ticket holders)

Senser Cirm. Time Mental phenomenon

are fully protected in the process of Batavia Air’s liquidation.

Material Goal

Despite this bankcruptcy,

the outlook of the airline industry

in the country

remains rosy.

Cirm. Contingency : Carrier Cirm. Place Attributive Attribute

The potential market of air travel is huge

Carrier Attributive Attribute

And as the economy grows

- - Actor Material

And more people can afford air transportation

- Actor Material Goal

the market will continue to expand.

Actor Material

Nevertheless, the government should carefully

manage

the deregulation of the airline industry

Actor Material Goal

to gear up

domestic carriers

for fience competition

from neighboring countries, especially in facing the open-sky

in the ASEAN region

in 2016,

Material Goal Cirm.

Cause: Purpose

Cirm. Place Cirm.

Place

Cirm. Time

(44.) _{Because budget} airlines

have also sprouted up

in other ASEAN countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.