Parametric models Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:A:Agricultural & Forest Meterology:Vol101Issue2-3Maret2000:

L. Alados-Arboledas et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101 2000 187–201 189 method proposed by Batlles et al. 1995. This method has also been applied to correct the diffuse photon flux density. From the original databases, hourly val- ues have been generated, covering 1994–95 at Granada and 1993–94 at Almer´ıa. The corrected diffuse hori- zontal values of both radiative fluxes and the global horizontal fluxes are used to obtain the normal in- cidence direct beam components, both for the solar broadband irradiance, R b , and the photosynthetically active photon flux density, Q pb . R b = R s − R d cos θ z 1 Q pb = Q ph − Q pd cos θ z 2 where u z is the solar zenith angle. Granada is located in the south-eastern of the Iberian Peninsula. Cool winters and hot summers characterise its inland location. Their diurnal tem- perature range is rather wide with the possibility of freezing on winter nights. Most rainfall occurs in spring and winter. The summer is very dry, with scarce rainfall in July and August. The Almer´ıa radiometric station is located on the Mediterranean coast in south-eastern Spain and is characterised by a greater frequency of cloudless days, and high humidity. Considering the period used, a complete range of seasonal conditions and solar angles is included among the samples. Analytical checks, for measurement con- sistency, were carried out to eliminate problems as- sociated with shadowband misalignments, and other questionable data. Due to cosine response problems, we have limited our studies to cases with solar zenith angle less than 85 o . Calibration constants of the radio- metric devices used at Almer´ıa and Granada have been checked periodically by our research team. Degrada- tion of less than a few tenths per cent per year has been observed in the CM-11 pyranometers. The drift of the calibration constants of the Quantum sensors have been evaluated both by means of a calibrated standard lamp and by field comparison with measure- ments performed by a well-calibrated field spectrora- diometer LI-1800. Measurements of solar global and diffuse irradiance have an estimated experimental er- ror of about 2–3, while the quantum sensor has a relative error less than 5.

3. Parametric models

The parametric models included in this study compute broadband transmittances for the different atmospheric extinction process. The use of these transmittances allows the computation of the direct beam component. For the diffuse component some approximations have been used in order to parame- terise the complexity of scattering process. Finally, the global irradiance is obtained by combination of the direct irradiance projected onto the horizontal surface and the diffuse horizontal irradiance. In order to consider the differences in the parametric approach analyzed we summarize the models main features. CPCR2 is a two-band model proposed for the clear sky case and it is completely described in Guey- mard 1989b. The solar spectrum is divided into an UVVIS band 290–700 nm and an infrared band 700–2700 nm. In our case, only the first band is relevant, considering the wavelength covered by the photosynthetically active spectrum. We have included in our study a second model developed by Gueymard 1989a. This model that we call PAR MODEL has been developed considering specially the photosynthetically active spectrum. The transmittances related to the different atmospheric processes have been obtained considering only the waveband 400–700 nm. Although the second model is specially developed for the photosynthetically active radiation, we have considered also the CPCR2 model, considering that it has been developed for the whole solar spectrum. Thus by means of a simple execution of the same model we can obtain both fluxes, the photosynthetically active and that corresponding to the total solar spectrum. Both models are based on the solar extraterrestrial spectrum proposed by the World Radiometric Center WRC, with a solar constant value of I cs = 1367 Wm 2 . The spectral bands considered in the CPCR2 model include about 46.04 and 50.57 of the total solar spec- trum, respectively. For the PAR MODEL the solar ex- traterrestrial constant covering the photosynthetically active waveband is about 38.8 of the whole solar spectrum. Both models give the beam irradiance at normal incidence by means: R ni = τ oi τ ri τ gi τ wi τ ai R ci 3 190 L. Alados-Arboledas et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101 2000 187–201 where R ci is the extraterrestrial irradiance for the cor- responding waveband and τ ji represents the integrated transmittances for the process j in the waveband i. τ oi correspond to the absorption due to ozone. τ ri repre- sents the transmittance due to Rayleigh scattering by molecules. τ ai is the term associated to the absorption and scattering produced by aerosol particles. These three processes are the relevant for the spectral band considered. A complete description of the parameteri- zation used for the corresponding transmittances used in model PAR MODEL and CPCR2 are included in Gueymard 1989a, b. The aerosol optical transmittance for each band is parameterized following the Angström spectral aerosol transmittance model: τ ai = exp −m a βλ − α 4 where m a is the optical air mass that can be computed from solar zenith angle following the procedure de- scribed by Kasten 1965 and α and β are coefficient depending on the type and amount of aerosol parti- cles. Considering the partitioning in spectral bands, it follows: τ ai = exp −m a βλ − α ei 5 where λ ei are the effective wavelengths for each band that depend on optical air mass, m a , α and β Guey- mard, 1989b. The diffuse component is modelled as a combi- nation of three individual components corresponding to the two scattering layers molecules, R dri , and aerosols, R dai ,, and to a multiple reflections, R dmi , process between ground and sky: R d = R dri + R dai + R dmi 6 The components of diffuse irradiance for each band are obtained as: R dri = F r τ oi τ aai 1 − τ ri R ci cos θ z 7 R dai = F a τ oi τ ri 1 − τ asi R ci cos θ z 8 R dmi = ρ g ρ si R ni cos θ z + R dai + R dri 1 − ρ g ρ si 9 where R ni is the normal beam irradiance, ρ g and ρ si are the ground and sky albedo, respectively. For the aerosol contribution we have: τ ai = τ asi τ aai 10 with ln τ asi = ω oi ln τ ai 11 where ω oi is the scattering single albedo that depends on the absorption features of the aerosol particles and τ aai and τ asi represent the aerosol transmittance due to aerosol absorption and pure scattering, respectively. Table 1 include different values for this coefficient following Gueymard 1989a. The terms F r and F a represent the forward scatterance factor associated to Rayleigh and aerosols scattering. A fixed value of 0.5 has been considered for F r , while a value of F a inde- pendent of wavelength has been computed following Robinson 1962: F a = 1 − exp −0.6931 − 1.8326cos θ z 12 The diffuse irradiance due to multiple reflections be- tween the earth’s surface and the atmosphere depends on the ground albedo, ρ g , and on the sky albedo, ρ si . In both models these albedos have been considered in- dependent of wavelength. For the last, the expression proposed by Justus and Paris 1985 is used: ρ si = 1 − F r 1 − τ ′ ri + 1 − F ′ a 1 − τ ′ asi τ ′ ri × τ ′ aai 13 where the prime indicates that the corresponding trans- mittance or forward scatterance factor have been com- puted at air mass 1.66, according to the diffusion ap- proximation Kondratyev, 1969. The global component of photosynthetically active radiation is obtained from the corresponding diffuse and direct components according to Eqs. 1 and 2. As indicated previously, the first band parameterised in model CPCR2 covers wavelengths between 290 and 700 nm. In order to obtain the photosynthetically ac- tive radiation 400–700 nm, Gueymard 1989b pro- posed the following conversion functions, to obtain the direct, R pb , and global, R p , components of the photo- synthetically active radiation: R pb = R b 0.87375 + 0.04031m a + 0.00358m 2 a 14 R p = R s 0.86225 + 0.02084m a + 0.00234m 2 a 15 L. Alados-Arboledas et al. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101 2000 187–201 191 These expressions are valid for optical air masses, m a , lower than 6. The diffuse component is computed from the direct and global ones. When one is interested in rates of photosynthesis, it is more appropriate to express the radiation inci- dent in terms of photosynthetically active photon flux rather than radiant energy flux, considering the effec- tiveness of photons between 400 and 700 nm in driv- ing the light reactions of photosynthesis. Conversion of radiometric units to photon flux requires knowl- edge of the spectral distribution of the radiant flux. Diffuse radiation has a different spectral composition than direct radiation because shorter wavelengths are scattered by air molecules more effectively. However, larger particles such as dust and water droplets scat- ter all wavelengths equally. The spectral composition of the diffuse and direct radiation will depend on the atmospheric conditions: optical air mass, atmospheric turbidity, clouds, etc. Thus, to compute the photosynthetic photon flux density, it is necessary to define an additional conver- sion function. Skartveit and Olseth 1994 have developed a model that depends on the sun height and turbidity. For the last variable they consider a fixed value. We have generated a set of pairs of photosyntheti- cally active radiation W m − 2 and photosynthetically active photon flux density m E m − 2 s − 1 values by running the spectral code SPECTRAL-2 Bird and Riordan, 1986 for a range of atmospheric condi- tions. Thus, the optical air mass has been varied from 1 to 5, the amount of precipitable water from 0.5 to 3.5 cm, the amount of ozone from 200 to 400 Dobson units. Finally, the Angstrom coefficient for aerosol extinction, β, has been varied from 0.01 to 0.4, and the Angstrom coefficient, α, from 0.5 to 3. Using this set of data, we have tested the proposal by Skartveit and Olseth 1994. Fig. 1 a, b shows the deviation between the photosynthetically active pho- ton flux density obtained by spectral computations SPECTRAL-2 and that obtained by application of the Skartveit and Olseth conversion functions to the photosynthetically active radiation W m − 2 . We have included information on the Root Mean Square de- viation, RMSD, and Mean Bias Deviation, MBD, expressed as a percentage of the mean experimental value of the corresponding photosynthetic photon flux density. These statistics allow for the detection of both the differences between experimental data and model estimates and the existence of systematic over or un- derestimation tendencies, respectively. It is evident the great deviation in the diffuse component, Q pd . For the direct component, the MBD present a negligible value, nevertheless the RMSD is rather high indicat- ing the spreading of the deviations. In view of these results, we have developed our own model. Thus, using the pairs of direct and diffuse values of photo- synthetically active radiation in terms of irradiance, R pb and R pd , and photon flux density, Q pb and Q pd , we have obtained the following conversion functions: Q pd R pd = 6.4 + 2.3 exp −m a 0.65 + 1.4m a − 15.2 β + 41.3 − 3.9m a β 2 + 6.0m a − 46.4 β 3 16 Q pb R pb = 4.48 − 0.02m a − 0.04m a 2 + 0.64β exp 0.65m a 17 where m a is the relative optical air mass Kasten, 1965. Fig. 1 c,d show the behaviour of these new functions, that consider explicitly the variability of the turbidity conditions. The RMSD and MBD values re- flect the low spread of the deviation around zero. It is obvious that the greater improvement correspond to the diffuse component. Thus, we observe that, as indi- cated by some authors Gueymard, 1989a, b; Skartveit and Olseth, 1994, under cloudless conditions the con- version factor for the diffuse component depends on turbidity more than that associated to the beam ratio.

4. Performance of models