Assess the mo dific atio ns o f the mang ro ve enviro nment that o c c urred and that c urrently prevent natural se c o ndary suc c e ssio n;

3 Assess the mo dific atio ns o f the mang ro ve enviro nment that o c c urred and that c urrently prevent natural se c o ndary suc c e ssio n;

4 Selec t appro priate resto ratio n areas thro ug h applic atio n o f steps 1- 3 abo ve that are bo th likely to suc c eed in rehabilitating a fo rest ec o system, and are c o st effec tive, g iven the available/ likely funds and manpo wer to c arry o ut the pro jec ts, inc luding adequate mo nito ring o f their pro g ress to wards meeting quantitative g o als established prio r to resto ratio n. This step inc ludes reso lving land o wnership/ use issues nec essary fo r ensuring lo ng - term ac c ess to and

c o nservatio n o f the site and asso c iated wildlife;

5 Desig n the resto ratio n pro g ram at appro priate sites selec ted in step 4 abo ve to resto re the appro priate hydro lo g y and utilize natural vo lunteer mang ro ve rec ruitment fo r natural plant

e stablishme nt; and

6 Only utilize ac tual planting o f seedling s as an integ ral part o f the rehabilitatio n pro g ram after determining thro ug h steps 1- 5 abo ve, that natural rec ruitment will no t pro vide the quantity o f nec essary established plants, rate o f stabilizatio n, o r rate o f g ro wth as required fo r pro jec t suc c e ss.

Usually, the lo c al c o mmunity do es plant so me pro pag ules o r seedling s as a symbo lic and educ atio nal exerc ise whether suc h planting is o r is no t nec essary as part o f the resto ratio n reg ime to : feel physic ally eng ag ed, inc rease

c o mmunity stewardship, raise attentio n to the area ( o n site ac tivity) and pro mo te g ro wth o f well liked spec ies suc h as Rhizo pho ra o ver reg ular natural

c o lo nizers suc h as Avic ennia o r So nneratia. Reac hing far beyo nd just planting o f seedling s, o ur pro g ram whic h resto res natural water flo ws, g reatly inc reases the o verall success rate fo r resto ring larg e areas o f deg raded mang ro ve fo rests. Our metho d has pro ven extre mely suc c essful in past endeavo rs, fo r example in West Lake, Flo rida.

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The desc ribed six steps abo ve fo r suc c essful ec o lo g ic al mang ro ve resto ratio n must be seen as basic info rmatio n as this c anno t be a c o mprehensive g uide to mang ro ve resto ratio n. The tec hniques o utlined belo w, sho uld therefo re be tailo red to eac h unique reg io n in whic h resto ratio n is being attempted. Manage- ment o bjec tives o f mang ro ve resto ratio n sho uld be translated into spec ific ac tio ns by develo ping implementable manag ement plans. Based o n the manag ement plan, realistic o peratio nal plans sho uld be develo ped that are suitable fo r lo c al implementatio n, simple, prac tic al, transparent and inc lude c lear o bjec tives. Fo r o ptimal manag ement it is nec essary to review and adjust perio dic ally the manag ement plans.

Preparat ions: D o your H omew ork! Preparat ions: D o your H omew ork! Preparat ions: D o your H omew ork! Preparat ions: D o your H omew ork! Preparat ions: D o your H omew ork!

It’s always useful to c hec k whether there were any mang ro ve resto ratio n pro g rams in the c ho sen area o f interest befo re. If so , it is helpful to g ather info rmatio n reg arding c riteria o f suc c ess and failure and to learn fro m fo rmer c o nso lidated finding s. Info rm yo urself abo ut g eo lo g ic parameters and lo o k fo r histo ric al pho to g raphs, literature abo ut mang ro ves o n site and their distributio n as well as tidal c o nditio ns. It is useful to have a referenc e mang ro ve site fo r examining no rmal hydro lo g y fo r mang ro ves in the partic ular area. Additio nally it is impo rtant to selec t appro priate resto ratio n areas that mig ht suc c eed in rehabilitating

a fo rest ec o system and are c o st effec tive, g iven the available funds and manpo wer to c arry o ut the pro jec ts. This sho uld inc lude adequate mo nito ring o f their pro g ress to wards meeting quantitative g o als established prio r to resto ratio n. This step inc ludes reso lving land o wnership and land use issues nec essary fo r ensuring lo ng - term ac c ess to and c o nservatio n o f the site and asso c iated wildlife.

Understanding the no rmal hydro lo gic patterns that co ntro l the distributio n and successful establishment and gro wth o f mangro ve species is o ne o f the mo st impo rtant attributes o f targeted planning. It is therefo re indispen- sable to define three impo rtant po ints co ncerning the tides: the height and depth o f the area that shall be resto red and the duratio n and the frequency o f the tidal currents. Each mangro ve species thrives fo r example at a different substrate level which in so me part dictates the amo unt o f expo sure the mangro ve will have to tidal

Ec o lo g ic al Mang ro ve Resto ratio n - making transec t

Preparatio n wo rk

5 2 Mang ro ve Resto ratio n

Thi ngs you may need bef ore st art i ng mangrove rest orat i on act i vi t i es

◆ Info rmatio n o n bio physic al features o f the lo c atio n ( i. e. area maps, land- use maps,

o wne rship situatio n) . ◆ Majo r c limate parameters ( i. e. rainfall, temperature etc ) and info rmatio n o n the tidal

and hydro lo g ic al system ( tide tables) . ◆ Do minant so il type. ◆ Water c hemistry ( salinity, pH, c o lo r, transparenc y and nutrients) . ◆ Type of fo rest ( primary, seco ndary, degraded) . A fo restry management map may be available. ◆ Spec ies invento ries ( flo ra and fauna) . ◆ Lo c al kno wle dg e / traditio nal use s. ◆ Ec o system pro duc ts, func tio ns and attributes. ◆ Pressures and threats to the area. ◆ Po te ntial are as available fo r re habilitatio n/ re sto ratio n. ◆ Survey equipment ( c o mpass, ro pe, stakes, no tebo o k, measuring tape, GPS unit) .

waters. It is necessary to study the tidal activities and co nsequently the frequency o f inundatio n as well as dryness that influence the fo rest. There are vario us tide-classificatio ns to distinguish, like tho se that are inundated by all high tides, tho se by all medium-high tides, o r tho se by no rmal tides. In additio n there are tho se inundatio ns that o nly happen during spring tides o r equino ctial tides. If a nearby healthy mangro ve fo rest exists, it is helpful to imitate the slo pe and to po graphy of the substrate.

Using salinity meter

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