Published in the framework of the EU-ASIA PRO ECO II B Post Tsunami Project in Sri Lanka
Guidebook
Published in t he f ramew ork of the EU -ASI A PRO ECO I I B Post Tsunami Project in Sri L anka
Jaffna
Sigiriya
I NDI AN OCEAN
Kandy Badulla
Colombo
I mpri nt
Global Nat ure Fund ( GNF) Fritz- Reic hle- Ring 4 78315 Rado lfzell, Germany
info @ g lo balnature . o rg Websit e www. g lo b alnature. o rg
E- Mai l
( c ) GNF 04/ 2007, All rig hts reserved
Edi t ori al Team
Udo Gattenlö hner, Stefanie Lampert, Kathrin Wunderlic h. If autho r is no t indic ated, texts are written by the edito rial team. With c o ntributio ns o f Lal Emanuel, Jim Enrig ht, Dr. Onno Gro ss, Pro f. S. C. Jayamanne, Pro f. Mic hael Suc c o w,
Nyo man Suryadiputra, Abeyrathne Ekanayake Mudiyanselag e Special t hanks t o Pro f. Aitken Clark, Arya Deg enhardt, Andy Jefferies, Eduardo de Mig uel, Alfredo Quarto
Desi gn & Layout
Didem Sentürk
I llustrations
Didem Sentürk
Photographs
GNF, GNF Pro jec t Partners, NASA/ visible Earth, Mang ro ve Ac tio n Pro jec t, Mang reen, Green Co ast, Sto c kxpert
Cover phot o
Udo Gattenlö hner
Furt her i mages
Ro bin Lewis
The pro jec t „ Po st Tsunami Resto ratio n o f Mangro ves, Educatio n & Reestablishment o f Liveliho o ds in Sri Lanka“ is funded by the EU Co mmissio n in the frame o f the Asia Pro - Ec o II B Po st Tsunami Pro g ramme.
Further funding is pro vided by the Serendib Fo undatio n, Hamburg and SIKA, Switzerland.
4 Pref ace Pref ace Pref ace Pref ace Pref ace
6 I nt roduct i on I nt roduct i on I nt roduct i on I nt roduct i on I nt roduct i on
10 Project Coor Project Coor Project Coor Project Coordinat ion and Part ners Project Coor dinat ion and Part ners dinat ion and Part ners dinat ion and Part ners dinat ion and Part ners
Glo bal Nature Fund EMACE Fo undatio n Nag e nahiru Fo undatio n Fundac ió n Glo bal Nature
CReNIEO - Centre fo r Researc h o n New Internatio nal Ec o no mic Order
14 The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork
18 Project Areas Project Areas Project Areas Project Areas Project Areas
Bo lg o da Lake , Sri Lanka Madug ang a and Madampe Lakes, Sri Lanka
Pulic at Lake, India – ‘The Transfer Pro jec t’
24 Project M easures in Sri L anka Project M easures in Sri L anka Project M easures in Sri L anka Project M easures in Sri L anka Project M easures in Sri L anka
Pro jec t Measures in the framewo rk o f the EU ASIA PRO ECO IIB - Po st Tsunami Enviro nmental Educ atio n – Visito r Centres Ag ric ulture – New Liveliho o ds and Org anic Farming Handic raft Pro duc ts fro m Wetlands Fisheries – Distributio n o f Fishing Gear
LED Lamp Pro jec t
30 Case St udies Case St udies Case St udies Case St udies Case St udies
The Gre e n Co ast Pro je c t Indo ne sia MANGREEN – Mang ro ve Resto ratio n and Ec o lo g y in India
38 M angroves - Funct ions and Threat s M angroves - Funct ions and Threat s M angroves - Funct ions and Threat s M angroves - Funct ions and Threat s M angroves - Funct ions and Threat s
Charac terisatio ns o f Mang ro ves Mang ro ve So il So c ial and Ec o no mic al Sig nific anc e Ec o lo g ic al and Enviro nme ntal Sig nific anc e Threats to Mang ro ves Mang ro ve Distributio n
48 M angrove rest orat ion M angrove rest orat ion M angrove rest orat ion M angrove rest orat ion M angrove rest orat ion
Six Steps to Suc c essful Mang ro ve Resto ratio n Preparatio ns: Do yo ur Ho mewo rk! Step 1: Autec o lo g y Step 2: Hydro lo g y Step 3: Eliminate Disturbanc es Step 4: Selec t an appro priate Resto ratio n Site Step 5: Hydro lo g ic al Rehabilitatio n Desig n Step 6: Mang ro ve Planting
61 Appendix: M angrove Forest s in Sri L anka Appendix: M angrove Forest s in Sri L anka Appendix: M angrove Forest s in Sri L anka Appendix: M angrove Forest s in Sri L anka Appendix: M angrove Forest s in Sri L anka
66 Ref erences / L inks Ref erences / L inks Ref erences / L inks Ref erences / L inks Ref erences / L inks
4 Prefac e
W ater is the essenc e o f life - peo ple need wetlands, lakes and rivers, fo r many reaso ns. These diverse
ec o systems pro vide fish and reeds, help prevent flo o ds and reduc e levels o f po llutants. But they are also sensitive and vulnerable habitats. The dramatic Tsunami flo o d disaster in Asia o n 26 Dec ember 2004 will never be fo rgo tten. Ho wever, if po ssible we must learn fro m the c alamity in o rder to prevent future destruc tio n. In the spring o f 2005, the Glo bal Nature Fund ( GNF) , in c lo se c o llabo ratio n with its Living Lakes partner o rg anisatio ns in Sri Lanka, started a pro jec t with the aim o f o ffering new life perspec tives to the affec ted peo ple in the So uth- Western Sri Lanka. With the help o f do no rs fro m Germany and a g rant fro m the Swiss c o mpany „ Sika“ , the first small resto ratio n ac tivities were started. In Dec ember 2005, GNF and its partners wo n a g rant fro m the Euro pean Co mmissio n in o rder to implement a prestig io us pro jec t in Sri Lanka.
A c entral ac tivity o f the three- year pro jec t is the pro tec tio n and rehabilitatio n o f threatened mang ro ve fo rests in the Bo lg o da, Madug ang a and Madampeg ang a wetland reg io ns.
Mang ro ve fo rests are universally unique habitats. They are perfec tly adapted to the brac kish living
c o nditio ns in marine river estuaries. No where else do so many fresh and saltwater spec ies, sea and land o rg anisms share the same living spac e. In Sri Lanka alo ne o ver 25 different mang ro ve spec ies are fo und. Their vast and dense ro o t systems slo w do wn tidal waves and pro tec t sho relines fro m ero sio n. But mang ro ves - like c o ral reefs - are amo ng the mo st threatened ec o systems in the wo rld and also the mo st diverse. Appro ximately 50 perc ent o f all mang ro ve fo rests have already been destro yed, drained, c o nverted to ric e paddies o r prawn farms. The Tsunami has de mo nstrated that intac t mang ro ve belts c an save lives.
The pro jec t in Sri Lanka sho ws many tang ible results. In Pathamulla, at Madug ang a, new nurseries were established. Many families are invo lved in the pro jec t, and to date o ver 60, 000 mang ro ve plants have been
g ro wn. The trees are replanted in areas where intac t mang ro ve fo rests have been destro yed in the past. This measure o ffers new pro tec tio n belts fo r the peo ple living in the c o astal zo nes as well as new habitat fo r endangered spec ie s. The pro jec t, ho wever, is mo re than simply mang ro ve rehabilitatio n. The re- establishment o f liveliho o ds is also a c ruc ial element o f o ng o ing resto ratio n wo rk. In this respec t a c lo se
c o llabo ratio n with inland fishermen and villag e fishing so c ieties as well as wo men’s asso c iatio ns have been established in o rder to fo ster traditio nal fishing and handic raft skills and g enerate inc o me in the rural areas.
Glo bal Nature Fund is a no n- pro fit NGO that launc hed the Living Lakes partnership in 1998. The aim o f the Living Lakes netwo rk is to pro mo te sustainable develo pment o bjec tives fo r the wo rld’s lakes at internatio nal level. The underlying idea o f the internatio nal lake netwo rk is to safeg uard the wo rld’s freshwater reserves that are so vitally impo rtant. Currently there are 45 member lakes and wetlands spread ac ro ss all c o ntinents. Mo re than 55 partner o rg anisatio ns - NGOs and public institutio ns - pro vide a fantastic wealth o f experienc e and expertise and maintain a lively dialo g ue between stakeho lders invo lved in water issues.
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6 Intro duc tio n
S ri Lanka lies in the so uth- eastern part o f the Indian subc o ntinent in the Indian Oc ean between 6° and 10° no rthern latitude and 79° and 82° eastern lo ng itude. The hig hest elevatio n in the c entral mo untain
area is the Pidurutalag ala ( 2, 524 metres abo ve sea level) . The island is c harac terised by a tro pic al c limate and affec ted by the mo nso o n. The mean annual temperature is abo ut 22° C in hig her areas, rising to 33° C in the c o astal reg io ns. Fro m abo ut 1. 900 metres abo ve sea level temperatures c an dro p belo w freezing po int. Sri Lanka has a histo ry o f multiple c halleng es. In 1972 Ceylo n, as it was c alled in fo rmer times, bec ame a republic and was g iven the name Sri Lanka. A pro blem fo r to day’s Sri Lanka lies in the still unreso lved
c o nflic t between the Tamil and Sing halese po pulatio n.
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Pos Pos Pos Pos Post Tsunami Res t Tsunami Res t Tsunami Res t Tsunami Rest orat i on of t Tsunami Res t orat i on of t orat i on of t orat i on of t orat i on of M angroves, Educat i on and M angroves, Educat i on and M angroves, Educat i on and M angroves, Educat i on and M angroves, Educat i on and Re-es Re-es Re-es Re-es Re-est abl i shment of L i vel i hoods – t abl i shment of L i vel i hoods – t abl i shment of L i vel i hoods – t abl i shment of L i vel i hoods – t abl i shment of L i vel i hoods – Project i n Sri L anka Project i n Sri L anka Project i n Sri L anka Project i n Sri L anka Project i n Sri L anka
Sri L anka Sri L anka Sri L anka Sri L anka Sri L anka
I n respo nse to the urg ent need to rehabilitate areas affec ted by the Indian Oc ean Tsunami o f 26 Dec ember 2004,
Euro peAid prepared a spec ific Asia Pro Ec o II Po st Tsunami Pro g ramme. The Pro g ramme pro vides funds fo r partnerships
Colombo
and c apac ity building pro jec t pro po sals, whic h respo nd to
Bolgoda
K alut ara
the urg ent need fo r rec o nstruc tio n and rehabilitatio n effo rts in the areas o f the Asian c o untries whic h have been affec ted
M aduganga
Ambalangoda
by the catastro phe ( Maldives, Indo nesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand
M adampeganga
Gal l e
and India) . In Dec ember 2005, Glo bal Nature Fund started its
I NDI AN OCEAN M at ara three- year pro jec t „ Po st Tsunami Resto ratio n o f Mang ro ves,
Educatio n and Re- establishment o f
Liveliho o ds“ , whic h aims at the re- establishment o f liveliho o ds in affec ted
c o mmunities, resto ratio n o f Tsunami affec ted areas and lo ng - term enviro nmental educatio n.
Object ives Object ives Object ives Object ives Object ives
I n fo rmer times the mang ro ves pro vided a safe pro tec tio n ag ainst tempestuo us sto rm winds, tsunamis, o r tidal waves, bec ause healthy natural
buffers like mang ro ves mitig ated their fo rce. This is a fac t that indige no us peo ple have kno wn fo r c enturies. The need to integ rate the traditio nal wisdo m o f c o astal dwellers into the so - c alled mo dern appro ac hes to pro tec t c o astal strips and their dwellers, is o bvio us. The damag e and lo ss o f life fro m the tsunamis in Dec ember
The overall objectives can be divided into the following sub-goals
I n December 2 0 0 5 Global Nat ure Fund
◆ Mang ro ve resto ratio n and pro tec tio n o f bio diversity
st art ed i t s t hree- year
◆ Capac ity building and kno wledg e transfer
proj ect “ Post Tsunami Rest orat i on of
◆ Pro mo tio n o f e nviro nme ntally frie ndly alte rnative te c hno lo g ie s
Mangroves, Educat i on
◆ Sensitisatio n o f the po pulatio n and awareness raising
and Reest abli shment of
◆ Wide disseminatio n o f the results
Li vel i hoods”
8 Intro duc tio n
2004 c o uld have been reduc ed, had tho se zo nes with healthy c o astal buffers no t been destro yed in previo us years. In tho se plac es where the natural pro tec tio n was still intac t, the destruc tive impac t o f the wave was no ticeably less.
It is imperative to g ain a ho listic view o f the link between disaster prec autio n and the impro vement and rehabilitatio n o f mang ro ve fo rests. Sustaining and rec reating the bio diversity is the o nly way to sec ure the pro tec tio n o f life in future dec ades.
One o f the c entral go als is to impro ve peo ples’ self- reliance, mitig ate po verty effec ts, inc rease inhabitants’ lo ng - term ac c ess to sustainable use o f natural reso urc es, and to pro tec t the lo c al c o mmunities ag ainst po tential disasters by the implementatio n o f prec autio nary measures. Amo ng the
Mang ro ve Nursery
main ac tivities are the installatio n o f mang ro ve nurseries, the re- plantating o f damag ed mang ro ve fo rests and the establishment and o peratio n o f reg io nal educ atio n c entres.
The latter serves to educ ate and info rm the lo c al peo ple o f neg ative impac ts fro m lo g g ing in fo rested areas and c o ral reef harvesting in o rder to reduc e o r avo id these impac ts as muc h as po ssible. The pro jec t results will be transferred to Tsunami- affec ted reg io ns in India and o ther Asian c o untrie s.
Juvenile mang ro ve plant
Tar Tar Tar Target Groups Tar get Groups get Groups get Groups get Groups T he pro jec t addresses Tsunami
affec ted families and aims to c reate new liveliho o ds and resto re land and water reso urces. The main targ et g ro ups are abo ut 1, 000 families fro m po o r c o mmunities in the lake areas o f Bo lg o da, Madug ang a and Madampe in Sri Lanka.
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1 0 Pro jec t Co o rdinatio n and Partners
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 1 1
The pro jec t is c o o rdinated by the Glo bal Nature Fund as the main fac ilitato r. The pro jec t implementatio n is realised by the two Sri Lankan Living Lakes Partner Org anisatio ns EMACE and Nage nahiru Fo undatio n. They are also respo nsible fo r the c o o rdinatio n o f all measures at reg io nal level and the c o ntac ts to impo rtant third parties suc h as the Ministry o f Enviro nment, Ministry o f To urism, Department o f Co ast Co nservatio n, Department o f Fisheries, RADA, SLIDA, and o thers. Additio nal pro jec t partners invo lved are the Fundac ió n Glo bal Nature fro m Spain to g ive tec hnic al input and CReNIEO fro m India.
Gl obal N at ure F und Gl obal N at ure F und Gl obal N at ure F und Gl obal N at ure F und Gl obal N at ure F und
G lo bal Nature Fund is a no n- pro fit, private, independe nt fo undatio n fo r the pro tec tio n o f enviro nment and nature. The headquarters is lo c ated at Lake Co nstance
in Rado lfzell, Germany. Glo bal Nature Fund was fo unded in 1998. GNF’s wo rk fo c uses o n the pro tec tio n o f nature and the enviro nment with partic ular emphasis o n lake eco systems.
EM ACE Foundat ion EM ACE Foundat ion EM ACE Foundat ion EM ACE Foundat ion EM ACE Foundat ion
E MACE is an ac ro nym fo r Enviro nment and Sc ience, Manpo wer and Skills, Adult and Pare ntho o d Develo pment Assistance, Childc are and Wo men’s Rig hts, Educ atio n
and Culture. The EMACE Fo undatio n has been ac tive sinc e 1970. It is a no n- pro fit NGO, appro ved in 1994. Sinc e 2004, it has been a partner o rg anisatio n o f the Living Lakes Netwo rk. The o rg anisatio n is in c o nstant interac tio n with o ther NGOs and c o mmunity- based
o rg anisatio ns, the go vernment and the private sec to r. EMACE has built stro ng lo c al netwo rks as well as internatio nal
c o ntac ts. Main ac tivities o f EMACE are enviro nmental
c o nservatio n, empo werme nt, ge nder equity, leg al rig hts and skills training fo r emplo yment, human rig hts and educ atio n. Furthermo re EMACE has experienc e in renewable energ y,
c o mpo sting , rec yc ling , c o nservatio n pro jec ts and fo restry.
Members o f the EMACE Team
1 2 Pro jec t Co o rdinatio n and Partners
N agenahiru N agenahiru N agenahiru N agenahiru N agenahiru
F oundat i on F oundat i on F oundat i on F oundat i on F oundat i on T he Nag enahiru Fo undatio n is a
no n- c o mmercial and no n- pro fit NGO, reg istered in 1991 and based in
Ambalang o da. It has been eng ag ed in enviro nmental
c o nservatio n sinc e 1996 and is a partner o rg anisatio n o f the Living Lakes Netwo rk sinc e 2004. Nag enahiru Fo undatio n is experienced in educatio n, manag ing mang ro ve nurseries and
pro mo ting sustainable liveliho o ds amo ng disadvantag ed Members o f the Nagenahiru Fo undatio n Team with villagers sec to rs o f the so c iety. Presently Nage nahiru Fo undatio n plans the develo pment o f a „ Wetland Educ atio n
Centre“ to c reate awareness and pro vide info rmatio n fo r lo c al stakeho lders abo ut the sustainable utilisatio n o f natural reso urc es as well as the c o nservatio n and resto ratio n o f the wetland system and its reso urc es.
Fundación Global N at ure Fundación Global N at ure Fundación Global N at ure Fundación Global N at ure Fundación Global N at ure T he Fundació n Glo bal Nature, registered in 1993 and based in Spain, is a no n-profit
private fo undatio n fo r the resto ratio n and pro tectio n o f nature and enviro nment in Spain and in Ibero america. Its pro jects co ntribute to the maintenance and resto ratio n o f the habitats o f endangered species, techno lo gical inno vatio ns and revival o f traditio nal agricultural activities. Under this educatio nal remit, the fo undatio n manages three enviro nmental info rmatio n centres o rganising seminars, co nferences, yo uth exchanges, ho liday camps, nature co nservatio n pro jects and the co o rdinatio n o f scientific investigatio ns. In all pro ject fields the fo undatio n wo rks clo sely to gether with regio nal and lo cal enviro nmental o rganisatio ns, public autho rities, lo cal po pulatio n and scientific institutio ns. Lo ng lasting intensive co ntacts to o ther co untries as well as active membership in internatio nal netwo rks such as Living Lakes and Eco trans guarantee the exchange o f experiences beyo nd bo rders.
CReN I EO - Cent re f or Research on N ew CReN I EO - Cent re f or Research on N ew CReN I EO - Cent re f or Research on N ew CReN I EO - Cent re f or Research on N ew CReN I EO - Cent re f or Research on N ew
I nt ernat ional Economic Or I nt er I nt er I nt er I nt er nat ional Economic Or nat ional Economic Or nat ional Economic Order nat ional Economic Or der der der der
C ReNIEO was established in 1979 in India. The Centre is an ac c redited Vo c atio nal Institute fo r Co urses o f Natio nal Sc ho o l o f Open Learning , Ministry o f Human Reso urc es Develo pment, and Go vernment o f India.
CReNIEO is espec ially c o mmitted to the weaker sec tio ns o f the Indian so c iety ( wo men, c hildren, fishermen and tribal c o mmunities) with a fo c us o n natural reso urc e manage me nt at Pulic at Lake. CReNIEO’s develo pment plans inc lude pro mo ting better health, fo rmal educ atio n, skills fo r natural reso urc e manag ement and entrepreneurial skills fo r ec o no mic self- relianc e and at the same time ensuring permanenc e o f so c ial c hange by c apac ity building and mo tivating the po o r fo r upho lding their rig hts in so c iety. Gender equality and enviro nmental c are is the basis fo r sustainable develo pment o f peo ple aro und the lakes as well as in the fo rests who are the targ et g ro ups o f CReNIEO’s develo pment sc hemes.
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 1 3
1 4 The Living Lakes Netwo rk
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 1 5
Living
“A network fo
Li vi ng Lakes Member & Candidate Lakes
Li vi ng Lake
The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork The L iving L akes N et w ork
All three wetlands are members in the Living Lakes Netwo rk. Living Lakes is an internatio nal netwo rk and partnership with the missio n to enhance the pro tectio n, resto ratio n and rehabilitatio n o f lakes and wetlands and their catchment areas. All lakes, wetlands and freshwater bo dies o f the wo rld sho uld be healthy eco systems and where they are used by human- kind that use sho uld be sustainable and no t damaging the enviro nment.
The Object ives of t his Global N et w ork are The Object ives of t his Global N et w ork are The Object ives of t his Global N et w ork are The Object ives of t his Global N et w ork are The Object ives of t his Global N et w ork are
◆ Co nservatio n and pro tec tio n o f fresh water reso urc es, lakes and wetland ec o systems and their bio diversity. ◆ The resto ratio n o f altered and disappearing wetlands and lake ec o systems.
1 6 The Living Lakes Netwo rk
Lakes
or the future”
s Asso c iate Members
Li vi ng Lakes Ho no rary Members
◆ Impro ving the quality o f life fo r the lo c al c o mmunities ( Ag enda 21) and partic ipatio n o f lo c al
stakeho lders in develo pment pro cesses. ◆ Co mmitment building to wards sustainable use and develo pment o f these ec o systems ( sustainable
develo pment o f ag ric ulture, fisherie s, to urism, settlement and water use) . ◆ Pro mo ting the use o f applied sc ienc es and inno vative tec hno lo g ies to wards the c o nservatio n o f these
eco systems. ◆ Suppo rting educ atio nal pro g rams and c o o peratio n with lo c al c o mmunities to wards sustainable
develo pment o f the reg io n inc luding the lo ng - term pro tec tio n o f ec o systems and bio diversity. ◆ Spreading info rmatio n relevant to these ec o systems and the ac tivities o f the Living Lakes partners.
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1 8 Pro jec t Areas
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 1 9
Bo lg o da Lake is intensively used fo r leisure and rec reatio n
Only few mang ro ves are left at Bo lg o da
Bolgoda L ake, Sri L anka Bolgoda L ake, Sri L anka Bolgoda L ake, Sri L anka Bolgoda L ake, Sri L anka Bolgoda L ake, Sri L anka
Fact s
◆ Bo lg o da Lake is situated in the western part o f Sri Lanka, 19 kilo metres so uth o f
Co lo mbo in the Co lo mbo and Kalutara distric ts. ◆ The lake c o nsists o f two majo r water bo dies and c o vers 374 square kilo metres partly
fresh and partly brac kish water, whic h o pens into the sea via the Panadura estuary.
◆ The size o f the Bo lg o da wetlands is c lo se to 400 km 2 . It is o ne o f the big g est so urc es o f
freshwater within the western distric t o f Sri Lanka.
Threat s
The natural beauty o f the Bo lgo da wetlands has great po tential fo r develo ping to urism and fisheries, but it is gravely threatened by industrial po llutio n and urban sprawl. Industrial chemicals, effluents fro m the ho tel industry and po llutio n fro m sawmills are the main reaso ns fo r the destructio n o f wetlands and mangro ve swamps. Sewage that has no t been purified is the wo rst pro blem in the area. This po llutio n has directly affected the surro unding drinking water and led to the gro wth o f the weed that is slo wly asphyxiating the lake’s fauna and flo ra.
Approaches
As a co nsequence o f this situatio n, the Living Lakes partner o rganisatio n EMACE has decided to take a do uble appro ach to the
Dumping o f sawdust is a co mmo n threat fo r Sri Lanka's wetlands
pro blem. The first appro ach invo lves a co nservatio n pro ject seeking to clean up the lake and inc rease the interest o f the lo cal inhabitants via eco no mic incentives to pro tect the lake fro m further po llutio n. Seco ndly EMACE aims to develo p an industry with a lo cal o r fo reign business to transfo rm the sawdust into energy, reducing the negative impacts of the mills o n the lake.
2 0 Pro jec t Areas
M aduganga and M adampe L akes, Sri L anka M aduganga and M adampe L akes, Sri L anka M aduganga and M adampe L akes, Sri L anka M aduganga and M adampe L akes, Sri L anka M aduganga and M adampe L akes, Sri L anka
Fact s
◆ The lakes Madug ang a and Madampe are lo c ated o n the so uth- western c o ast o f Sri Lanka
in the Indian Oc ean. ◆ They are twin lakes c o nnec ted by a narro w c hannel o f three kilo metres in leng th.
The surfac e areas o f the lakes c o ver 915 hec tares and 390 hec tares, respec tively. ◆ Ac c o rding to a study c o nduc ted by the IUCN in 2000, Madug ang a has o ne o f the mo st
unique b io dive rsitie s. ◆ The Maduganga wetland co nsists o f ten majo r vegetatio n types including the predo minant
mangro ves and marshlands. These vegetatio n types co mprise a to tal o f 303 species o f plants belo nging to 95 families. The to tal plant species include 19 endemic and natio nally threatened species and nine invasive alien species.
◆ Due to the g reat variety o f plants, a larg e number o f invertebrates, reptiles inc luding
snakes, birds, amphibians and mammals c an be fo und aro und Lakes Madug ang a and Madampe. The mixture o f vegetatio n types and the presenc e o f 21 small and large islands within this twin lake have made these two wetlands an ideal habitat fo r a to tal o f 111 bird spec ies.
Threat s and Approaches
The peo ple living in the vic inity o f the Lakes Madampe and Madug ang a depend o n the reso urc es available fro m the lakes and surro unding wetland systems. Unfo rtunately, there is neither an adequate manage me nt plan no r an enviro nmental awareness pro g ramme, by whic h the lo c al farmers and fishermen c an learn abo ut sustainable use o f the enviro nment. The area has already enc o untered severe damage due, fo r example, to o ver- fishing , emissio ns o f po llutants into the water system and the extensive use o f c hemic al fertilizers. Suc h issues need to be addressed no t o nly fo r the sake o f the lo c al po pulatio n, but also with respec t to rec reatio nal use, po tentially turning this area into an ec o no mic pillar.
Madampe is a paradise fo r birds
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 2 1
Pulicat L ake, I ndia - ‘The Transf er Project ’ Pulicat L ake, I ndia - ‘The Transf er Project ’ Pulicat L ake, I ndia - ‘The Transf er Project ’ Pulicat L ake, I ndia - ‘The Transf er Project ’ Pulicat L ake, I ndia - ‘The Transf er Project ’
Fact s
◆ The lake lies at the bo rder o f Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states, 60 kilo metres
no rth o f Chennai City. ◆ Pulic at Lake is the sec o nd larg est brac kish- water ec o - system o n the East Co ast o f India. ◆ The lake has a leng th o f 60 km and a breadth o f 0. 2 to 17. 5 km and is a shallo w lake
with an average depth o f o ne metre. ◆ The lag o o n is an impo rtant habitat fo r 65 different fish spec ies, 30 varieties o f
terrestrial and aquatic birds and small mammals and reptiles. ◆ Flamingo es are the mo st frequent visito rs to the lake, abo ut 15, 000 o f them visit it
every year. Pelic an, King fisher, Hero n, Painted Sto rk, Spo o nbill and Little Grebe are so me o f the o ther birds that sho w up at Pulic at Lake every year. Likewise the lake is ho me to Blac k- headed Ibis and Whistling .
◆ Disting uished fish spec ies suc h as Milkfish, Sea Mullet, Go ldspo t Mullet as well as Indian
Catfish are fo und.
Threat s
Po llutio n fro m pesticide s, sewage, ag ric ultural c hemic als and industrial effluents are g radually bec o ming the majo r threats. Many fisher- fo lk c o mmunities at the lake and the sea have lo st all means o f liveliho o d sinc e the Tsunami o n 26 th Dec ember 2004.
Approaches
Due to the similar pro blems in Sri Lankan and Indian lake reg io ns the pro jec t will c o ntribute to disseminating the pro jec t results and experienc es fo und in India. With the suppo rt o f GNF the pro jec t partner CReNIEO will exc hang e kno w- ho w fro m the Sri Lankan pro jec t ac tivities and disc uss ways fo r transferability. Likewise in Sri Lanka, the lo c al pro jec t c o o rdinato r will educ ate and info rm Indian peo ple with a main fo c us o n enviro nmental educ atio n, sustainable land use, new jo b o ppo rtunities and sustainable fishery to avo id o ver- fishing o f Lake Pulic at. The Lake Pulic at pro jec t then is also c o ntributing to the rec o nstruc tio n and develo pment in o ther Tsunami affec ted c o untrie s.
2 2 Pro jec t Areas
CReNI EO educat es and
i nf orms people i n I ndi a on
sust ai nable land use, new j ob opport uni t i es and sust ai nable f i shery i n order t o avoi d over- f i shi ng at Lake Puli cat and promot e a sust ai nable development .
Fisheries is an impo rtant so urc e o f liveliho o d at Pulic at
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 2 3
2 4 Pro jec t Measures
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 2 5
Project M easures in t he f ramew ork of t he Project M easures in t he f ramew ork of t he Project M easures in t he f ramew ork of t he Project M easures in t he f ramew ork of t he Project M easures in t he f ramew ork of t he EU ASI A PRO ECO I I B - Pos EU ASI A PRO ECO I I B - Pos EU ASI A PRO ECO I I B - Pos EU ASI A PRO ECO I I B - Pos EU ASI A PRO ECO I I B - Post Tsunami t Tsunami t Tsunami t Tsunami t Tsunami
Two larger mang ro ve nurseries and ten ho useho ld nurseries have already been established in the framewo rk o f this pro jec t in the wetland areas Madug ang a and Madampe. Sufficient number o f plants have been g ro wn in o rder to resto re a to tal o f ten hec tares o f mang ro ves in the two wetlands. Appro ximately 2, 200 plants are needed per hec tare. The Nage nahiru Fo undatio n c arries o ut wo rksho ps fo r wo men manag ing ho useho ld nurseries. One o f the larger mang ro ve nurseries situated in Pathamulla is used as a mang ro ve de mo nstratio n and educ atio n site. Mo re than 5, 000 seedling s are g ro wn at Pathamulla at any g iven time. Vario us auto c hto no us mang ro ve varieties have been selec ted and tested, inc luding spec ies suc h as Rhizo pho ra muc ro nata, Brug uiera g ymno rhiza and Xylo c arpus g ranatum.
The ho useho ld nurseries pro vide new liveliho o ds fo r lo c al wo men who have lo st their inc o me bec ause o f the destruc tio n c aused by the Tsunami. In the first phase vario us mang ro ve spec ies were g ro wn o ver a perio d o f six mo nths. Subsequently, a sec o nd phase o f mang ro ve pro duc tio n was c arried o ut. The families rec eived a small amo unt o f mo ney fo r eac h plant suc c essfully g ro wn in the two instalments. After the first phase, a part o f the nursery has been used fo r g ro wing ec o no mic ally viable plants suc h as fruits. This strateg y helps to ensure a lo ng - term inc o me and self- sustainability o f the nurseries. In eac h nursery three families are engaged.
Three mo re nurseries were established at the Madampe Wetland, in Go dahenne, Dhalsgo da and in Duwa. Eac h nursery g ro ws 4, 000 plants per year o n average. The ho useho ld nurseries also serve as c entres in the village s to c reate awareness o f the value o f mang ro ves they are also used fo r disaster preventio n and as a breeding site fo r lake fish spec ies. This helps to stabilize the fish po pulatio n and ensure at lo ng - term inc o me fo r freshwater fishermen.
Environment al Educat ion - Environment al Educat ion - Environment al Educat ion - Environment al Educat ion - Environment al Educat ion -
V V V V isit or Cent r isit or Cent r isit or Cent res isit or Cent r V isit or Cent r es es es es
The Nag enahiru Fo undatio n is establishing Enviro nmental Educ atio n Centres ( EEC) c lo se to the wetlands. The o bjec tive o f the c entres is to info rm the lo c al po pulatio n, partic ularly yo ung peo ple, wo men and sc ho o l c hildren living in the wetlands aro und Madug ang a and Madampeg ang a. A c entral g o al is to
The Nag enahiru Fo undatio n o rg anised vario us " Do - Yo u-
invo lve the stakeho lders in c o nc rete ac tio ns c o mbining Kno w- Co ntests" fo r sc ho o l c hildren „ prac tic e and kno wledg e“ and to assist them in develo ping so lutio ns fo r enviro nmental issues thro ug h a
partic ipato ry appro ac h. The Department o f Educ atio n o f the so uthern pro vinc ial c o unc il is invo lved in this
ac tivity. Thro ug h this c o llabo ratio n stude nts and teac hers c an be linked to the pro jec t. As a way o f develo ping Future leaders fo r c o nservatio n the pro jec t has already develo ped stro ng linkag e with Natio nal Yo uth Servic es Co unc il o f the Ministry o f Yo uth affairs Sri Lanka. 52 yo uth leaders are already pro vided with the training pro g ram o n wetland c o nservatio n.
2 6 Pro jec t Measures
Agricult ur Agricult ur Agricult ur Agricult ur Agricult ure - N ew L ivelihoods and Or e - N ew L ivelihoods and Or e - N ew L ivelihoods and Or e - N ew L ivelihoods and Organic Far e - N ew L ivelihoods and Or ganic Farming ganic Far ganic Far ganic Far mi ng mi ng mi ng mi ng
EMACE has identified farmers in the Bandarag ama area in the So uth Bo lg o da lake reg io n who are interested in o rg anic farming metho ds. EMACE is establishing a mo del farm fo r the demo nstratio n o f o rg anic farming prac tises. This mo del farm will be used to prac tic ally explain the making and use o f c o mpo st, manure etc . Experts fro m the Rural Ag ro - servic es Centre situated in Peradeniya near Kandy, assist with their expertise.
H andicraf t Product s f rom W H andicraf t Product s f rom W H andicraf t Product s f rom W H andicraf t Product s f rom W H andicraf t Product s f rom Wet lands et lands et lands et lands et lands
The pro jec t fo c uses o n two ac tivities: do o rmats pro duc tio n by using
c o c o nut fibres, o rnamental handbag s and o ther pro duc ts made o f reeds and o ther lo c al g rass spec ies fo und in the wetlands. Bo th handic raft sec to rs are traditio nal fo rms o f g enerating inc o me and were
c o nc entrated in the c o astal areas o f the Madug ang a wetland. They have therefo re been severely affec ted by the Tsunami. The selec tio n c riteria and pro c edure fo r the families to rec eive a do natio n are similar to that o f the fishing gear.
Wetland Craft Centre in Po latukanda
In a first stag e six sets o f mat- weaving mac hines were distributed. Five families direc tly benefit fro m o ne set o f mac hine s. Ten families were g iven intensive training in a new Wetland Craft Centre in Po latukanda. The
c entre is managed by the Wo men Asso c iatio n Rantaru ( „ Go lden Star“ ) in c lo se c o llabo ratio n with the Nage nahiru Fo undatio n. In the c entre wo men are educ ated in traditio nal handic raft tec hniques. Two types o f lo c al reed g rass spec ies ( Watake and Galag ha) are used fo r the pro duc tio n o f enviro nmentally friendly traditio nal handic raft pro duc ts suc h as bag s, slippers and maps. The pro duc ts are so ld lo c ally, as there is a
g o o d market fo r these manufac tured items. The aim is to develo p expo rt o ppo rtunities, therefo re c lo se relatio nship to the Ministry o f Rural Industries and Self Emplo yment was established.
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 2 7
Fisheries - D is Fisheries - D is Fisheries - D is Fisheries - D is Fisheries - D ist ribut ion of t ribut ion of t ribut ion of t ribut ion of t ribut ion of Fishing Gear Fishing Gear Fishing Gear Fishing Gear Fishing Gear
Fishing nets were distributed to 60 Tsunami affected families selected fro m the regio ns o f Maduganga and Madampaganga. The no minatio ns fo r receiving fishing nets were made by the village fisher so cieties o f the respective villages. An independent
Nets handed o ver to fishermen at Madampeg ang a
co mmittee appo inted by the Nagenahiru Fo undatio n visited each no minated family and carried o ut perso nal interviews. Tho se fo und eligible to receive fishing nets were fo rwarded to the Divisio nal Secretary fo r a final o fficial appro val to receive this do natio n. At the fishermen island o f Galmanduwa a prawn nursery was established in o rder to stabilize the inco me o f the fishermen families.
L ED L amp Project L ED L amp Project L ED L amp Project L ED L amp Project L ED L amp Project
An initial pro je c t in 2 0 0 6 with the title „ LED Lamps fo r Fishing and Ho using at Bo lg o da Lake and Madug ang a/ Madampe Lake s“ was suppo rte d b y GTZ/ GATE. The lo ng - te rm o b je c tive is to suppo rt the use o f e ne rg y- saving LED lamps fo r nig ht fishing and o the r purpo se s
suc h as inte rnal illuminatio n o f ho use s and pub lic b uilding s in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka the re is little e xpe rie nc e in the use o f so lar po we r and e ne rg y saving CFLs, and no kno wle dg e o n LED lamps fo r nig ht fishing in the we tlands at all. Unde r the g uidanc e o f the
Kero sene lamps used fo r nig ht fishing c an harm the enviro nment
Glo b al Nature Fund, the Nag e nahiru Fo undatio n c o nduc te d an
e xpe rime ntal pro je c t to ide ntify po ssib le ways to use so lar po we r fo r nig ht fishing in the traditio nal prawn c atc hing traps ( Ja- Ko tu) in Madug ang a and de ve lo p an appro priate te c hno lo g y. Tho se expe rime nts sho we d po sitive re sults and the le sso ns le arne d will b e utilize d within the frame wo rk o f the EU Po st Tsunami pro je c t.
Di sadvant ages of t he t radi t i onal ni ght f i shi ng syst em
◆ Unreliable tec hnique: lamps do no t wo rk with stro ng wind and have to be rekindled
several times. ◆ Leaking kero sene c an po llute water bo dies and breeding areas. ◆ Health risks fo r the fishermen thro ug h smo ke emissio ns, skin c o ntac t with kero sene and
thro ug h burning by ke ro se ne ig nitio n.
2 8 Pro jec t Measures
Test s wi t h LED Lamps
Experts fro m EMACE and Nag enahiru have carried o ut
c o mprehensive tests in o rder to find o ut ho w kero sene lamps fo r nig ht prawn fishing c an be substituted by LED lamps. The new LED lamps o perate abo ve- water but sho uld
be pro tec ted fro m splash water. LEDs fro m Euro pe and China were tested. The o utput o f the LED lamps was a maximum o f 3 Watts. It is rec o mmended to use LED lamps with a maximum o f 5 Watts to avo id o ver- fishing effec ts. With the 3 Watts LEDs, a NiMH battery with 2, 200 mAh was used. The results have sho wn that with 8 to 10
o peratio n ho urs per nig ht and using no rmal metal hydride Traditio nal prawn trap ( Ja- ko tu) at Madug ang a rec harg eable batteries and o rang e c o lo ured LEDs the best c atc h results were ac hieved. Catc h results were
c o mparable o r even better than tho se made with c o nventio nal kero sene lamps. Tested LEDs with the white and blue lig ht c o lo urs sho wed very po o r results. Emphasis was also g iven to the c o mpariso n o f different energ y sto rage systems ( lead- gel- batterie s, nic kel- metal- hydride, nic kel- c admium, lithium io ns) , o n the required battery c apac ity as well as the lig ht intensity and the lig ht ang le o f the tested lamps. In c ase o f the lead gel batterie s, different rating c lasses o f 4 Ah to 16 Ah were used. Tests were also c arried o ut with LED pro to types in amber and red- o range. A test arrange me nt with direc t c urrent entry fro m po wer line s nearby riparian situated bo w nets was also installed. The tested so lar LED lig hting systems are also rec o mmended fo r ho use lig hting , partic ularly if there is a po o r supply o f the elec tric ity fro m the g rid.
So lar lamps c an replac e kero sene lamps
Tamil fisherman
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 2 9
3 0 Case Studies
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 3 1
The Gr The Gr The Gr The Green Coas The Gr een Coas een Coas een Coas een Coast Project I ndonesia t Project I ndonesia t Project I ndonesia t Project I ndonesia t Project I ndonesia
Text by Nyo man N. Suryadiputra
The Green Co ast pro jec t was develo ped in early 2005 by Wetlands Internatio nal, WWF, IUCN and Bo th ENDS as a tsunami respo nse initiative. The aim o f Green Co ast is to resto re c o astal ec o systems whic h pro vide natural shelter and o ther benefits and servic es to peo ple that live in vulnerable c o astal reg io ns. The pro jec t is o perated in Indo nesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and Malaysia. Green Co ast is led and manag ed by Wetlands Internatio nal and is financ ed by Oxfam NOVIB sinc e June 2005. The initial, emerge nc y respo nse phase o f Green Co ast will be c o mpleted in Marc h 2007.
The mai n obj ect i ves
◆ Assess the tsunami impac ts o n ec o systems and liveliho o ds as well as lo c al
c o mmunities views and rig hts. ◆ Influenc e g o vernments, aid ag enc ies and the c o rpo rate sec to r to sustainably manag e
and resto re c o astal natural reso urc es. ◆ Fac ilitate small g rants fo r c o mmunity- based rehabilitatio n pro jec ts.
In Indo nesia, Wetlands Internatio nal Indo nesia Pro g ramme ( WIIP) , in c o llabo ratio n with o ther partner o rg anisatio ns suc h as lo c al NGOs and the Syahkuala University, c o nduc ted c o mprehensive assessments that identified at least 31 spec ific areas that need prio rity rehabilitatio n. Alo ng the Ac eh east c o ast the evaluatio n team fo und that there used to be very thic k mang ro ve fo rests. These were c o nverted into fishpo nds lo ng befo re this area was hit by the tsunami. So me o f the destro yed po nds are no w being resto red, but fo r mo st o f them this so lutio n will be to o expensive due to heavy deg radatio n.
Hence, the Green Co ast pro ject reco mmends a rapid ado ptio n of a greenbelt po licy resto ring the co ast into mangro ve forest. Otherwise lo ts of po nds and villages will disappear. Reco nstructio n of the existing po nds’ must be mo dified by planting mangro ves in the middle and o n the dikes of the po nds as well as behind the co astline. This system is called silvofishery. Silvofishery is a co mbinatio n of mangro ve trees with shrimp/ fish po nd culture. The mangro ves are planted o n bo th the po nd’s dikes as well as in the middle o f the po nd. This mo del ensures the po nd dikes are held firmly by the mangro ve ro o ts and the po nd itself is pro tected fro m sto rm o r sea-current ero sio n.
Mangrove rest orat i on mi ght be very di f f i cult i f t he wrong speci es have been plant ed i n t he wrong places or t he people li vi ng close t o t he mangroves have not been i nvolved. As a result , many seedli ngs may di e.
3 2 Case Studies
Fig ure: the new fish/ shrimp c o astal po nd mo del ( silvo - fishery) ag ainst the o ld mo del
Green Co ast reviewed 43 reg ulatio ns and related po lic ies in Co astal Reso urc es Manag ement ( CRM) fo r Ac eh and analysed them fo r their po st- tsunami relevance. A fo rum in Ac eh was established that meets reg ularly to disc uss CRM- related issues, invo lving NGOs, wo men g ro ups, lo c al g o vernment, BRR ( Ac eh Bo ard fo r Rec o nstruc tio n and Rehabilitatio n) , sc ie ntists and Pang lima Lao t, the traditio nal lo c al leaders o f fishing
c o mmunities. Green Co ast and WIIP teams pro vide tec hnic al training to c o mmunities and CBOs that rang e fro m mang ro ve planting tec hniques to a number o f alternative inc o me ge neratio n training . Wo me n traditio nally play an impo rtant ro le in ac tivities suc h as ric e farming o r c o llec ting shellfish in mang ro ves. Therefo re Green Co ast pro jec ts fo c us spec ific ally o n reg aining an inc o me fo r these wo men. Between May 2005 up to Marc h 2007, 60 rehabilitatio n pro jec ts will be implemented fo r a to tal sum o f 800, 000 Euro , fro m whic h o ver 10, 000 peo ple will benefit direc tly. Liveliho o ds are rec o vered by the pro visio n o f fishing gear, fish pro c essing , sewing mac hines o r go at farming . In planting c o astal vegetatio n with a variety o f
c o astal seedling s, inc luding fruit trees, o ver 600 hec tares have been rehabilitated with no t less than 1. 2 millio n plants.
Mangro ve resto ratio n is no to rio usly difficult: to o o ften the wro ng species have been planted in the wro ng places o r the peo ple living clo se to the mangro ves have no t been invo lved. As a result, many seedlings died. Green Co ast in Indo nesia uses an appro ach to o ffer lo cal co mmunities technical and financial suppo rt such as micro - credits to enable them to resto re their liveliho o ds. In return the co mmunities pro vide enviro nmental services suc h as like replanting and maintaining co astal fo rest and fruit trees o r establishing nurseries. If mo re than 75% o f the planted seedlings are still alive after a ten mo nth perio d, the credit beco mes a grant.
Global Nat ure Fund – EU Asia Pro Ec o IIB 3 3
U nders U nders U nderst anding L inkages of M angrove For U nders U nders t anding L inkages of M angrove Fores t anding L inkages of M angrove For t anding L inkages of M angrove For t anding L inkages of M angrove For est and es es es t and t and t and t and L ivelihoods. A Bes L ivelihoods. A Bes L ivelihoods. A Bes L ivelihoods. A Bes L ivelihoods. A Best Pract ice M odel f rom I ndonesia t Pract ice M odel f rom I ndonesia t Pract ice M odel f rom I ndonesia t Pract ice M odel f rom I ndonesia t Pract ice M odel f rom I ndonesia
The proj ect at a glance...
Lo c atio n: Ujung Blang , Ule Jalan and Teung ah sub- villages o f Lam Ujo ng Villag e lo c ated in Ac eh Besar Distric t
Pe rio d :
28 February 2006 to 28 February 2007 Targeted number o f Beneficiaries:
Appro ximate ly 1 5 0 familie s
Appro ve d Budg e t:
Euro 26, 000 fo r 3 sub- villag e s
Re habilitate d Targe te d Are a:
45 ha