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of being policemen. They, now, become graded ones compared to their status before the promotion. The word real in the clause above gives the sharpening effect of the focus.
2.7.3 Sources of Attitudes
The source of attitudes is the final region of appraisal we need to analyse. It concerns with who the evaluations are coming from. The sources of attitudes need to be analysed to
trace who should take the responsibility of the evaluations in discourse. In a story, for example, the source of attitudes may be the writer himself as the narrator, and hence, he is
responsible for all the voice he puts in the story. The writer may also quote or report what other people evaluate about things or people’s character in the story.
With respect to sources of attitudes there are two terms that may be applied when we
analyse discourse. The two terms: heteroglossia ‘different voice’ and monoglossia
‘single voice’ are introduced by the French discourse analyst Kristeva in Martin and Rose
2003: 44. Heteroglossia refers to the source of attitude which is other than the writer, and monoglossia
refers to the source of attitude which is simply the author. In a text as discourse of monoglossia type, the speakerwriter takes all the responsibility of the
evaluation he puts throughout the text. In this type of text the writer reserves the authority of doing all the evaluations. In a heteroglossia-type text, the writer may use any of three
kinds of linguistic resource. They are projection, modality, and concession Halliday in Martin and Rose, 2003.
Projection is a linguistic resource that can be used in discourse by quoting or reporting what people say or think. It is the relationship between who says and what was
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said . Through projection we can introduce additional sources of evaluation. And because
we can choose from projection over and over again or recursively, we can use it to explore the source of sources, and the source of the source of sources. Therefore, when analysing
the source of attitudes it is important that we should always keep informed with the track of the flow of evaluation in the discourse.
Modality is a source which sets up a semantic space between yes and no, a cline running between positive and negative poles Halliday in Martin and Rose, 2003: 48. As
with projection, modality functions to introduce additional source of evaluation in discourse. There are two general kinds of modality, one for negotiating demands for
services, and the other for negotiating information.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter gives the discussion of several points concerning with the research method used in this thesis. The first point is the method of investigation. The method of
investigation used in this thesis is qualitative in nature because it is intended to analyse the news articles for the appraisal system as described in Chapter II. The next points deal with
data collection, unit of analysis, and the procedure of data analysis. Since this study is qualitative in nature, it is necessary to present the sample analysis of the short story to give
a description and clear picture of data analysis of the attitudes that will be exhaustedly dealt
with in Chapter IV.
3.1 Research Design
This study is qualitative and descriptive in nature. The qualitative method of investigation is used in this study to unfold the news articles under study which are taken
from Aljazeera. In this thesis the writer will use the descriptive method as a guidance for conducting the research. It is based on the reason that the following steps like gathering,
composing, analyzing and interpreting the data are included in the descriptive method. It is also descriptive in nature in the sense that this study is intended to describe the realization
of interpersonal meanings in the news articles based on the appraisal system offered by Martin and Rose 2003.
This qualitative-descriptive method of investigation is accomplished through two stages. Firstly, the text is closely read to get the comprehensive understanding . Secondly, the text
