Materials and equipment Statistical Analysis

Figure 5 Line intercept sampling method van Laar and Akça, 2007. Lines stretched along the outer vegetation as long as 50 meters black stripes with intervals of 50 meters along the outer vegetation dash line. Extensions were made a few meters inside the vegetation where the nest frequently found. Note: Hatchery A: open cage hatchery; hatchery B: Asbestos roofed hatchery; UC: under canopy area; NC: No canopy area and HWM: near High Water Mark area Shade areas of hatcheries were not quantitatively measured in detail like in nesting beach. It was only qualitative observation. There were four hatcheries facilities with different canopy. Two hatcheries were not built with roofs which were patchily shaded by vegetation canopy. The rest were built with roof, one was built with asbestos roof and the other was with fiber roof. The roof provides shade evenly at all time of day.

3.4.2.1.3. Substrate of beach and nests

Surface sand was sampled at each beach segment, natural nest and artificial nest in order to get information for its grain size composition. Sand grain size composition of Pangumbahan nesting beach was sampled at each beach segmentPos. Especially for Pos 2, samples were taken twice, Pos 2 left hand side of the hatchery 2A and at right hand side of the hatchery 2B. Sand sample were taken at under canopy area UC, without canopy area NC and 1 sample at near high water mark HWM. 13 The samples were taken by using a shovel at 0-10 cm sand depth. It was stored and labeled into separate ziplock bags. First batch of sample analysis were done in Soil department, Faculty of Agriculture-Bogor Agricultural University. The rest batch was done in Environment laboratory of Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science-Bogor Agricultural University. Pipette method Sudjadi et al., 1971 was applied to analyze 7 fractions of sand grain size composition Table 4. First step was to dry the sand samples in oven 50°C for 1 day. After that, took a few portion of the sample and sieved with 5 fraction sieve then removed to glass plate and weighed each sorted fraction of the sand. The finest sorted sand 0.1 mm moved to a beaker glass and added by 25 ml H 2 O 2 10 then kept in room temperature for 1 night. The next day, the samples were added by 25 ml H 2 O 2 30 and heated for some minute until the bubbles were reduced then cooled it down. Prepared and weighed porcelain plates. Sieved the samples by using 0.05 mm filter sheet and filtered by water. The sorted sand removed to a porcelain plate and dried in 190 °C oven to get the very find sand. Silt and clay was contained in filtered solution. The filtered solution was removed into measuring glass, add water up until 400 ml. Shook the measuring glass by turned it upside down for 10 times and waited for 20 seconds then removed 20 ml with pipette into porcelain plate, dried it in 190 °C oven to get the silt. Rested the solution for 3.5 hours to be removed as much as 20 ml and dried as well to get clay content. The dried porcelain plates were weighed on Ohauss analytical digital scale with accuracy of 0.00001 gram. Equipments and materials were presented in Appendix 1b. Table 4 Sand grain size using Wentwoth scale USDA soil textural classification system Fraction Diameter limits mm Name of soil separate I 2.00 - 1.00 Very coarse sand II 1.00 - 0.50 Coarse sand III 0.50 - 0.25 Medium sand IV 0.25 - 0.10 Fine sand V 0.10 - 0.05 Very fine sand VI 0.05 - 0.002 Silt VII Less than 0.002 Clay Source: http:soils.usda.govtechnical handbookcontentspart618.html

3.4.2.1.4. Nest depth

Natural and artificial nests depth was measured by using stiff measuring tape. This measurement was taken to compare the natural nest depth which was made by the female turtle in nature and artificial depth made by hatchery’s warden human. Natural nests depth was measured during eggs collection by the warden. It was after few eggs laid and before the adult female turtle buried the eggs cavity. The artificial nests depth was measured before the eggs put into the artificial nest artificial eggs cavity.

3.4.2.1.5. Nest humidity

Nest humidity was measured by using gravimetry method. Principle of this method was to measure the water content in sediment. The sand nests natural and artificial nests were sampled and weighed. This initial weight was considered as wet weight. Then the samples were dried in 100 °C and weighed until the weight was stable. This weight was considered as dry weight. Humidity was obtained by subtracting wet weight to dry weight and multiplying with 100 as formula i below, see also Appendix 1c for equipment and materials used. 100 i

3.4.2.1.6. Nest temperature

Temperature of both natural and artificial nests were measured at the upper rim and bottom as well as the surface sand surround, illustrated in Figure 6. Temperature measurements of natural nests were taken oviposition egg laying. All eggs were relocated to hatchery area. Temperature of the artificial nests were measured before the eggs reburied into it. Some temperature measurements of artificial nests were not taken from the previously measured natural nests. Figure 6 Sketch of temperature measurement at natural and artificial nest Daily measurements of sand temperature, at the surface and below surface, were taken at the hatcheries and at the beach by interval of 2 hours in 24 hours period. The daily temperature of each ten samples at hatchery A with no roof and hatchery B with Asbestos roof were measured. Shade conditions of each sample in hatchery A with no roof was noted; samples in shaded area SH for some part of day marked with 1 asterisk and in whole time of day marked with double-asterisk . Then, measured and compared temperature of nests in shaded area SH and unshaded area US of hatchery A with no roof and beach area, 2 samples each. Four groups of samples which were consist of each sand under canopy of vegetation VG, shaded area SH, and unshaded area US subsamples were also measured see Appendix 2a-c. The temperature measurements were using a non contactable Infra-Red Thermometer Voltcraft IR 260-8S with accuracy of 0.1 °C.

3.4.2.2. Near shore habitat

Since seaturtle use two habitats, sea and beach, it is worth to study its potential foraging habitat. In this study, the sea bottom substrate was also investigated to estimate the food availability and sea surface temperature SST of Pangumbahan coast and adjacent. Sea bottom substrate was visualized into sea bottom classification map by using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite image. The sea surface temperature SST was visualized by using ODV Ocean Data View. 3.4.2.2.1. Sea bottom substrate First step in creating sea bottom classification map was to download Landsat satellite image. Landsat 7 ETM+ was downloaded from http:edcsns17.cr.usgs.govEarthExplorer . August 28 th 2011 acquisitioned Landsat 7 ETM+ image data extension of ers. and Lyzenga equation see ii were used for image digital data processing. Then, filled the empty data in some image with August 27 th 1999 data acquisitioned. Afterward, ER Mapper 6.4 software was used to overlay each band. The overlaid image was cropped based on study area range see Table 5. There are some corrections which should be applied in general mapping creation, i.e geometric and radiometric correction. Geometric correction was not applied in this particular map because the downloaded image has already been corrected. Radiometric correction was applied by using histogram adjustment technique. This correction was done in order to reduce noises due to atmospheric influence. Band composite was applied for classification process by RGB 421 combination. This RGB combination was used to recognize living coral area which would be represented in cyan color. Then, training area of sea bottom substrate was created and classified with supervised Maximum Likelihood Standard Classification MLSC. The supervised result was overlaid with land which has been composited with RGB 321. Last step was to create bottom substrate classification map by using ArcGIS 9.3 software to visualize the sea bottom substrate. Band characteristic is presented in Table 6. Lyzenga equation 1981, in Arief et al. 2010: ln ln ii Y : depth invariant index ln bi : normalized image in band i ln bj : normalized image in band j kikj : ratio of attenuation coefficient 17 Which, a a 1 iii a + ,, iv - ii : Variance of band i - jj : Variance of band j - ij : Covariance of band ij Table 5 Coordinate of study area longitude Latitude Location 106.38983 -7.3237778 Pangumbahan Pos 5 106.39214 -7.3260556 Pangumbahan Pos 4 106.39475 -7.3283611 Pangumbahan Pos 3 106.39767 -7.3313611 Pangumbahan Pos 2 106.39808 -7.3350556 Pangumbahan Pos 1 106.38767 -7.3220278 Pangumbahan Pos 6 106.37389 -7.3091667 Batu Kereta beach 106.37103 -7.2808889 Catigi beach 106.38767 -7.3220278 Ujungan 1 106.374 -7.3093889 Ujungan 2 106.48625 -7.3753611 Cikarang 1 estuary 106.48925 -7.3769722 Cikarang 2 estuary 106.37344 -7.3061389 Penyu 1 beach 106.37322 -7.3038056 Penyu 2 beach 106.37444 -7.3030833 Karang Dulang 1 beach 106.37506 -7.3009722 Karang Dulang 2 beach 106.37578 -7.3001389 Citirem 1 beach 106.37189 -7.2850556 Citirem 2 beach 106.51272 -7.39775 Minajaya 1 beach 106.52364 -7.4078889 Minajaya 2 beach 106.67722 -7.42475 Cikaso 1 estuary 106.68797 -7.4259167 Cikaso 2 estuary Table 6 Landsat 7 ETM+ band characteristic. Band Number Spectral Range microns Ground Resolution m 1 0.45 to 0.515 30 2 0.525 to 0.605 30 3 0.63 to 0.690 30 4 0.75 to 0.90 30 5 1.55 to 1.75 30 6 10.40 to 12.5 60 7 2.09 to 2.35 30 Pan 8 0.52 to 0.90 15 Source: http:geo.arc.nasa.govsgelandsatl7.html Table 7 Landsat 7 ETM+ image data characteristic Swath width: 185 kilometers Repeat coverage interval: 16 days 233 orbits Altitude: 705 kilometers Quantization: Best 8 of 9 bits On-board data storage: ~375 Gb solid state Inclination: Sun-synchronous, 98.2 degrees Equatorial crossing: Descending node; 10:00am +- 15 min. Launch vehicle: Delta II Launch date: April 1999 Source: http:geo.arc.nasa.govsgelandsatl7.html

3.4.2.2.2. Sea surface temperature

Distribution of monthly day and night sea surface temperature SST in 2010–2011 at Pangumbahan beach and adjacent coasts were obtained from Aqua Modis satellite images level-3 with 4x4 km resolution. These image data were available in National Aeronautic Space Agency NASA website http:www.oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov. The raw image data then cropped and extracted into .ascii data format with Seadas 5.2.0. program. The .ascii data were copied into Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets to be furthermore to be saved into .txt data format and visualized them in Ocean Data View ODV 4 program. Population and nest temperature data were compiled and processed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and Statistica 6.0 program. Statistical significance tests were done by using XLstat program.

3.5. Statistical Analysis

Population and nest temperature data were compiled and processed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and Statistica 6.0 program. Statistical tests were done using XLStat program. Normality test were done in four method i.e. Shapiro-Wilk, Jarque-Bera, Anderson-Darling and Lilliefors tests at the significance level of α = 0.05 for natural and artificial nests temperature. Two-tailed tests were used to compare natural and artificial nests temperature datasets at the significance level of α = 0.05 and α = 0.01. Two tailed tests were conducted to define the means difference between two datasets McCleery et al., 2007.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Nesting habitat

4.1.1. Nesting beach characteristic

Pangumbahan beach is considered to be a high energy beach which directly connected to Indian Ocean. The beach ranged about 2.3 km length and divided into six beach segments, Pos 1 – 6 see Figure 5 8. Each beach edge Pos 1 and 6 were bordered by small estuary which discharging freshwater into the sea at wet season and is dry at dry season. The beach was not completely secured from the local activities. There was open access into Pos 1, 5 and 6. Sea pandan Pandanus tectorius was predominant beach vegetation and creeper plant such as Cyperus pedunculatus and Ipomoea pescapre patched in some part of the beach. Beach width and slope varied within the whole area. Beach sand is dominated by medium and very fine sand Figure 7. Figure 7 Sand grain size compositions at each Pangumbahan beach segment. Sampled at near high water mark HWM, no vegetation canopy NC and under vegetation canopy UC. Yonathan 2010, unpublished data pointed that the 300 m area at Pos 1 and some part of Pos 2 had width range of 40 – 60 m and slope of 2.8 – 6.5° in west monsoon. The rest of beach profile information was mainly visual observation. In general, beach width in Pangumbahan was narrow at the edge and sligthly wider at the center of the beach. Pos 2 and Pos 3 were the widest part Figure 8. Less steep beach slope was at Pos 1 and 2 whereas the steepest was at Pos 6. Creeper 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 c o m p o si ti o n Clay Silt Very fine sand fine sand medium sand coarse sand very coarse sand plants were absent at Pos 1 and 2, small patches at Pos 3 and 4 and large extension at Pos 5 and Pos 6, see Appendix 3 for detail descriptions. Sea bottom substrate around Pos 1 beach line was different with other beach segments. There were extensions of rocky substrate in front of this area which may reduce the accessibility. Detail characteristic of each beach segment listed in Table 8 below. Figure 8 Profile of Pangumbahan beach Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery. Source: http:edcsns17.cr.usgs.govEarthExplorer Table 8 Characteristic of each beach segment in Pangumbahan Parameter Pos 1 Pos 2 Pos 3 Pos 4 Pos 5 Pos 6 Dominant sand grain size : UC medium sand very fine sand, fine sand very fine sand, fine sand very fine sand, fine sand very fine sand, medium sand very fine sand, fine sand NC medium sand medium sand medium sand very fine sand medium sand medium sand Vegetation: Most common species Pandanus tectorius Pandanus tectorius , Calophyllum inophyllum Pandanus tectorius Pandanus tectorius Pandanus tectorius Pandanus tectorius Shade area m 220.72 448.62 150.5 141.95 127.69 374.77 ∗ UC: Under vegetation canopy, NC: No vegetation canopy 22

4.1.1.1. Nesting fidelity

Abundance of green turtle landing at each beach segment was not evenly distributed. Pos 2 was the most abundance while Pos 6 was the least Table 9. There were 15 out of 27 adult female green turtles observed landed at Pos 2, 14 of them successfully laid eggs. Pos 2 was the widest among others and less steep while Pos 6 was narrow and had steepest slope. The sand substrate at both beach segments was dominated by very fine sand and fine sand grain. However, it was found that the green turtle sand nest at Pos 2 was dominated by medium sand grain size n = 13 see Figure 9. Nuitja and Uchida 1983 concluded that green turtle prefer to nest at beach with medium sized grains of sand. The most common species of beach vegetation at all beach segments, including Pos 2 and Pos 6, was similar, i.e. Sea Pandan Pandanus tectorius. Nuitja 1992 reported that green turtle in Pangumbahan prefered to nest under P. tectorius. Difference between Pos 2 and Pos 6 was the extension of creeper plant Cyperus pedunculatus at Pos 6. The creeper plants might hamper green turtle in digging body pit and nest cavity. In other words, Pos 2 was freer from burdens. The burdens also came from external factors such as local activity and light disturbance at exposed beach part Pos 1, 5 and 6. Poaching was susceptible at this particular beach segment, with the most common case was occurred at Pos 5 and 6 outermost part of conservation area. 23 Table 9 Green turtle abundance at Pangumbahan beach segments Parameter Pos 1 Pos 2 Pos 3 Pos 4 Pos 5 Pos 6 Note Green turtle abundance: - During field sampling Nesting 4 14 2 2 - - Not nesting - 1 - 1 3 - Total 4 15 2 3 3 - Secondary data Period: Sept 2006 Segara 2008, unpublished data Nesting 20 66 41 13 Not nesting - - - - - - Total 20 66 41 13 - - Period: Jan 2007 Segara 2008, unpublished data Nesting 27 112 38 13 Not nesting - - - - - - Total 27 112 38 13 period Jan - May 2011 UPTD Konservasi Penyu Pangumbahan unpublished data Nesting 46 138 90 74 43 2 Not nesting 33 90 78 76 54 37 Total 79 228 168 150 97 39 Figure 9 Sand grain size compositions of natural nests in Pangumbahan beach 4.1.1.2. Green turtle abundance Female green turtles C. mydas visit Pangumbahan beach, Sukabumi almost through the year. The peak nesting season in the period of 2003-2005 and 2008-2011 was usually in October, with a variation occurred in 2009 and 2011 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 N A T 1S N A T 2S N A T 3S N A T 4S N A T 5S N A T 6S N A T 7S N A T 8S N A T 9S N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … N A T 1 … c o m p o si ti o n Clay Silt Very fine sand fine sand medium sand coarse sand very coarse sand