c. What other characters say about them The statements or the conversations between other characters can describe
how the characteristics of the specific character are. d. What the author says about them
Here, the author directly tells the reader what the characteristics of the character are.
1991:53
By correctly interpreting the tools of characterization used by an author, readers can arrive at clear understanding of what characters in stories are like
since the personality of the character contributes to the description of a character.
2. Theory of Psychoanalysis
Since theory of psychoanalysis deals with human behavior, psychoanalysis concepts have become part of our everyday lives.
When we see through psychoanalysis lens, the psychological history begins in the childhood and the adult behavior that is the direct result of the early
experience. Because the focus of psychoanalysis is to help the psychological problem, then, the focus in this study will be on the behavior of a person that is
destructive in some way. Sigmund Freud, in Lois Tyson’s book says that the destructive behavior reveals the existence of some psychological difficulty that
has been probably influencing us for some time without our knowing it or if we do know about a problem but we do not realize that it affects our behavior
2006:12. In order to know the destructive behavior, the researcher begins with the existence of the unconscious.
The unconscious is the storehouse of all those painful experiences and emotions, those wounds, fears, guilty desires, and unresolved conflict that we do
not want to know about because we fear overwhelmed by them Tyson, 2006:12. In the unconscious the real cause of behavior is processed. The unconscious
comes when we are very young through the repression. However, the repression does not eliminate our painful experiences and emotions. As the state above,
unconscious reveal the psychological difficulty and affect someone’s behavior. The result of that effect is the destructive behavior that comes without we consider
it.
3. Theory of Behaviour
Saul Mcleod says that behaviorism, also called learning theory emphasize the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near exclusion of innate of
inherited factors 2007. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. While
behaviorists often accept the existence of cognitions and emotions, they prefer not to study them as only observable. Behavior can be objectively and scientifically
measured.Therefore, internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms.
Behaviour can also be influenced by chromosomes and hormones along side with environmental factors. Saul McLeod also says that not only can be analyzed
through the external elements, but, behaviour can also influenzed by the unconscious mind 2007
4. Theory of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
According to Edward Shorter the causes of people’s problems are determined by their story’s life and social situations, not only by their physical
fiber of the body 1994 : 33. The social situations, such as social class, and personal development of individual lead a person to the illness. The changing of
situation in a person’s life causes the pattern of illness of his or her body. Children, is the one who suffer more in this changing. The changing of situation
in children’s life caused by their social or themselves may alter someone’s perception of their bodies and their illness. Glenn R. Schiraldi says PTSD is the
result of overwhelmingly stressful situations or events and it is a normal response by a normal people to an abnormal situation. The changing situation in people’s
life, such as being a victim of a sexual abuse, war, the death of someone they loved, causes a shock that lead to the trauma or PostTraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD. PTSD can also be viewed as a fear of unpleasant memories of the traumatic event that intrude into someone’s awareness. 2009:3
tragedy. Michael J. Scott and Stephen G. Stradling say there are three criteria of the
post traumatic stress disorders; criteria A,B,C, and D. Criteria A is believed as a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
