identification, or further information. The examples of adjectives are written in italics as follows: a wild cat, an interesting story.
4 Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of its noun or pronoun object to some other word or words in sentences John, 1962: 216. There are
words that introduce prepositional phrase such as in, on, at, inside, by, across, under, off
. The examples of the prepositional phrases are written in italics and can be seen in the sentence 31 and 32:
31 I am standing on the desk. 32 The boat is sailing across the stream.
3. Basic Clause Patterns
The word basic, according to Hornby 1995: 85, means “forming a base form which something develops or on which something is built or can also mean
the simplest in nature or level.” In this research, a basic clause means a group of words containing a subject and predicate or verb which become the base forms of
a clause or sentence and can still be developed into variations through the addition of other elements. Warriner 1982: 34 states that “certain additions to the
predicate create other sentence patterns.” Hence, the variations of the basic clause patterns are because of the additions of other complementary elements, then these
variations are classified into patterns. In summary, a basic clause pattern means
the form of sentence base in a group of words containing a subject and predicate or verb of which the variations can still be classified into patterns.
Related to the basic clause patterns variations, there three proponents who propose such theory. The first theory is from John 1962: 169. John says there
are seven patterns of the basic clause. Those seven basic clause patterns are as follows:
Patterns 1: N1 – V 33 The sun shines.
Patterns 2: N1 – V – N2 34 Birds have wings.
Patterns 3: N1 – V – N2 – N3 35 My father gives me money.
Patterns 4: N1 – LV – N1 36 Goats are offering animals.
Patterns 5: N1 – LV – Adj 37 She looks beautiful.
Patterns 6: N1 – V – N2 – N2 38 We appointed Mr. Bernard our manager.
Patterns 7: N1 – V – N2 – Adj 39 I consider Anna wise.
Meanwhile, Randolph and Sidney 1982: 167 state that the basic clause patterns are designated as follows:
Patterns 1: SVA 40 My grandmother is in the kitchen.
Patterns 2: SVC 41 Hendry is a policeman.
Patterns 3: SVO 42 My cousin lits the firework.
Patterns 4: SVOA 43 I park the car in the garage.
Patterns 5: SVOC 44 I found her a good friend.
Patterns 6: SVOO 45 My father bought me a guitar.
Patterns 7: SV 46 The ship sailed.
The third proponent is David Crystal. According to Crystal 1991: 221, the seven basic clause patterns are designated as follows:
Patterns 1: S + V 47 She smiled.
Patterns 2: S + V + O: 48 We played football.
Patterns 3: S + V + C 49 The house is big.
Patterns 4: S + V + A 50 My uncle goes to his rice field.
Patterns 5: S + V + O + O 51 Rivers give farmers water supply.
Patterns 6: S + V + O + C 52 Lisa get Mrs. Smith a kind neighbor.
Patterns 7: S + V + O + A 53 Mrs. Emmy plants the seeds in the garden.
From all those three proponents, there are similarities between them. First, there are subject and verb that become the major elements of the sentence or
clause. Second, the other complementary elements such as adjective, adverb, object, complement also exist to complete and develop the sentence or clause.
However, this researcher uses the theory of the seven basic clause patterns which is proposed by Randolph and Sidney 1982: 167. Meanwhile, the other two
theories are used as the complementary which function is to support the determination of the clauses.
4. Types of Sentence based on the Relation between Clauses
