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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents detailed information about the data in this research. The discussion involves three main sections. The first part is the distributions of
the basic clause patterns. The second part is the brief analysis on students’ errors which is used as the complementary part in order to know the scope of errors that
students made. The third part is the discussion on the students’ mastery over basic clause patterns and their distributions and the errors that were produced by
students.
A. Research Findings
1. The Distributions of the Basic Clause Patterns
The distributions of the basic clause patterns involved the correct clauses and the intended clauses. The correct clauses were the ones which did not need
any revision. Meanwhile, the intended clauses were the ones which were revised by the researcher. However, the revisions did not change the idea of the clauses.
These revisions aimed to make the ideas of the clauses became more apparent because students might not make perfect clauses to convey their intended ideas.
Besides, the researcher did not consider whether the clauses which students made were correct or incorrect, but only viewed the errors and or mistakes in the
clauses. Hence, the researcher only made the revisions in order to make the idea of each clause became more apparent.
The idea of each clause became the source of information because the idea which students intended to convey were reflected through the clauses they use. In
other words, students’ abilities to communicate the ideas were revealed through the clauses they made. In brief, the more proficient students could communicate
the ideas through the clauses and the more correctly they made the clauses, the better their mastery was.
In this research, the total frequency of the clauses based on the patterns, the correct clauses, and the intended clauses were compared to find out the
distributions which reflect students’ mastery them. In other words, the comparison which was used to reveal students’ mastery over the basic clause patterns involved
the distribution frequency of the basic clause patterns, the correct clauses, and the intended clauses.
The researcher made this comparison in order to see the fact that although the distribution of a certain pattern has possibly a high frequency, it did not mean
that students were really able to use such basic clause pattern regarding to the fact that some of their clauses still needed to have some revisions. In addition, the
clauses which still needed to be revised, in this study, were termed as intended clauses.
The existence of the intended clauses showed that students still made errors in using the basic clause patterns. The errors which students made became
parts of the mastery. This statement was supported by Corder 1967 quoted in Walz 1982: 1. Corder states that “learning a new language requires a trial and
error approach, and errors are evidence that the learners are testing hypotheses of
underlying rules, categories, and systems.” Therefore,
the intended clauses which were included in this analysis become the reflection of students’ mastery, but in
this case was the mastery which was imperfect and still needed to be developed. As it is explained, to reveal students mastery over basic clause patterns,
the researcher used the comparison on the distribution frequencies of the basic clauses, students’ correct clauses, and students’ intended clauses. The comparison
of them was presented by means of tables. Table 4.1 presents the overall distributions of basic clause patterns including the correct and intended clauses.
There were several symbols in some parts of the tables related to the terms of the clause distributions. The symbols were as follows: 1. Clause Pattern frequency
CP f, 2. Clause Pattern Percentage CP , 3. Correct Clause Frequency CC f, 4. Correct Clause Percentage CC , 5. Intended Clause Frequency IC
f, 6. Intended Clause Percentage IC .
Table 4.1 The Distributions of Basic Clause Patterns
Clause Distribution No.
Clause Pattern
CP f CP
CC f CC
IC f IC
1 SVA 284
34,38 109 38,38
175 61,62
2 SVOA
206 24,94
75 36,41
131 63,60
3 SVC
148 17,92
96 64,86
52 35,13
4 SVO
113 13,68
52 46,02
61 53,98
5 SV
52 6,29
32 61,54
20 38,46
6 SVOC
16 1,94
3 18,75
13 81,25
7 SVOO
7 0,85
3 42,86
4 57,14
Total 826
100 371
44,915 455
55,10
As seen in Table 4.1, the total frequency of the clause patterns’ distributions was 826 or 100. Out of the total distribution frequency of 826, the
total frequency of the correct clause was 371 or 44,915 while the total frequency
of intended clause was 455 or 55,10. From those total distribution frequencies, the clause patterns, of which each distribution frequency was analysed, were
sequenced from the most frequent until the least frequent. The sequence of the basic patterns based on the distribution frequency was as follows: 1. SVA, 2.
SVOA, 3. SVC, 4. SVO, 5. SV, 6. SVOC, 7. SVOO. Referring to the sequence of the basic patterns and the distributions in
Table 4.1, it could be seen that SVA pattern became the most frequently used patterns with the occurrence or distribution frequency of 284 or 34,38. Out of
the total frequency of 284 or 34,38, the correct clause frequency was 109 or 38,38 while the intended clause’ frequency was 175 or 61,62. Meanwhile, the
patterns which was in the second sequence was SVOA with 206 or 24,94 of the total distribution frequency, 75 or 36,41 of the correct clause’s frequency, and
131 or 63,60 of the intended clause’s frequency. The third sequence was for SVC patterns with the total distribution frequency of 148 or 17,92. Meanwhile,
the frequency of its correct clause was 96 or 64,86 and 52 or 35,13 for the frequency of the intended clause.
The forth sequence of the distribution frequencies of the basic clause was for SVO pattern with its distribution frequency of 113 or 13,68. Out of 113 total
distribution frequency, the correct clause frequency was 52 or 46,02 and 61 or 53,98 for the frequency of the intended clause. Apart from it, the fifth sequence
was placed by SV pattern. The total distribution frequency of it was 52 or 6,29, while the intended clause was 32 or 61,54, and 20 or 38,46 for the intended
clause’ frequency. The following sequence or the sixth one was SVOC pattern
with the total distribution frequency of 16 or 1,94, 3 or 18,75 for the correct clause frequency, and 13 or 81,25 for the intended clause’s frequency. At last,
the seventh sequence was SVOO pattern. This pattern’s total distribution frequency was 7 or 0,85 with the frequency of the correct clause was 3 or
42,86 and the intended clause was 4 or 57,14. With regard to the distributions of each pattern which were shown in Table
4.1, the sequence of the patterns from the most frequently used until the least one was made based on the distribution of each pattern. From that sequence, it could
be seen that there were patterns with high distribution frequency and the ones with low distribution frequency. Hence, the commonly used patterns were regarded to
be the ones with high distribution frequencies. Those patterns were SVA, SVOA, SVC, and SVO pattern. In addition, although their frequencies were not high if
they were compared in the matter of the entirely distribution frequency of 826 or the percentage of 100, those patterns were regarded to be the four patterns
which had bigger distribution frequencies than the other three ones.
2. Students’ Mastery over Basic Clause Patterns
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