Example 25 explains that the phrase a teacher is the subject complement Cs of the sentence since it has the direct relation to the subject S that the
subject of the sentence is understood as being a male teacher. Meanwhile, example 26 shows the object complement Co, that is the phrase a chief of this
department. The object complement has similar relation to the direct object Mrs.
Anderson .
b. Clause Elements based on Part of Speech Form-Classes
Fries 1952: 64 states that “an English sentence is not a group of words as words but rather a structure which is made up of form-classes or parts of speech.”
The elements which are included in parts of speech are noun N, verb V, adjective Adj, and preposition Prep.
1 Noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing John, 1962: 245. The examples of nouns are students, president, tree, which are defined as living
being or lifeless thing nouns. Other examples are nation, army, crowd, which are termed as collective nouns. Others are wheat, flour, water, which are termed as
formless mass. The others are kindness, warmth, youth, which are defined as abstract noun.
2 Verb
A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being John, 1962: 245. Besides, a verb becomes part of speech by means of which we make an assertion
or ask a question Curme, 1966: 22. Verbs are divided into three categories. The first category is the transitive verb which functions to denote an action that passes
over from the doer of the action to the object. 27 Mr. Anderson painted his own house.
The Second category is intransitive verb which denotes a state or simple action without any reference to an object.
28 I study every night.
Meanwhile, the last category is linking verb. It is applied when the thing which is predicated towards the subject is an adjective phrase, noun phrase, or
prepositional phrase. Linking verbs perform merely the function to link the predicate to the subject.
29 The mangoes are sweet. 30 The food seems delicious.
3 Adjective
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun John, 1962: 210. An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by giving further description,
identification, or further information. The examples of adjectives are written in italics as follows: a wild cat, an interesting story.
4 Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of its noun or pronoun object to some other word or words in sentences John, 1962: 216. There are
words that introduce prepositional phrase such as in, on, at, inside, by, across, under, off
. The examples of the prepositional phrases are written in italics and can be seen in the sentence 31 and 32:
31 I am standing on the desk. 32 The boat is sailing across the stream.
3. Basic Clause Patterns
