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1.2 Problem of the Study
There are some problems from background of the analysis above, the problems of the analysis in this thesis are:
1. How is Lolita treated morally bad by Humbert? 2. How is Lolita surviving morally the circumstance of her life?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objective of the study in this analyze are: 1. To analyze Humbert s behavior to Lolita: immorally.
2. To analyze how does Lolita Survive with the circumstances of her life.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of the analysis is only including about the moral values found from Humbert and Lolita as the main characters in Vladimir Nabokov s
The scope of analysis is focuses to the main character; those are Humbert Humbert and Dolores Haze
Lolita. This analysis starts from Humbert s ill treatment who raped his stepdaughter that ended with Lolita escape from his stepfather. This is focus to the moral values like
raped, rudeness, social force; obsession, and possessive. This thesis is focus to the problem of the analysis of moral values to some certain problems, so that the analysis is
not going too far from the topic of the discussion.
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1.5 Significance of the Study
Theoretically, this thesis is expected to expand knowledge about literary work, In addition, this thesis useful in the development of quality and learning outcomes.
Practically, Thesis by the author is one of the requirements to obtain a bachelor degree majoring in English department at Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of
Sumatera Utara. And this thesis can be used as reading material comparisons with other studies that have been there before in analyzing moral values. And also can be used for
everyone who wants to understand about moral values of the novel
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Character
Character is one of important elements of literary work. Character is an actor who takes on events so that the event can be a story; Character is the figure contained in
the literature that has personality, values, moral and mental. Character in general is a human but can also form the desired animal or objects are created as living things, it
means, the characters must live it naturally has an element of thought or feeling that can form the basis of fictitious characters convincing that readers feel as if dealing with a
real human. Character is the representative and the description of person qualities in the real life. Therefore, although the character in literary works is fictitious, they have
personal qualities as the real person because the authors of the novel are member of society and they write a literary work based on the real person in the real life. Roberts
and Jacobs states 1955:31 that, In fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation
of human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters who worth caring
about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike or even hate.
A character has a strategic position as a carrier and delivery of messages, the message, moral or anything intentionally to convey to the reader. A story is usually
concerned with a major problem that a character must face. In generally, characters are divided in to two classes, there are major character and minor character.
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2.1.1 Major Character
Major character is kind of character, which often shows up repeatedly as if it dominates every parts of the event in the novel. They can act as a subject that has
capability in doing something or as an object that suffers the impact from treatment done by the subject or circumstances. In the other words, major character does not only act as
subject but also as object. This kind of character plays important role in the novel and it cannot be ignored. In this novel have major character; there are Humbert Humbert and
Lolita.
2.1.2 Minor Character
A minor character is someone with a lot of parts and important to the story, but not fully needed and still interact with or grab the attention of those main characters.
They might help to explain what is going on by talking to other characters and supports
the main character in a story. They do no grow or change during the story .
Would usually be a good friend or enemy of the main character.
In this novel have minor character: Gaston Godin, Ms. Phalen, and Miss Prat, Annabel Leigh, Valeria, Charlie
Holmes, Ms. Opposite, Madeleine, and The Mc. Coo s, Charlotte Haze, Mona Dahl, Richard F. Schiller and John Farlow and Clare Quilty.
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2.1.3 Flat Character
Flat characters have few but easily recognizable traits that make them stereotypical characters. In short, there are not many facets to this characters personality
that are revealed to the reader. According to Roberts and Jacobs 1995,
Flat character is a character with a very simple personality. Flat characters do not grow. They remain the same because they may
be stupid or insensitive or lacking in knowledge or insight. They end where they begin and are static, not dynamic. But characters
are not therefore worthless, for they usually highlight the development of the round characters.
Stock Character Often assumed to be a flat character, a stock character is actually one who represents stereotypical personality traits which may root from culture,
appearance, or situations. Such characters are very easy to identify. In this novel have
flat characters; there are: Gaston Godin, Ms. Phalen, and Miss Prat.
2.1.4 Round Character
A round character is someone who has more facets to herhis personality than a flat character. This is a character that develops through the story and therefore, herhis
qualities are difficult to identify completely, right up to the end. The personality of such a character is not consistent, which makes the character more realistic than others in the
piece of writing. Roberts and Jacobs 1995 states,
Round character is a character with a complex and realistic personality; a character whose personality changes during the
course of the story; a character who grows, emotionally, due to or learns from the actions or events in the story. They recognize,
change with, or adjust to circumstance. Generally, round character is the main character of a story, which may be shown in 1 an
action or actions, 2 the realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation of previous decisions, 3 the acceptance of a new
condition, or 4 the discovery of unrecognized truths.
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Because round characters usually play a major role in a story, they are often called the hero or heroine. In this novel have round character; there is Humbert Humbert
2.1.5. Static Character
A static characters personality does not change throughout the piece of work, and save for the initial introduction; there is not much to learn about such a character.
Static characters as we notice that their personalities are consistent and do not change; nor does our knowledge of these characters increase throughout.
In this novel have static characters; there are: Annabel Leigh, Valeria, Charlie Holmes, Ms. Opposite,
Madeleine, and The Mc. Coo s.
2.1.6. Dynamic Character
A dynamic character is someone whose personality changes through the course of writing, due to a change in the situation or the plot. This may be from weak to strong,
from strong to weak, from a cheery person to a person in distress, and the like. While one would assume that a dynamic personality would be the protagonist, it is not always
necessary. In this novel have dynamic character; there is Lolita.
2.1.7. Confidant
The confidant is someone the main character confides in, and it is through these confessions that the personality of the main character is revealed. .
In this novel have confidant character; there are Charlotte Haze, Mona Dahl, Richard F. Schiller and John
Farlow.
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2.1.8. Foil
The foil is someone who is used as a contrasting character to enhance the personality of another character. A character who serves to point out the strength or weakness of the
protagonist; usually foil has the Opposite characters traits of the protagonist and often but not always is called antagonist. .
In this novel have foil characters; there are Clare
Quilty and Barbara Duke.
2.2. Novel
There are many kinds of literary works, like essays, poems, novels, short stories,
drama, and novel is the most read by the readers. The novel is a literary form most popular in the world. This literary form most widely circulated, because of the extensive
communication in society. Novel is one form of a literary work. Novel is a fictional story in writing or words and has the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. A novel is usually
told about human life in their interaction with the environment and each other. In a novel, the author makes every effort to direct the reader to the reality of life images
through the stories contained in the novel. A novel main requirement is taken it must attract, entertain and bring a sense of satisfaction after the finished reading it. Reading a
good novel is important for our self improvement. Good novel can humanize the readers.
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Many writers give a definition to novel. Boundaries or definitions that they give are different because they use different viewpoints too. The definitions are:
1. The novel is the most popular form of literature in the world. This literary form most widely published and most widely circulated, because the community is
widespread in society Jakob Sumardjo Drs. 2. The novel is a literary form in which there are social cultural values, morals, and
education Dr. Nurhadi, Dr. Dawud, Dra. Yuni Pratama, M Ed, Dra. Abdul Roni, M. Pd.
3. The novel is a work of literature that has two elements, namely: intrinsic and extrinsic elements are related because both are very influential in the presence of
a literary work Drs. Rostamaji, M Ed, Agus Priantoro, S. Pd. 4. The novel is a prose literary works that have intrinsic elements Paul Tukam,
S.Pd.
2.2.1. Elements of Novel
Novel has two elements; there are intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The writer will explain about those elements.
1. Intrinsic elements
An Intrinsic element is a builder element of literature that can be found in the
literary text itself. There are intrinsic elements in novel. There are: 1. Theme
Idea, an idea, or main idea underlying a literary work is called theme. Or, the theme is something on which to base a story, something that animates the
story, or something that is the main problem in the story. Theme is the soul of the whole story. Therefore, the theme became the basis of the development of the
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whole story. Theme in many ways is binding the presence or absence of events, conflicts and circumstances, including the various other intrinsic
elements.
2. Plot
Plot is a series of events in the novel. Plot is divided into 2 parts; the plot forward progressive is if the event is gradually moving towards the
chronological order of the story line. While the backward flow flash back progressive is going to do with the ongoing events Paul Tukan, S.Pd.
3. Character
Character is an actor who takes on events so that the event can be a story; Character is the figure contained in the literature that has personality, values,
moral and mental. Character in a story should be described clearly. So what is people says, what is people do, what people thinks, and what is perceived must
be truly describing the nature of the characters. The main characters in the novel Lolita are as follows:
Humbert Humbert: He is white, handsome, educated man but Humbert
has a pedophile character, nomad, and tend to schizophrenia and paranoia too.
Lolita: she is a young girl, beautiful, childishness and innocent.
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4. Point of View
Point of View is the narrative point of view, how the story is told more specifically, who tells it. There are two distinctly different types of point of
view and each of those two types has two variations. o
In the First Person point of view, the story is told by a character within the story, a character using the first person pronoun, I . If the narrator is
the main character, the point of view is first person protagonist. If the narrator is a secondary character, the point of view is first person
observer. o
In the Third Person point of view, the story is not told by a character but by an invisible author, using the third person pronoun he, she, or it to
tell the story. If the third person narrator gives us the thoughts of characters then he is a third person omniscient all knowing narrator. If
the third person narrator only gives us information which could be recorded by a camera and microphone no thoughts, then he is a third
person dramatic narrator.
5. Setting
Setting is the natural, manufactured, political, cultural and temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own. The depiction
in the background there is a detailed story, some are not. Settings are the same as described in fact, some are a combination of reality with fantasy.
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o Setting of Place
Setting of place directs to the location where the events happened in a fiction. The use of this setting with certain name should reflect
geographical. The setting of place in a novel usually consists of several locations, and it will move from one place to another because there is a
development of plot and character. o
Setting of Time Setting of time related to the matter of when the events
happened in a fiction. The matter of when is usually connected with historical events. The setting cannot be separated from the place because
it is to relate each other. o
Setting of Society Social setting directs to the matters that are related to the behavior
of social life in certain time of a novel. It can be habits, tradition, religion, ideology, the way of thinking, etc. this setting is part of the whole setting
because there is a unity with another setting, such place and time.
As for the setting in this novel the narrator, Humbert, moves from Paris to New York shortly after World War 2 1947. They travel around from state to
state staying in various motels.
This thesis focuses on three intrinsic elements; there are character, setting and plot. Plot is a reflection of behavior or way the characters act, think, and behaves in
dealing with the problems of life Nurgyantoro, 2009: 114. Background is a concrete
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footing on the place and time of occurrence of the events experienced by the characters. And from Characters will know a character may be defined as a verbal representation of
human being which builds a novel. Through an analysis of the plot, setting, character, and point of view will reveal the underlying theme of a story.
2. Extrinsic Element
Extrinsic elements in the novel are the elements that are beyond the novel. But it does not directly affect the system organisms literature. More specifically, the extrinsic
elements in a novel can be regarded as an element build a novel. According to Wellek and Warren 1977, extrinsic element is also known as extrinsic factors influencing
literary works. It usually becomes a causal explanation for some descriptions, analysis, and evaluation of a literary work. Therefore, extrinsic elements novel remains to be seen
as something that important. Extrinsic factors are the literary elementsfactors which are found outside the literary works but it indirectly influences the structure of the literary
works. Extrinsic approach is used by critics to emphasize the importance of the context to the text. It is focused on the background, history, social conditions and biography of
the author and the values in the story. Sometimes, it connects literature to the social context and psychology as well. The values in the story in a literary work embodied the
values inserted by author. The values include:
o Moral values are the values in the story that relates to the character
temperament or ethics. Moral values in the story could be good moral values; moral values can also be bad ugly.
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o Cultural values, namely the concept of basic problem is very important
and the value of human life Eg, customs, arts, beliefs, ceremonies o
Social values, the things that related to norms in public life Eg, mutual giving, helping, and tolerance
o Aesthetic values, values related to art, beauty in the literature about
language, plot, theme
This extrinsic element focuses on the values of the story uses philosophy moral teory. A study on the value of a study is important given its position as the initial
problem in moral philosophy. In addition, a study of the value study touched substantial issues in moral philosophy. The question always comes in this study, whether the so-
called good and bad. Ideal moral behavior in the eyes of Immanuel Kant was born and moral behavior will emerge from the insistence that human beings as rational beings
and understanding, so that every moral behavior does actually born of itself is not from outside himself. Moral or immoral behavior has actually been present and can be
controlled at the stage idea. The influence of the strong sense of lust or influence in causing real action. When lust is more powerful effect it would appear otherwise
immoral behavior moral behavior would appear reasonable if the effect is stronger than lust.
Based on the opinion of Immanuel Kant can be said that a persons moral behavior is born and will appear on the insistence of a man as intelligent and virtuous
beings to achieve happiness.
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2.3. Moral,Value, and Moral Value 2.3.1. Moral
Generally speaking, morality is what drives our decision about what is good and what is bad. In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia it is said moral is deciding good
or bad considered behavior. Morality according to Bentham is art to maximize happiness; it can be seen by achieving the existence of happy and joyful life of all
people. A morality is sacrifice from little goodness to big goodness. Hazlitt, 2003: 111. According to Stemberg 1994:938, morality refers to concern with what is good or right
in people s relationships each other. A key to understanding morality is to be specific about definition of good or bad and right or wrong According to Immanuel Kant
Magnis Suseno:1992 Morality is the assurance and inner attitude and is not merely an
adjustment to the rules of the outside, whether its state law, religion or customs.
Immanuel Kant, saying that morality concerning good and bad things, it means that what is good in yourself, good on any restrictions at all.
It is further said that, the quality of ones moral criterion is loyalty itself. Morality is the implementation of the obligations of
respect for the law, while the law itself is written in the human heart. In other words, morality is determined to follow what the heart is recognized as an absolute obligation.
Moral goodness is good in all respects, without restrictions, so it is good not only from some aspects, but either or both just absolute.
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A morality contains 1 beliefs about the nature of the man, 2 belief about ideals, about what is good or desirable or worthy or pursuit for its own sake, 3 rules
laying down what ought to be done and 4 motives that incline us to choose the right or the wrong course. We learn as children that we should be unselfish, that we should not
tell lies. Paul Edwards: 1967: 150.
2.3.2. Value
The term values may suggest that judgments of right and wrong, lofty and base, just and unjust, and more personal preferences, that thing are useful as individuals
happen to value them. Benninga: 1991: 131. Value is something that interest for us, something that we look for, something that pleases, something that loved, and in short
value is something good. Value have good connotation. Bertens: 2000: 139.
2.3.3. Moral Value
Moral value is a reality that is hidden behind other realities. Judging means to judge a human activity to connect something with something else then for the next
decision is made. Rooted in moral values that serve to encourage and direct motivator attitudes and human behavior. Value as a system is one manifestation of culture in
addition to the social system and work.
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Then, there are four characteristic of moral value. There are as following: a. Moral value is related with responsibility
Moral value is related with human personality, but beside moral value we also automatically can say other values. Moral value makes people wrong or not,
because heshe has responsibility. Especially moral value is related with human personality of responsibility. Moral value just can be real in action wholly if it
became responsibility of the involved person. b. Moral value is related with pure heart
All values need to make it real. Because it has persuasive power, it should be practice. For example, aesthetic value, it should be practiced, play music
composition or others. To make moral value to be real, it can be appealed from pure heart. One of special characteristics of moral values is this value will effect
voice of pure heart to accuse us if oppose moral value and praise us if make moral value.
c. Obligation Moral value obligates us absolutely and it can t be compromised. Other
values need to be real and admitted, for example, aesthetic value. Educative and cultural person will admit and enjoying aesthetic value. But in different people
can t we blame. Moral value obligates us as such, without requirement. For example, honesty orders us to return thing that borrowed, like or not, because
moral value contains an imperative category. In other value for example, if badminton player want to be champion, heshe must try hard. It s a must to be
champion, but there is a limitation.
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d. Formality Moral value is not stand-alone without other value. Although moral value
is top value that we must appreciate, but it is not in top without other value. Moral values did not separate with other values. For example, a seller applies
moral values all at once with apply economic values. Moral values are nothing without other values. It is form of formality. Bertens, 2000:143-147. Many
spiritual values or we can mention with moral values that can be learned by all people.
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CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
In analyzing the data, the writer uses a qualitative descriptive method. Qualitative research methods were developed in the social sciences to enabled research to study
social and cultural phenomena Myers, 1977. Qualitative research is an inductive approach, and its goal is to gain a deeper understanding of a person s or group
experiences, This methodology as a qualitative research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written words or spoken of the people and the observed
behavior. This thesis focuses its analysis of moral values through the main character that
has relation to the society life, so in analyzing this thesis the writer uses intrinsic and extrinsic approach. Intrinsic approach is the study of the novel within the range of the
intrinsic elements of the novel itself. In this case focuses in one of intrinsic element that is main character in this novel, this thesis also discuss other intrinsic elements like plot
and setting which is build the story. This thesis not discuss about character but it focuses about moral values through the main character and moral values is not belongs to
intrinsic element of the novel, so it uses other approach there is extrinsic approach in order to analyze moral values. The moral values are based on the condition of the
society.
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3.2 Data Collection