contribution of water to human development

2.2 contribution of water to human development

Water contributes to human development overtly or by implication, to a number of declarations and conventions on human rights. For example: the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 article 24. This demonstrates the centrality of water supply to the exercise of people‟s human rights. Table 1: Relationship of water with other millennium development goals MDGs Source: adapted from UNDP, 2008 Development Focal Area KEY RESULT AREAS: LINKAGES TO WATER Poverty Reduction MDGs Promoting inclusive growth Supporting MDG-based national development strategies Access to water supply, sanitation and water resources assets main driver of poverty reduction and prerequisite to achieving most MDGs Mainstreaming of water supply, sanitation and water resources management into MDG-based national development strategies Addressing ruralurban, richpoor inequalities in access to water services Democratic Governance Fostering inclusive participation Strengthen responsive institutions Water crisis is principally one of governance, not of scarcity Inclusive participation in water resources management Strengthening water governance institutions and mechanisms Integrating human rights gender equality in water governance Crisis Prevention Reducing the risk of crisis and systematic prevention of disaster Restoring the foundation for development after crisis Reducing water-related risks and crises drought, floods, etc. through integrated water resources management and climate change adaptation Water governance management entry point for conflict prevention at local and transboundary levels Environment Mainstreaming environment: policy, institutional, fiscal measures integrating Integrated Water Resources Management into National Development Strategies, Poverty Reduction Strategies Environmental finance market-based other financial mechanisms for water supply sanitation, sustainable management of water resources and aquatic ecosystems cost recovery, public-private partnerships Adapting to climate change measures to reduceminimize water stress and scarcity of clean water resulting from climate change Expanding access to environment and energy services water supply and sanitation – capacity for service delivery, community- government partnerships One contribution of water to human development is by improving health. Water-related diseases are the single largest cause of human sickness and death in the world, and disproportionately affect poor people DFID, 2000. The use of increased quantities of water for personal hygiene can reduce faeco-oral transmission and prevent diseases such as scabies and trachoma Esray et al. 1999. Good water resources management and drainage can prevent malaria carrying mosquitoes from breeding. Water used for food production also improves health, mainly by improving nutrition. Water related diseases that affect poor people are mainly infectious and parasitic diseases. These include faeco-oral infections that cause diarrhoea and including cholera, typhoid and dysentery. Skin and eye infections, including trachoma which is a major cause of blindness are included. Absence of water may also result in poor hygiene. Besides drinking water and sanitation, water management is essential for improving the health and livelihoods of the poor, ensuring wider environmental sustainability, reducing urban squalor and eradicating hunger. It is also critical in addressing gender inequalities and improving access to education for the poor. Livelihoods outcomes include increased income, reduced vulnerability, increased well-being, food security, sustainable use of natural resources among others.

2.3 Problems of access to water in Zimbabwe