writing alone, although the writer may discuss the construction of hisher text with a reader. Typically, written descriptive texts are pre planned, drafted and edited
before reaching their final version., and a person. The writer cannot assume a shared context or shared knowledge with the reader who may be separated from
the writer by both time and geographical distance. Thus, written text must be decontextualized in the sense that they must be independent of the actual physical
context in which they were created. There are three major things that can be described Houghton, 1984:446-456 there are an object, a place, and a person.
1 Describing an Object Like any text, a descriptive text usually has a topic sentence, in which the
writer introduces the objects. Usually the topic sentence gives a general impression of the object.
2 Describing a Place Place is sometimes thought of only in terms of sight, it may also offer
details of smell, taste, sound and touch. 3 Describing a Person
When the writer wants to describe someone, hisher purpose is to convey to the reader the person’s individual qualities.
2.6 Media
Language teaching is a collective title for a variety of activities undertaken with different people in very different circumstances. There is
consequently no single medium ideal for language teaching. A medium, broadly conceived, is any person, material, or event that
establishes conditions that enable the learner to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes. In this sense, the teacher, he text book and the school environment are
media. There are many opinions which are suggested by some educators: 1. Locations and Atkinson 1984: 3 state that “media are things used
as means for transmitting or delivering messages. Related to teaching- learning process the things meant above are pictures,
boards real objects and others: whereas messages are he lesson to be given to the students”.
2. AECT Association for Educational Communication and Technology 1977 states that “medium is all forms and tools that
are used to convey information process” 3. B r i g g s , a s q u o t e d b y S u d j a r w o 1 9 8 9 : 1 7 s t a t e s t h a t “ m e d i u m
i s a m e a n s , which is used to give stimuli for st udents to he mor e active i n t he leani ng process”.
2.7 The principle of Selecting and Using Teaching Aids.
T h e t e a c h i n g - l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s s h o u l d b e v i e w e d a s a s y s t e m . A s a syste m, a tea chi ng-l ear ning proc ess c onsist s of
several elements. Each element has its own func ti on a nd goal. So, it i mplies t hat teachi ng-learning process is a collective effort of several
forces of element to achieve a certain goal. Every teacher wants his her students to be successful in their learning. It
means that students understand what they have studied. The teacher is required to b e a b l e t o e s t a b l i s h c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h m a k e t h e t e a c h i n g l e a r n i n g
p r o c e s s g o optimally. If the teacher wants to facilitate the learning activities, one of hisher tasks is to arrange the environment of the students. For example: by
using the authentic materials. To carry out the media selection rule, four steps of processes are
recommended: 1. Write an objective
2. D e t e r m i n e t h e d o m a i n i n wh i c h t h e o b j e c t i v e c a n b e c l a s s i fi e d c o g n i t i v e , affective, and psychomotor
3. Select an appropriate strategy within the domain determined in step 2 4. Select appropriate media
W h e n t h e t e a c h e r u s e s m e d i a , h e s h o u l d c h o o s e a n d d e s i g n i t appropriately. It means that media is a means to improve the students’
ability to master the subject and can help them to facilitate the learning process. Many me dia and ma ny styles of visual presentation are useful
t o the langua ge le arners. There i s no general rule to indicate which media and which visual styles are appropriate at any one time. The choice is
affected by:
1. The age, interest type of intelligence and experience of the students. 2. The physical circumstances of the classroom or laboratory; and
3. The cost and convenience of the materials available Wright,76: 1 Visual media for use by the teacher are limited by:
1. Physical convenience - the teacher must he able to operate the
apparatus and work from the console; 2.
Visibility- the visual must be visible from every booth; and 3.
Cleanliness- the medium must be dust and dirt- free. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e p r i n c i p l e c r i t er i o n o f c h o o s i n g t h e me d i a w i l l
h e l p teacher to decide which media will be used. The media are appropriate need of students in teaching- learning process. They should provoke the students into
learning a certain subject. Basically, the media provide an interesting stimulus or students to learn something: Sudirman as quoted by Djamarah states that “there
are many principles as teachers’ consideration when they use media is: 1 The purpose of the selection
The selection of media is based on the purposes and aims appropriately. The teachers should analyze the use of media for learning information
or entertainment. 2 The characteristics of instruction media
Each media has certain characteristics such as prosperity, how to make it, and how to use it. It is an essential thing for teachers to understand media’s
characteristics related to their ability for the selection of media. As the result, it will make teachers to use various media easily.
3 The alternative of instruction media Selection has an essential meaning to decide something among others choices.
It is a process to decide something. A Teacher can choose which one will be used if there are many kinds of media. On the other hand, if there is only one
media. the teacher should use the available media.
2.8 General Knowledge of the Authentic Materials
