The United States Experience in Decentralized Coastal Management: Lessons for Indonesia
Proyek Pesisir
TR-0005-E 2
Certification of all state and local coastal zone management CZM programs is a pivotal feature of the integrated United States program. The requirements for voluntary certification of state and local programs
under the CZMA can be broadly categorized as processes related to information and definitions, institutions and organization, procedures and planning. By setting out the process and elements that must be included in
each of these broad categories, the United States national government ensures an orderly and effective approach to decentralization of coastal management. In addition, the United States federal government lays
out incentive structures that provide enough encouragement for all states to voluntarily enter the national certification programs. These incentives are financial and jurisdictional in terms of federal, state and local
consistency with approved coastal plans.
1.3 State and Local Programs
State and local programs that offered excellent and diverse examples of decentralized CZM implementation were visited. Options investigated included the distribution of authority among state and local level agen-
cies and mechanisms for inter-agency coordination. There was particular emphasis on the mechanics of local land-use planning and community participation within state and local programs leading to good gover-
nance in terms of coastal management decisions. The IST participants met with leaders involved in impor- tant examples of how the United States national government works in coordination with state, local govern-
ments and stakeholders to accomplish specific state and local level needs. These cases demonstrated how issues were solved that otherwise would have been beyond the ability of local or state government and
stakeholders to achieve without federal help.
The participants also explored the role of national governments in supporting federal-state funding mecha- nisms, and the role of state governments in supporting state-local funding schemes. This included arrange-
ments by which some funds are assessed, collected, and distributed e.g., per passenger charges of US3.00 assessed on cruise ships docking in Key West.
1.4 Special Management Areas
Many special management areas are administered through the National Marine Sanctuaries Program MSP, National Estuary Programs NEP and through local spatial planning. Discussions focused on roles of na-
tional and state agencies regarding program coordination, funding, planning and implementation. An im- portant part of these discussions was the role played by the CZMA in encouraging identification of special
management areas that require a higher level of specificity in terms of protecting the sensitive and critical resources and habitat within these areas. In the United States, land management and spatial planning is a
strong right of local governments. As a result, the identification of special management areas and the estab- lishment of special area management plans always involves local government and stakeholders, and in the
case of the NEP and MSP programs, the national government, through a transparent process involving all stakeholders.
1.5 Public Participation
Public participation of communities, universities, non-governmental organizations and the private sector in coastal and marine management was a constant feature of the CZM program in the United States. The role
of the national and state governments in ensuring the process for broad participation in coastal management was highlighted in every site visit. The IST participants were regularly presented with the opportunity to
witness how effective co-management of coastal resources was achieved through effective public participa- tion. Meetings held between IST participants, citizen councils and non-governmental organizations NGOs
demonstrated their leading roles in organizing and voicing stakeholder values related to management of coastal resources.
The United States Experience in Decentralized Coastal Management: Lessons for Indonesia
Proyek Pesisir
TR-0005-E 3
1.6 Monitoring for Research, Enforcement and Surveillance
Discussions focused on topics such as monitoring for research, enforcement and surveillance in the organi- zational structures, operational strategies for implementing coordinated data collection, resource mapping
and shared databases across agencies.
1.7 Infrastructure and Economic Development Issues
